Effects of Experimental Methods on the Measurements of a Nonlinear Structure.
Abstract not provided.
Catalfamo, Simone↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Gaseous Sulfate Solubility in Glass: Experimental Method
Sulfate solubility in glass is a key parameter in many commercial glasses and nuclear waste glasses. This report summarizes key publications specific to sulfate solubility experimental methods and the underlying physical chemistry calculations. The published methods and experimental data are used to verify the calculations in this report and are expanded to a range of current technical interest. The calculations and experimental methods described in this report will guide several experiments on sulfate solubility and saturation for the Hanford Waste Treatment Plant Enhanced Waste Glass Models effort. There are several tables of sulfate gas equilibrium values at high temperature to guide experimental gas mixing and to achieve desired SO3 levels. This report also describes the necessary equipment and best practices to perform sulfate saturation experiments for molten glasses. Results and findings will be published when experimental work is finished and this report is validated from the data obtained.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Correction of steel casing effect for density log using numerical and experimental methods in the slim borehole
Density log is widely applied for a variety of fields such as the petroleum exploration, mineral exploration, and geotechnical survey. The logging condition of density log is normally open holes but there are frequently cased boreholes. The primary calibration curve by slim hole logging manufacturer is normally the calibration curves for the variation of borehole diameter. In this study, we have performed the correction of steel casing effects using numerical and experimental methods. We have performed numerical modeling using the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code based on Monte Carlo method, and field experimental method from open and cased hole log. In this study, we used the FDGS (Formation Density Gamma Sonde) for slim borehole with a 100 mCi 137Cs source, three inch borehole and steel casing. The casing effect between numerical and experimental method is well matched.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Experimental methods in the study of neutron scattering at small angles
Small angle scattering (SAS) is the collective name given to the techniques of small angle neutron (SANS) and X-ray (SAXS) scattering. They offer the possibility to analyze particles without disturbing their natural environment. In each of these techniques radiation is elastically scattered by a sample and the resulting scattering pattern is analyzed to provide information about the size, shape and orientation of some component of the sample. Accordingly, a large number of methods and experimental patterns have been developed to ease the investigation of condensed matter by use of these techniques. Some of them are the discussed in this paper.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
A Novel Experimental Method for Measuring Coefficients of Restitution
A novel, experimental method is presented for measuring the coefficient of restitution during impact events. These measurements are used to indirectly validate a new model of elastic-plastic contact. The experimental setup consists of a stainless steel sphere that is attached at the bottom of a 2.2 m long pendulum. The test materials are of the form of 1 inch diameter pucks that the sphere strikes over a range of velocities. Digital image correlation is used to measure the displacement and velocity of the ball. From this data the coefficient of restitution is calculated as a function of velocity. This report details the experimental setup, experimental process, the results acquired, as well as the future work.
42 ENGINEERING↗
The Dynamic Response of a Wire-Wrapped Pin - A New Experimental Method
There is a present desire to experimentally acquire resolved strain and deflection along long, slender cylinders using non-visible and minimally invasive instrument techniques. This desire supports present safety related activities within the nuclear power industry. At present, no relevant technology has been demonstrated to support this function while satisfying the above requirements. This study presents and details a new method for experimentally quantifying the deflection of a cylindrical experiencing both static and dynamic loads. The method applies a distributed strain fiber-optic sensor which is helically wrapped along the axial length of the pin. An analytic relation is developed herein which decomposes the helical strain into both axial strain as well as axial deflection. This newly developed experimental method is compared against analytic solutions using ideal beam theory as well as independent and proven optical methods for the purpose of verifying the new method. The outcome of this study results in a new and verified method that quantifies the axial deflection distribution of a cylindrical pin. (authors)
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Binder jetting additive manufacturing of silicon carbide ceramics: Development of bimodal powder feedstocks by modeling and experimental methods
A limitation of binder jetting additive manufacturing is the low density of fabricated parts. Mixing powders with different sizes is a promising approach to increase powder bed packing density and, hence, printed part density. However, in previous studies mixed powder feedstock was prepared by trial and error method. In this research, both modeling and experimental methods were used to prepare the bimodal powder feedstocks. Analytical packing model was introduced for irregular powders. A bimodal powder was prepared by mixing two different-sized silicon carbide powders (i.e. coarse and fine) using ball mill, and their tap densities were measured. Silicon carbide plates were printed using the coarse and bimodal powders by a commercial binder jetting system. Results showed that the modeling method could predict the tap density of bimodal powders with high accuracy. The printed parts from bimodal powder achieved higher green densities than those from the unimodal powder.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
A review of experimental methods to determine bioaerosol transfer in energy recovery ventilators
Increasing ventilation is an effective method to reduce indoor airborne disease transmission. An Energy recovery ventilator (ERV) is a passive energy recovery device used to reduce the energy consumption of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems for conditioning the ventilation air. It preconditions the ventilation air by transferring energy from building exhaust air. Therefore, the ventilation and exhaust air streams interact directly/indirectly in the ERV for energy transfer. It is surmised that the ERV may transfer bioaerosols (with pathogens) from the exhaust air to ventilation air, resulting in the spread of infectious diseases. Consequently, many pandemic HVAC guidelines recommend that the use of ERVs be limited. This is a highly unsustainable direction given the increased energy requirements associated with the high ventilation provision advocated for pandemic operation. It must be noted that no validated experimental evidence exists in literature for bioaerosol transfer in ERVs. Hence, it is necessary to conduct extensive bioaerosol transfer research before adopting the unsustainable practice of limiting the utilization of ERVs. The main objective of this review study is to summarize the experimental methods and instrumentation for bioaerosol transfer research in ERVs. This comprehensive article provides a detailed overview of the generation, sampling, and analysis of bioaerosols for conducting the experiments. Further, it explains the possible mechanisms for bioaerosol transfer in various types of ERVs based on which the ERVs that need immediate attention are identified. The main contribution of this research paper is that it provides a novel experimental method which encompasses the biosafety aspects, instrumentation, performance parameters and uncertainties in conducting virus contained bioaerosol transfer study in ERVs. The findings from this review will be helpful in designing bioaerosol transfer experiments and developing future ERV test standards for such experiments.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Chapter 10: Experimental Methods for the Determination of Parameters. In the book Multiphase Catalytic Reactors: Theory, Design, Manufacturing, and Applications.
The determination of kinetic parameters is a key element in catalyst research and multiphase catalytic process development. In this chapter, the experimental methods used to determine kinetic parameters, the nature of the parameters, and the areas of application and advantages of the different experimental approaches are discussed. Emphasis is placed on transient techniques and methods that provide intrinsic kinetic parameters, i.e., parameters that can be directly linked to the surface composition/structure of a heterogeneous catalyst.
02 PETROLEUM↗
Photoporomechanics: An Experimental Method to Visualize the Effective Stress Field in Fluid-Filled Granular Media
Effective stress governs the mechanical behavior of porous media. In this study, we use photoelasticimetry to visualize the evolving effective stress field in fluid-filled granular media in processes that couple fluid flow and mechanical deformation. We refer to this experimental method as photoporomechanics. We develop a fabrication process to produce millimeter-scale residual-stress-free photoelastic spheres with high geometric accuracy. We use color to quantify the forces acting on the particles over a wide range of forces, while using light intensity for a small range of forces. We then provide an application of photoporomechanics to illustrate the evolution of effective stress during one-dimensional consolidation: a process by which the stresses caused by a sudden load are gradually transmitted through a fluid-filled granular pack as the fluid drains and excess pore pressures dissipate. We report our technique provides a powerful experimental model system to study the grain-scale underpinning of coupled solid-fluid processes in granular media.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
A discussion on various experimental methods of impact ionization coefficient measurement in GaN
Impact ionization coefficients play a critical role in semiconductors. In addition to silicon, silicon carbide and gallium nitride are important semiconductors that are being seen more as mainstream semiconductor technologies. As a reflection of the maturity of these semiconductors, predictive modeling has become essential to device and circuit designers, and impact ionization coefficients play a key role here. Recently, several studies have measured impact ionization coefficients. We dedicated the first part of our study to comparing three experimental methods to estimate impact ionization coefficients in GaN, which are all based on photomultiplication but feature characteristic differences. The first method inserts an InGaN hole-injection layer, the accuracy of which is challenged by the dominance of ionization in InGaN, leading to possible overestimation of the coefficients. The second method utilizes the Franz–Keldysh effect for hole injection but not for electrons, where the mixed injection of induced carriers would require a margin of error. The third method uses complementary p–n and n–p structures that have been at the basis of this estimation in Si and SiC and leans on the assumption of a constant electric field, and any deviation would require a margin of error. In the second part of our study, we evaluated the models using recent experimental data from diodes demonstrating avalanche breakdown.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
TiO{sub 2} synthesized by microwave assisted solvothermal method: Experimental and theoretical evaluation
In this study, a microwave assisted solvothermal method was used to synthesize TiO{sub 2} with anatase structure. The synthesis was done using Ti (IV) isopropoxide and ethanol without templates or alkalinizing agents. Changes in structural features were observed with increasing time of synthesis and evaluated using periodic quantum chemical calculations. The anatase phase was obtained after only 1 min of reaction besides a small amount of brookite phase. Experimental Raman spectra are in accordance with the theoretical one. Micrometric spheres constituted by nanometric particles were obtained for synthesis from 1 to 30 min, while spheres and sticks were observed after 60 min. - Graphical abstract: FE-SEM images of anatase obtained with different periods of synthesis associated with the order–disorder degree. Display Omitted - Highlights: • Anatase microspheres were obtained by the microwave assisted hydrothermal method. • Only ethanol and titanium isopropoxide were used as precursors during the synthesis. • Raman spectra and XRD patterns were compared with quantum chemical calculations. • Time of synthesis increased the short-range disorder in one direction and decreased in another.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Experimental methods for laboratory measurements of helium spectral line broadening in white dwarf photospheres
White Dwarf (WD) stars are the most common stellar remnant in the universe. WDs usually have a hydrogen or helium atmosphere, and helium WD (called DB) spectra can be used to solve outstanding problems in stellar and galactic evolution. DB origins, which are still a mystery, must be known to solve these problems. DB masses are crucial for discriminating between different proposed DB evolutionary hypotheses. Current DB mass determination methods deliver conflicting results. The spectroscopic mass determination method relies on line broadening models that have not been validated at DB atmosphere conditions. We performed helium benchmark experiments using the White Dwarf Photosphere Experiment (WDPE) platform at Sandia National Laboratories' Z-machine that aims to study He line broadening at DB conditions. Using hydrogen/helium mixture plasmas allows investigating the importance of He Stark and van der Waals broadening simultaneously. Accurate experimental data reduction methods are essential to test these line-broadening theories. In this paper, we present data calibration methods for these benchmark He line shape experiments. We give a detailed account of data processing, spectral power calibrations, and instrument broadening measurements. Uncertainties for each data calibration step are also derived. We demonstrate that our experiments meet all benchmark experiment accuracy requirements: WDPE wavelength uncertainties are <1 Å, spectral powers can be determined to within 15%, densities are accurate at the 20% level, and instrumental broadening can be measured with 20% accuracy. Fulfilling these stringent requirements enables WDPE experimental data to provide physically meaningful conclusions about line broadening at DB conditions.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
MnNiO 3 revisited with modern theoretical and experimental methods
MnNiO 3 is a strongly correlated transition metal oxide that has recently been investigated theoretically for its potential application as an oxygen-evolution photocatalyst. However, there is no experimental report on critical quantities such as the band gap or bulk modulus. Recent theoretical predictions with standard functionals such as LDA+U and HSE show large discrepancies in the band gaps (about 1.23 eV), depending on the nature of the functional used. Hence there is clearly a need for an accurate quantitative prediction of the band gap to gauge its utility as a photocatalyst. In this work, we present a diffusion quantum Monte Carlo study of the bulk properties of MnNiO 3 and revisit the synthesis and experimental properties of the compound. We predict quasiparticle band gaps of 2.0(5) eV and 3.8(6) eV for the majority and minority spin channels, respectively, and an equilibrium volume of 92.8 Å 3 , which compares well to the experimental value of 94.4 Å 3 . A bulk modulus of 217 GPa is predicted for MnNiO 3 . As a result, we rationalize the difficulty for the formation of ordered ilmenite-type structure with specific sites for Ni and Mn to be potentially due to the formation of antisite defects that form during synthesis, which ultimately affects the physical properties of MnNiO 3 .
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
An Experimental Method to Measure Gaseous Diffusivity in Tight and Partially Saturated Porous Media via Continuously Monitored Mass Spectrometry
Detection of radioxenon and radioargon produced by underground nuclear explosions is one of the primary methods by which the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test–Ban Treaty (CTBT) monitors for nuclear activities. However, transport of these noble gases to the surface via barometric pumping is a complex process relying on advective and diffusive processes in a fractured porous medium to bring detectable levels to the surface. To better understand this process, experimental measurements of noble gas and chemical surrogate diffusivity in relevant lithologies are necessary. However, measurement of noble gas diffusivity in tight or partially saturated porous media is challenging due to the transparent nature of noble gases, the lengthy diffusion times, and difficulty maintaining consistent water saturation. Here, the quasi-steady-state Ney–Armistead method is modified to accommodate continuous gas sampling via effusive flow to a mass spectrometer. An analytical solution accounting for the cumulative sampling losses and induced advective flow is then derived. Experimental results appear in good agreement with the proposed theory, suggesting the presence of retained groundwater reduces the effective diffusivity of the gas tracers by 10–1000 times. Finally, by using a mass spectrometer, the method described herein is applicable to a broad range of gas species and porous media.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Experimental methods to test photoionized plasma models in emission
The expanding foil photoionized plasma platform was developed on the Z-machine at Sandia National Laboratories to produce terrestrial photoionized plasmas at some of the same conditions as those observed in astrophysical black hole accretion disks. The specific scientific goals of the platform are motivated by long-standing astrophysical puzzles related to accreting black hole systems. Ultimately, the experimental goal is to inform the supersolar Fe abundance problem by testing photoionized plasma models in emission with at-parameter laboratory data. High quality high resolution emission data with absolute intensity calibration from a laboratory photoionized plasma have never been collected prior to the experiments described here, providing broader motivation. A robust test of the model predictions requires the successful production of a laboratory photoionized plasma along with measurements of the supporting model inputs including the radiation drive spectrum used to create the photoionized plasma, the electron density, and the temperature. The measured absolute spectral radiance in emission collected from the independently diagnosed plasma can be compared against model calculations performed using the measured inputs. In this paper, we focus on the experimental platform and the model inputs, specifically detailing the methodology used to measure the plasma conditions. The moderate electron temperature of ∼41 eV ± 15 eV and electron density of ∼1e19 ± 1.6e18 e−/cm3 and the ∼3e12 W/cm2 x-ray irradiance at the sample confirm that photoionization dominates the plasma ionization and spectra.
Cho, P. B. (ORCID:0000000291632905)↗
Experimental Methods for the Performance Test of Environment-Assisted Cracking (EAC) in Nuclear Industry and Examples through NSUF
Environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) is a critical failure mode in nuclear reactor environments, where materials are exposed to high temperatures, radiation, and corrosive media. Specific EAC studies in nuclear environments include stress corrosion cracking in primary water chemistry, irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) under neutron exposure, and hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in reactor pressure vessels. The experimental methodologies of EAC include slow strain rate testing (SSRT), constant load, and cyclic loading techniques, conducted in autoclaves designed to simulate the reactor’s operational environments. This paper highlights several experimental case studies, especially on IASCC, conducted within the Nuclear Science User Facilities (NSUF).
36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Clumped 13 CH 2 D and 12 CHD 2 compositions of methyl groups from wood and synthetic monomers: Methods, experimental and theoretical calibrations, and initial results
Methyl groups are found in numerous biogenic and synthetic materials including geologically preserved materials such as wood. The carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of methyl groups are used as tracers in biogeochemical cycles, as paleothermometers, and to determine the hydrogen isotopic composition of ancient rain. Here we present analyses of resolved 13 C–D ( 13 CH 2 D) and D–D ( 12 CHD 2 ) clumped isotope compositions of methyl groups as new variables for the study of methyl groups in the present and past. We first present chemical methods to extract, purify, and derivatize methyl groups from methoxyl (R–O–CH 3 ) groups as CH 3 F and CH 3 Cl, and high-resolution mass spectrometric techniques to determine the clumped isotope compositions of these species. We achieve precisions for 13 C–D clumping of ±0.25‰ and D–D clumping of ±2.5‰. We anchor our clumped isotopic measurements to a thermodynamic reference frame by first calculating the theoretical temperature dependences of 13 C–D and D–D clumping in CH 3 Cl, then placing our measurements onto this reference frame through experimental internal isotopic equilibration of CH 3 Cl at 200 °C. Finally, we provide and analyze an initial dataset of clumped 13 C–D and D–D compositions of methyl groups from various commercial/synthetic monomers and environmental woods. We observe ranges in clumped isotope compositions of ~11‰ in 13 C–D and ~48‰ in D–D, and systematic differences within these ranges between methyl groups from commercial monomers and wood. Specifically, commercial clumped 13 C–D compositions are between 0 and 3‰, which correspond to apparent equilibrium temperatures between 170 °C and the infinite temperature limit. In contrast, the clumped 13 C–D compositions of wood methoxyl groups are distinctively high (9.50–11.25‰) and 3–6‰ higher than would be expected if formed in internal isotopic equilibrium at Earth-surface temperatures. Commercial/synthetic methyl and wood methoxyl clumped D–D compositions are also distinct: -5 to +13‰ in commercial monomers vs. -35 to -8‰ in wood—such negative values cannot result from formation in isotopic equilibrium and require kinetic processes to have occurred. Overall, these results indicate that wood methoxyl groups are formed out of isotopic equilibrium and that clumped isotope compositions of methyl groups may be useful tracers of methyl group sources and sinks in the environment. For instance, isotopic clumping in methyl groups may be useful for understanding controls on isotopic clumping in methane produced by methylotrophic methanogens.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗