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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1993

Airborne Brightness Temperature Measurements of the Polar Winter Troposphere as Part of the Airborne Arctic Stratosphere Experiment 2 and the Effect of Brightness Temperature Variations on the Diabatic Heating in the Lower Stratosphere

In this paper we report radiometric measurements of tropospheric brightness temperatures obtained during the AASE 2 experiment. These measurements represent the first attempt to characterize effective radiative temperatures as seen from above the troposphere during the Arctic winter. The reported measurements include brightness temperatures at 6.7 and 10.5 micrometers as seen from the NASA DC-8 aircraft flying at about 11 km altitude. We also present radiative transfer calculations to estimate the effect of tropospheric brightness temperature on the lower stratospheric heating rates. Because of the recent massive eruption of the Pinatubo volcano, we also discuss the effects of a volcanic aerosol layer. It is concluded that small particles like the volcanic aerosol or PSCs type 1 do not affect stratospheric heating rates by much; on the other hand, larger particles, PSCs types 2 and 3, may have significant effects on heating rates and consequently on dynamics of the lower stratosphere. The dynamical effects of local stratospheric temperature variations are briefly discussed.

Valero, Francisoco P. J.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Airborne brightness temperature measurements of the polar winter troposphere as part of the Airborne Arctic Stratosphere Experiment 2 and the effect of brightness temperature variations on the diabatic heating in the lower stratosphere

In this paper we report radiometric measurements of tropospheric brightness temperatures obtained during the AASE 2 experiment. These measurements represent the first attempt to characterize effective radiative temperatures as seen from above the troposphere during the Arctic winter. The reported measurements include brightness temperatures at 6.7 and 10.5 microns as seen from the NASA DC-8 aircraft flying at about 11 km altitude. We also present radiative transfer calculations to estimate the effect of tropospheric brightness temperature on the lower stratospheric heating rates. Because of the recent massive eruption of the Pinatubo volcano, we also discuss the effects of a volcanic aerosol layer. It is concluded that small particles like the volcanic aerosol or polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) type 1 do not affect stratospheric heating rates by much; on the other hand, larger particles, PSCs types 2 and 3, may have significant effects on heating rates and consequently on dynamics of the lower stratosphere. The dynamical effects of local stratospheric temperature variations are briefly discussed.

Valero, Francisco P. J.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Study on the accidental background of the JSNS$^2$ experiment

JSNS 2 (J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment that searches for sterile neutrinos via the observation of $\overline{v}$ μ → $\overline{v}$ e appearance oscillations using muon decay-at-rest neutrinos. The JSNS 2 experiment performed data taking from 2021. In this manuscript, a study of the accidental background is presented. The rate of the accidental background is (9.29 ± 0.39) x 10 –8 /spill with 0.75 MW beam power and comparable to the expected number of signal events.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The EGS Collab Project – Summaries of Experiments 2 and 3: Experiments at 1.25 km depth at the Sanford Underground Research Facility

The EGS Collab project performed well-monitored rock stimulation and flow tests at the 10-m scale in an underground research laboratory to inform challenges in implementing enhanced geothermal system (EGS) technology. This project, supported by the US Department of Energy, gathered data and observations from the field tests and compared these to simulation results to understand processes and to build confidence in numerical modeling of the processes.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1981

The 30/20 GHz flight experiment system, phase 2. Volume 2: Experiment system description

A detailed technical description of the 30/20 GHz flight experiment system is presented. The overall communication system is described with performance analyses, communication operations, and experiment plans. Hardware descriptions of the payload are given with the tradeoff studies that led to the final design. The spacecraft bus which carries the payload is discussed and its interface with the launch vehicle system is described. Finally, the hardwares and the operations of the terrestrial segment are presented.

Bronstein, L.↗
DOE OSTI2023

EGS Collab Experiment 2: Hydraulic Pressure Test Results

The EGS Collab experiment 2 was focused on testing shear stimulation techniques. Shear stimulation, in this case, means using hydraulic pressure to cause shear slip on preexisting fracture or fault planes such that the hydraulic conductivity of the fracture or fault increases. The concept is to create a percolating network of permeable fractures by enhancing the permeability of a primarily preexisting network of fractures. To test this concept the hydraulic pressures for experiment 2 were kept below the the estimated magnitude of the least compressive principal stress based on a set of stress measurements in nearby well TV4100. All tests for experiment 2 were performed by applying hydraulic pressure to well E2-TC. Subsequent stimulations in both E2-TC and E2-TU where the injection pressure was increased above the least compressive principal stress are considered part of experiment 3, which is documented separately. The data are organized in directories labeled by the depth range isolated between packers.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Status of the Muon G − 2 Experiment

The Muon g−2 Experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory was designed to measure the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, aµ, with a precision of 140 parts-per-billion; a four-fold improvement over the former BNL measurement. The Fermilab experiment was motivated by the about 3.5 standard deviation between the experiment and the Standard Model calculation of aµ which could be a hint of new physics. The experiment at Fermilab relies on the well-established storage ring technique using magic momentum muons but employs new detector systems and a higher rate of muons per injection cycle to achieve the significant improvement in precision. A first result from the Run-1 data taking period has achieved an uncertainty of 0.46 parts-per-million and confirmed the BNL discrepancy, further increasing the tension with the Standard Model to 4.2 σ. The experimental technique, key aspects of the measurement, and the data analysis of Run-1 will be summarized.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

New Muon Campus Simulations for the Muon $g\textrm{-}2$ Experiment at Fermilab

The Muon $g\textrm{-}2$ Experiment (E989) at Fermilab conducted high-precision measurements of the muon anomalous magnetic moment $a_{\mu}$ using a storage ring from 2018 to 2023, achieving a remarkable precision of $200\:\mathrm{ppb}$ over Runs 1-3, with analyses for Runs 4-6 ongoing. A comprehensive understanding of the storage ring's beam dynamics and its accurate simulations are crucial for achieving the experiment's ambitious goals. One of the requirements for this effort is a very detailed knowledge of the phase space distribution of the beam. To address this requirement, we performed high-statistics simulations of the Muon $g\textrm{-}2$ Target Station (AP0) and the Muon Campus beamlines: M2 and M3, followed by the Delivery Ring, and then M4 and M5. The resulting muon distribution at the end of the M5 beamline from our previous $3\times10^{12}$ protons-on-target (PoT) simulation serves as an essential input for the storage ring simulations. In 2024, to facilitate the analyses of Runs 4-6, we have updated our Muon Campus models and re-optimised certain parameters to reflect the operational currents and wire chamber measurements of the beam. For these optimisations, we employed the heterogeneous island method, implemented in our evolutionary optimisation tool, glyfada. This key update addresses the need to use the best possible beam for the storage ring simulations and thus supports the experiment's overall precision. The Muon $g\textrm{-}2$ Experiment at Fermilab has successfully achieved its $70\:\mathrm{ppb}$ systematic uncertainty goal and collected 21 times more data than its predecessor at BNL. The updated and improved Muon Campus models and simulations not only facilitate the experiment's efforts to potentially resolve the current tension between experimental measurements and theoretical predictions of $a_{\mu}$, but also provide a basis for future simulations for the Mu2e Experiment (E-973), which utilises shared Muon Campus beamlines.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Beam Dynamics of the Muon $g\textrm{-}2$ Experiment

The Muon $g\textrm{-}2$ Experiment (E989) at Fermilab aims to measure the muon anomalous magnetic moment $a_{\mu}$ with unprecedented precision, potentially uncovering physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. The result based on Runs 1-3, released in 2023, achieved a precision of 0.20 ppm. The experiment circulates muons in a storage ring, measuring $a_{\mu}$ from decay positron time and energy measurements collected with calorimeters. To achieve the required accuracy, it is crucial to measure and control the magnetic field in the ring with high precision. Beam dynamics corrections are necessary for muons not orbiting exactly in the midplane, for their oscillations, and for electric field effects. Highly accurate beam dynamics simulations are instrumental for quantifying and validating the beam dynamics corrections, ultimately improving the precision of the $a_{\mu}$ measurement and facilitating the achievement of the ambitious $70\:\mathrm{ppb}$ systematic uncertainty goal. The measured field data was incorporated into models for simulations using three codes: \texttt{gm2ringsim} (an internal Geant4-based code), \textit{COSY INFINITY}, and \textit{BMAD}. The advantages of \texttt{gm2ringsim} include using CAD-based geometry and modelling the detector effects. \textit{COSY INFINITY} is a highly accurate and efficient code that uses high-order differential-algebraic transfer maps, precise fringe field calculations, and advanced symplectification methods. Symplectification is important for maintaining the physical correctness of the muon beam behaviour with high precision over the storage time, ensuring conservation of phase space volume and preventing artificial damping or excitation of particle motion. The experiment completed its final Run 6 in July 2023, collecting 21 times more data than the previous BNL experiment. Analyses of data from Runs 4-6 are ongoing, with results planned for release in 2025, potentially resolving the current tension between experiment and theory.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1970

Experiment module concepts study. Volume 2: Experiments and mission operations

The baseline experiment program is concerned with future space experiments and cover the scientific disciplines of astronomy, space physics, space biology, biomedicine and biotechnology, earth applications, materials science, and advanced technology. The experiments within each discipline are grouped into functional program elements according to experiments that support a particular area of research or investigation and experiments that impose similar or related demand on space station support systems. The experiment requirements on module subsystems, experiment operating modes and time profiles, and the role of the astronaut are discussed. Launch and rendezvous with the space station, disposal, and on-orbit operations are delineated. The operational interfaces between module and other system elements are presented and include space station and logistic system interfaces. Preliminary launch and on-orbit environmental criteria and requirements are discussed, and experiment equipment weights by functional program elements are tabulated.

Macdonald, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1995

On Ba(+) production in the CRIT 2 experiment

Analysis of partical data from the CRIT 2 experiment, studying Alfven's critical ionization velocity (CIV) effect, shows that the density of newly created ions (presumably Ba(+) from the shaped-charge beam) is consistent with the increase in total plasma density measured by the independent RF plasma probe on board (Swenson et al., 1990) at the most active time period. We model this ion production using the measured electron flux data and the neutral barium model of Stenbaek-Nielsen et al. (1990a). To identify the main source mechanisms which may contribute most to the barium ionization, a simple model for the barium ion density at the payload location is developed based on Liouvilles theorem. We estimate that the electron impact ionization is responsible for 90% of the barium ion production observed by CRIT 2 in the first release and up to 45% in the second release. By employing a two-state approximation calculation (Rapp and Francis, 1962), the Ba-O(+) charge exchange cross section is found to range from about 2.0 X 10(exp -17) sq cm at a velocity of 4 km/s to 2.0 X 10(exp -15) sq cm at a velocity of 20 km/s. This result suggests that the Ba-O(+) charge exchange is probably dominant among all the non-CIV ionization processes. By considering the charge exchange process in our density model, the barrium ion densities are calculated for the two releases on CRIT II. The comparison between the model results and the observed data is found to be resonably consistent if the cross sections, as calculated above, are multiplied by 0.3 for the first release and 1.0 for the second release. Our result suggests that the charge exchange process could be the most important non-CIV ionization mechanism in the CRIT II experiment and it should be considered carefully case by case in CIV experiments.

Liou, K.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP): Experimental Design and Boundary Conditions (Experiment 2)

The Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project has expanded to include a model intercomparison for the mid-Pliocene warm period (3.29 to 2.97 million yr ago). This project is referred to as PlioMIP (the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project). Two experiments have been agreed upon and together compose the initial phase of PlioMIP. The first (Experiment 1) is being performed with atmosphere only climate models. The second (Experiment 2) utilizes fully coupled ocean-atmosphere climate models. Following on from the publication of the experimental design and boundary conditions for Experiment 1 in Geoscientific Model Development, this paper provides the necessary description of differences and/or additions to the experimental design for Experiment 2.

Haywood, A. M.↗
DOE OSTI2022

EGS Collab Experiment 2: Distributed Fiber Optic Temperature Data (DTS)

Distributed fiber optic sensing was an important part of the monitoring system for EGS Collab Experiment #2. A single loop of custom fiber package was grouted into the four monitoring boreholes that bracketed the experiment volume. This fiber package contained two multi-mode fibers and four single-mode fibers. These fibers were connected to an array of fiber optic interrogator units, each targeting a different measurement. The distributed temperature system (DTS) consisted of a Silixa XT-DTS unit, connected to both ends of one of the two multi-mode fibers. This system measured absolute temperature along the entire length of fiber for the duration of the experiment at a sampling rate of approximately 10 minutes. This dataset includes both raw data in XML format from the XT-DTS, as well as a processed dataset with the sections of data pertaining only to the boreholes are extracted. We have also included a report that provides all of the relevant details necessary for users to process and interpret the data for themselves. Please read this accompanying report. If, after reading it, there are still outstanding questions, please do not hesitate to contact us. Happy processing.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

EGS Collab Experiment 2: Continuous Active Source Seismic Monitoring (CASSM)

The dataset contains continuous active-source seismic monitoring (CASSM) data collected during EGS Collab Experiment 2, conducted from February to September 2022 at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. This experiment aimed to investigate enhanced geothermal systems through high-pressure fluid injections at depths of 1200-1500 meters. The seismic monitoring system included 16 three-component piezoelectric accelerometers and 24 hydrophones installed in boreholes around the injection zones, recording signals from piezoelectric seismic sources. Data were acquired using both continuous and triggered recording systems, with sampling rates of up to 100 kHz. The raw data are organized by timestamps and stored in .dat format, with accompanying log files. Calibration certificates for selected accelerometers are provided to aid in correcting sensor responses, though users are advised to consider possible effects of enclosures and installation on sensor performance. Users are strongly advised to consult the accompanying report, which outlines the experimental setup, data acquisition, sensor specifications, and recording systems.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

EGS Collab Experiment 2: Continuous Broadband Seismic Waveform Data

Two broadband seismometers were installed on the 4100 level and recorded for the duration of EGS Collab Experiment #2. Inspired by published data from similar instruments installed in the Aspo Hard Rock Lab, these long-period instruments aimed to measure the tilting of the drift in response to the injection of fluid into the testbed. One instrument was installed underneath the wellheads in Site A (aka the "battery" alcove) and the other was installed along the east wall of the drift, south of Site B. Due to the feet of gravel (ballast) laid along the floor of the drift, we were unable to anchor the sensors directly to the rock. As a result, the coupling of the sensors to the experiment rock volume is likely poor. In addition, there are a number of noise sources that complicate the interpretation of the data. For example, sensor BBB is installed adjacent (within 3 ft) to the rail line that runs towards the Ross shaft. Trains (motors) run along this line almost daily and produce a large signal in these data. Careful extraction of periods of interest, as well as filtering for specific signals, is necessary. The sensors are Nanometrics Trillium Compact Posthole seismometers, sensitive down to 120 seconds period. They were installed as close to the drift wall and as deep as we could manually excavate (only about 1 ft or so). The holes were leveled with sand and the sensors were placed on a paver before backfilling with sand. The hole was then covered by a bucket filled with insulation to improve the sensor's isolation from daily temperature variations, which are minor but present due to drift ventilation from the surface. Data were recorded on Nanometrics Centaur digitizers at 100 Hz. The full response information is available in the StationXML file provided here, or by querying the sensors through the IRIS DMC (see links below). These instruments were provided free of charge through the IRIS PASSCAL instrument center. The network code is XP and the station codes are BBA and BBB. The waveform data can be queried through the IRIS FDSN server using any method the user likes. One convenient option is to use the Obspy python package: https://docs.obspy.org/packages/obspy.clients.fdsn.html

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Dynamic Networks Experiment 2: Measuring Associator Sensitivity to Signal Detection Errors

Using the Dynamic Networks Experiment 2 (DNE2) human-analyst event bulletin picks as a baseline signal detection dataset, we generate 47 additional datasets by gradually reducing their accuracy and completeness by randomly removing DNE2 picks, changing the initial phase labels from P to S and vice-versa, and injecting noise detections to simulate real-world signal detection algorithms.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1985

NASCAP simulation of PIX 2 experiments

The latest version of the NASCAP/LEO digital computer code used to simulate the PIX 2 experiment is discussed. NASCAP is a finite-element code and previous versions were restricted to a single fixed mesh size. As a consequence the resolution was dictated by the largest physical dimension to be modeled. The latest version of NASCAP/LEO can subdivide selected regions. This permitted the modeling of the overall Delta launch vehicle in the primary computational grid at a coarse resolution, with subdivided regions at finer resolution being used to pick up the details of the experiment module configuration. Langmuir probe data from the flight were used to estimate the space plasma density and temperature and the Delta ground potential relative to the space plasma. This information is needed for input to NASCAP. Because of the uncertainty or variability in the values of these parameters, it was necessary to explore a range around the nominal value in order to determine the variation in current collection. The flight data from PIX 2 were also compared with the results of the NASCAP simulation.

Roche, J. C.↗
DOE OSTI2022

An Energy-Integrated Analysis for Measuring the Anomalous Precession Frequenzc for the Muon g - 2 Experiment at Fermilab

In the search for physics beyond the Standard Model, the Muon g - 2 Experiment at Fermilab (E989) will make the most precise measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, a μ . Improvements in precision come from both increased statistics and new techniques to significantly reduce previous systematic uncertainties. The muon a μ is determined by extracting both the anomalous spin precession frequency, ω a , and the average magnetic field sampled by the muons, B. Traditionally an energy threshold analysis method which requires reconstruction of decay positrons from the muon decay, μ + → e + ν e ν μ has been used to extract ω a . This thesis will describe a novel, energy-integrated analysis method for ωa extraction that does not require full reconstruction of positron hits and lowers the energy threshold therefore sampling more of the stored muons. This new technique has different sensitivities to effects like gain fluctuations and positron pulse pile-up. The analysis results will focus on data taken in 2019, the second year of running the experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗