Radar progress in the NASA earth resources in Earth Resources Aircraft program
Radar scatterometer and imaging radar applications in Earth Resources Aircraft Program
Moore, R. K.↗
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Uses of earth resources data in the NASA/MSC Earth Resources Research Data Facility.
The operation of the Earth Resources Research Data Facility (ERRDF) in Clear Lake City, Texas, which contains both aircraft and spacecraft gathered information on remote sensing of earth resources, including geology, geography, agriculture, forestry, hydrology, and oceanography, is described in detail. Possible uses of ERRDF data for further studies and applications are discussed.
Zeitler, E. O.↗
TERSSE. Definition of the total earth resources system for the shuttle era. Volume 9: Earth resources shuttle applications
The use of the space shuttle for the Earth Resources Program is discussed. Several problems with respect to payload selection, integration, and mission planning were studied. Each of four shuttle roles in the sortie mode were examined and projected into an integrated shuttle program. Several representative Earth Resources missions were designed which would use the shuttle sortie as a platform and collectively include the four shuttle roles. An integrated flight program based on these missions was then developed for the first two years of shuttle flights. A set of broad implications concerning the uses of the shuttle for Earth Resources studies resulted.
Alverado, U.↗
TERSSE: Definition of the Total Earth Resources System for the Shuttle Era. Volume 4: The Role of the Shuttle in the Earth Resources Program
The potential of the space shuttle as a platform for captive earth resources payloads in the sortie mode, and as a launch and services vehicle for automated earth resources spacecraft is examined. The capabilities of the total space transportation system which are pertinent to earth resources sorties and automated spacecraft are included.
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Current program and considerations of the future for earth resources survey.
Earth resources remote sensing from spacecraft noting meteorology, oceanography, forestry, agriculture and IR detection of plant diseases and pollution
Newell, H. E.↗
Wildland resource inventories under the NASA earth resources survey program
Wildland vegetation resource inventories under Earth Resources Survey Program
Draeger, W. C.↗
Image data processing of earth resources management
The Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) was launched on July 23, 1972. Since that date, the vehicle has been acquiring and transmitting to earth a vast amount of information relating to the earth's resources. Scientific investigators throughout the world have been analyzing photographic products produced from this data with significant results. Recently, there has been a major shift of emphasis from the visual analysis of photo products to the use of sophisticated digital information extraction techniques. Specialized equipment, such as the GE IMAGE 100 System, has been developed that operates directly from Computer Compatible Tapes, (CCT’s), which contain preprocessed digital data acquired from the ERTS spacecraft. Analysis of CCT data avoids the losses in image resolution and quality which are inherent to all photo processing techniques, thereby greatly increasing the utility of ERTS data. Future ground processing systems will turn out fully corrected (radiometric and geometric) digital tapes which will further increase the utility of ERTS data. This paper is presented in two parts: the first part deals with the subject of present and future generations of image processing and information extraction systems under development at the General Electric Company; the second part describes in more detail the design and operation of GE1s interactive multispectral information extraction systems, IMAGE 100, and discusses results of analyses of ERTS data over a number of U.S. sites.
A W DeSio↗
TERSSE: Definition of the Total Earth Resources System for the Shuttle Era. Volume 3: Mission and System Requirements for the Total Earth Resources System
Resource management missions to be performed by TERSSE are described. Mission and user requirements are defined along with information flows developed for each major resource management mission. Other topics discussed include: remote sensing platforms, remote sensor requirements, ground system architecture, and such related issues as cloud cover, resolution, orbit mechanics, and aircraft versus satellite.
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TERSSE: Definition of the Total Earth Resources System for the Shuttle Era. Volume 6: An Early Shuttle Pallet Concept for the Earth Resources Program
A space shuttle sortie mission which can be performed inexpensively in the early shuttle era and which, if the necessary intermediate steps are accomplished provides a major technological advance for the user organization-the U.S. Bureau of Census is described. The orbital configuration created for the Urban Land Use/1980 Census mission is illustrated including sensors and ground support equipment along with the information flow for the mission. Factors discussed include: specific Census Bureau functions to be supported by the mission; hardware and flight operations necessary for implementation of the mission; and integration of the TERSSE pallet into a shuttle mission.
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Earth resources applications of the Synchronous Earth Observatory Satellite (SEOS)
The results are presented of a four month study to define earth resource applications which are uniquely suited to data collection by a geosynchronous satellite. While such a satellite could also perform many of the functions of ERTS, or its low orbiting successors, those applications were considered in those situations where requirements for timely observation limit the capability of ERTS or EOS. Thus, the application presented could be used to justify a SEOS.
Lowe, D. S.↗
Development of earth resources survey techniques at GSFC: Overview
Earth resources survey and remote sensing techniques under development at GSFC are reviewed. Emphasis is focussed primarily on: (1) definition and demonstration of remote sensing techniques which lead to the measurements of physical quantities from which earth resources related parameters can be determined; (2) development of sensors, spacecraft, and on-board as well as ground based data management systems; (3) determination of earth resources related parameters from the remote sensing observations and measurements; and (4) applications of earth observations to resource management.
Nordberg, W.↗
User data dissemination concepts for earth resources
Domestic data dissemination networks for earth-resources data in the 1985-1995 time frame were evaluated. The following topics were addressed: (1) earth-resources data sources and expected data volumes, (2) future user demand in terms of data volume and timeliness, (3) space-to-space and earth point-to-point transmission link requirements and implementation, (4) preprocessing requirements and implementation, (5) network costs, and (6) technological development to support this implementation. This study was parametric in that the data input (supply) was varied by a factor of about fifteen while the user request (demand) was varied by a factor of about nineteen. Correspondingly, the time from observation to delivery to the user was varied. This parametric evaluation was performed by a computer simulation that was based on network alternatives and resulted in preliminary transmission and preprocessing requirements. The earth-resource data sources considered were: shuttle sorties, synchronous satellites (e.g., SEOS), aircraft, and satellites in polar orbits.
Davies, R.↗
Present and future NASA earth resources related satellite programs
Ongoing and presently contemplated earth resources related space programs are discussed, and the evolution of present programs is presented. Nimbus, ERTS (earth resources technology satellite), Skylab, and GEOS C (geodetic earth-orbiting satellite C) are the ongoing programs described. Future projects explained comprise ERS (earth resources survey operational satellite), Nimbus G, EOS (earth observatory satellite), SEASAT (sea satellite), and shuttle sortie. The objectives and instrument payloads for each of the missions are detailed. A number of high-altitude color satellite photographs supplements the treatment.
Branchflower, G. A.↗
TERSSE. Definition of the total earth resources system for the shuttle era. Volume 10: (TOSS) TERSSE operational system study
Economic benefits studies regarding the application of remote sensing to resource management and the Total Earth Resources for the Shuttle Era (TERSSE) study to outline the structure and development of future systems are used, along with experience from LANDSAT and LACIE, to define the system performance and economics of an operational Earth Resources system. The system is to be based on current (LANDSAT follow-on) technology and its application to high priority resource management missions, such as global crop inventory. The TERSSE Operational System Study (TOSS) investigated system-level design alternatives using economic performance as the evaluation criterion. As such, the TOSS effort represented a significant step forward in the systems engineering and economic analysis of Earth Resources programs. By parametrically relating engineering design parameters, such as sensor performance details, to the economic benefit mechanisms a new level of confidence in the conclusions concerning the implementation of such systems can be reached.
Stow, W. K.↗
Spacecraft systems design trade-offs for the Earth Resources Technology Satellite.
The Earth Resources Technology Satellite Program's use of flight proven hardware in the design of a satellite for earth sensor payload support and data handling is discussed. The use of an existing satellite as the building block around which additional support systems such as the orbit adjust system, the redundant wideband telemetry systems, the second regulated power system, and the quad redundant command system is analyzed. System performance seen in orbit vs design objectives are discussed to point up the success of the design approach chosen. Also discussed are the schedule and cost benefits derived from the use of previously developed hardware with additional subsystems as required to meet program requirements.
Branchflower, G. A.↗
Systems analysis techniques in earth resources satellite systems planning
Earth resources satellite systems synthesis, describing analytical techniques in R and D preceding operational status
Summers, R. A.↗
The use of economic benefit analysis in earth resources satellite system planning
Earth resources satellite systems R and D planning, using case study approach in economic benefit analysis for parametric requirements determination
Muir, A. H.↗
Skylab earth resources experiment package
Skylab earth resources experimental equipment, describing sensing and recording instrumentation for electromagnetic spectral pattern recognition studies
Armitage, P. J.↗