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DOE OSTI2022

Design Philosophy for Accelerator Control Rooms

This report describes the foundational human factors principles needed to design user interfaces for accelerator control rooms. These principles are presented as recommendations for accelerator control system interface design and are illustrated with examples drawn from accelerator operations at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). These high-level principles are intended to serve as design objectives that apply generally across all control system interfaces developed for the accelerator complex. This design philosophy document is a high-level roadmap to approach the general interface design for the accelerator complex. This philosophy applies state-of-the-art human factors principles and evidence-based design standards to an accelerator environment, which will transform the next era of accelerator interfaces as outlined by the Accelerator Controls Operations Research Network (ACORN) Project. Further work will include mapping the general design principles included in this report to more specific guidance in the form of a user interface style guide.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Wind turbine performance enhancement with minimal structural load penalty: A design philosophy

The performance benefits of using tip devices on wind turbines has been well-documented. However, previous studies show that adding blade tip devices such as winglets leads to a significant increase in blade root bending moment, potentially requiring structural reinforcement with cost and weight drawbacks. A new and unique design philosophy for retrofit blade tip devices for wind turbines is presented. By balancing generated aerodynamic and centrifugal loads, these devices offer an increase in power production without the need for structural reinforcement. Predicted performance and cost benefits of using retrofit blade tip devices on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5 MW reference wind turbine are shown. Finally, the addition of blade tip devices resulted in significant improvements in the coefficient of power (C p ) and annual energy production (AEP).

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Design Philosophy for Accelerator Control Rooms

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Optics and Systems Design of the Ring-to-Second Target Transport Beam-Line for the SNS Second Target Station

The Second Target Station (STS) project at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is being developed to provide world-leading cold neutron brightness for next-generation neutron scattering experiments. The STS Accelerator Systems (AS) scope includes the design and implementation of the Ring-to-Second Target (RTST) proton beam transport line, which extracts 1.3 GeV proton beam pulses from the existing Ring-to-Beam Transport (RTBT) system and delivers them to the STS target. The RTST design emphasizes operational reliability [high reliability], low activation [minimum activation of components and the tunnel], maintainability, and compatibility with existing SNS infrastructure through extensive reuse of proven RTBT systems and components. The beamline includes a new extraction region, a transport lattice consisting of dipole, quadrupole, and corrector magnets, beam instrumentation systems, vacuum systems, personnel protection systems, and radiation shielding systems. Beam optics and particle tracking studies were performed using PyORBIT to validate extraction trajectories, beam transport, and target beam spot requirements [60–90 cm² beam spot area]. This paper presents the optics design philosophy, extraction system architecture, transport lattice design, instrumentation strategy, vacuum system approach, and radiation protection integration for the RTST beamline. Particle tracking simulations indicate successful beam transport without beam loss under nominal operating conditions. The RTST is designed to transport 1.3 GeV proton beam pulses at repetition rates up to 15 Hz, delivering nominal beam power of 700 kW to the Second Target Station.

Baron, Alex [ORNL]↗

DOE OSTI2026

Tokamak Energy’s pre-concept design for a fusion power plant: an overview of ST-E1

Climate change and rapidly rising energy demand, driven in part by artificial intelligence and data-centre growth, create an urgent need for stable, low-carbon, and abundant power. Fusion is a promising long-term solution, yet its commercialisation faces a fundamental paradox in today’s investment environment: pilot plants are essential to de-risk physics, engineering, and operations, but their limited lifetime energy output and high upfront costs make them difficult to finance. This paper presents Tokamak Energy’s response: ST-E1, a pre-concept design for a low-aspect-ratio tokamak power plant engineered specifically to overcome this challenge. ST-E1 is designed from the outset for phased operation—pilot and commercial phases, with an upgrade phase in between—with emphasis on commercial viability, maintainability, nuclear engineering, modularity, and upgradability. A key design principle is the deliberate separation of long-lived assets, such as the magnet cage and vacuum vessel, from replaceable in-vessel systems. This provides an attractive and credible investment approach to generate operational data and de-risk key technologies while preserving most capital-intensive assets for later commercial phases. The architecture supports continuous optimisation toward high net electric power (targeting 800–1000 MW net electric), a normalised capital expenditure of $\$$ 12–14k/kW of net electric power, and high availability (targeting > 80%). A tokamak core with a 5 m major radius, aspect ratio of 2.3, and on-plasma axis toroidal field of 5.25 T was selected to meet these objectives. This paper summarises the ST-E1 design philosophy, principal features, and development methodology. It introduces a Focus Collection of 11 papers detailing the pre-concept design of the entire tokamak and corresponding plant.

ST-E1↗

DOE OSTI2022

Restoration Hydro: A Watershed Approach to Standard Modular New Hydropower

The objectives of FOA DE- FOA-0001836- “Standard Modular Hydropower” included designing a standardized, modular, and environmentally compatible hydropower schematic for implementation in greenfield sites that generate up to 10 MW of capacity. Utilizing funds competitively awarded under DOE’s Water Power Technologies Office, the Natel Energy team developed a concept for modular new stream reach (NSR) hydropower that incorporates multi species upstream and downstream fish passage, improved river channel connectivity, and recreational modules. The in-stream design of the collective modules minimized site specific design and maximized the opportunities for modularity. Financial data was also presented using actual costs from regional suppliers, with figures provided in 2022 dollars. While the project team did not address potential permitting process improvements, the site selection criteria did consider established barriers to hydropower development such as tribal and preserved lands, interconnection proximity, and endangered species to exclude or deprioritize. The project’s design schematic met the objectives of the FOA, and presented a unique solution that targets alluvial pockets as natural features for sustainable development. Natel’s concept also incorporated the company's fish-safe Restoration Hydro Turbine for safe downstream passage, while featuring a rock arch that integrates fish passage, water, recreation, and grade control modules (including sediment). Alignment with the Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) “Innovative Design Concepts for Standard Modular Hydropower and Pumped-Storage Hydropower” Program: According to the Hydropower Vision (DOE, 2016), approximately 16 GW of hydropower growth is possible with the development of technology solutions that balance efficiency, economics, and environmental sustainability. The desired outcome of the SMH program is transformational innovation specifically in the site identification, conceptual, and detailed design phases of technology development lifecycles (DOE, 2018). In developing the SMH design schematic, the team aimed to address the opportunities outlined in the Vision through an inverted design philosophy; rather than singularly prioritizing efficiency and power production, the team focused on integrating hydropower with restoration of degraded streams to optimal ecosystem function and provision of exceptional recreation value as design criteria. To achieve this, Restoration Hydro incorporates the principles of nature-based engineering (WWAP, 2018) and biomimicry (Biomimicry NL.) to strategically deploy complementary combinations of permanent, semi-permanent, and ephemeral low-head structures - such as natural and engineered log jams - that harness geomorphological and hydrological processes at the landscape-scale. Primary applications of Restoration Hydro include: 1) restoration of degraded watersheds’ natural ecological function and enhancement of hydrological connectivity; and 2) creation of associated co-benefits to hydro production, including increased groundwater recharge, improved sediment transport and management, improved water security and water quality. Restoration Hydro projects build upon proven watershed restoration engineering techniques by integrating hydropower turbines into low-head structures using innovative and evolving civil works concepts that facilitate fish and sediment passage, and in some cases create additional revenue-generating recreational opportunities. Powering low-head structures creates a directly monetizable layer of economic value in the form of flexible, reliable, renewable energy on top of the already high-value water, environmental and recreational benefits of watershed and river restoration. The approach aims to create a virtuous, self-reinforcing cycle whereby Restoration Hydro projects support the scaling of ecosystem restoration activities, creating a water-energy-carbon multiplier effect that, through the principles of adaptive change management: 1) improves the resilience of landscapes and downstream population centers for changing hydrological cycles; 2) creates a reliable energy resource that facilitates the integration of intermittent renewable power sources into grids; and 3) supports climate change mitigation through grid decarbonization and enhanced ecosystem carbon capture and retention.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2026

An Integrated Framework for Memory-Centric Analysis: From Trace Collection to Co-Design

The memory wall phenomenon—where advances in processor performance significantly outpace those in memory subsystems—poses a fundamental challenge for contemporary computing systems. In memory-bound applications, memory subsystem behavior dominates performance, yet existing analysis approaches present significant limitations: detailed microarchitectural simulators require days to weeks to simulate modest workloads; hardware performance counters provide only aggregate statistics that obscure temporal and spatial access patterns; and scaled simulation approaches face challenges in capturing certain behaviors that emerge at larger scales. These limitations reflect a processor-centric design philosophy increasingly misaligned with memory-bound workloads where detailed understanding of memory access patterns, cache hierarchy interactions, and contention is critical for effective optimization. This paper presents an integrated framework for memory-centric analysis that enables effective hardware-software co-design. We describe practical trace collection techniques, including hardware-assisted processor tracing with minimal overhead and portable software-based instrumentation with statistical sampling. We present multi-perspective analysis methods that examine memory behavior from temporal, sequential, spatial, and relational viewpoints, revealing distinct optimization opportunities invisible in aggregate metrics. We detail an architectural modeling framework that uses sampled traces with temporal interpolation and confidence-based filtering to evaluate cache and memory configurations. Evaluation on representative benchmarks demonstrates that this framework achieves practical accuracy (L2 cache errors of 2.64\%, confidence-filtered L3 errors of 9.92\%, bandwidth errors of 7.33\%) while providing substantial speedup (26.8×) over cycle-accurate simulation, enabling rapid design space exploration. We demonstrate how this integrated framework enables systematic identification of both hardware optimizations (memory controller tuning, bank partitioning, NUMA configuration) and software optimizations (data layout restructuring, prefetching strategies, memory-aware scheduling). Through this comprehensive treatment of the memory-centric analysis pipeline—from trace collection through architectural modeling to co-design application—we provide researchers and practitioners with practical techniques for addressing memory bottlenecks in contemporary computing systems.

Gajaria, Dhruv Mayur↗

DOE OSTI2026

Exploring the fusion power plant design space: comparative analysis of positive and negative triangularity tokamaks through optimization

The optimal configuration choice between positive triangularity (PT) and negative triangularity (NT) tokamaks for fusion power plants hinges on navigating different operational constraints rather than achieving specific plasma performance metrics. This study presents a systematic comparison using constrained multi-objective optimization with the integrated FUsion Synthesis Engine (FUSE) framework. Over 200 000 integrated design evaluations were performed exploring the trade-offs between capital cost minimization and operational reliability (maximizing q 95 ) while satisfying engineering constraints including 250 ± 50 MW net electric power, tritium breeding ratio > 1.1, power exhaust limits and an hour flattop time. Both configurations achieve similar cost-performance Pareto fronts through contrasting design philosophies. PT, while demonstrating resilience to pedestal degradation (compensating for up to 40% reduction), are constrained to larger machines (R 0 > 6.5 m) by the narrow operational window between L–H threshold requirements and the research-established power exhaust limit (P sol /R < 15 MW m –1 ). This forces optimization through comparatively reduced magnetic field (∼8 T). NT configurations exploit their freedom from these constraints to access compact, high-field designs (R 0 ~ 5.5 m, B 0 >12 T), creating natural synergy with advancing HTS technology. Sensitivity analyses reveal that PT’s economic viability depends critically on uncertainties in L–H threshold scaling and power handling limits. Notably, a 50% variation in either could eliminate viable designs or enable access to the compact design space. These results suggest configuration selection should be risk-informed: PT offers the lowest-cost path when operational constraints can be confidently predicted, while NT is robust to large variations in constraints and physics uncertainties.

FUSE framework↗

DOE OSTI2023

Methods for Estimating Hydrogen Fuel Tank Characteristics

The pressure vessels needed to store hydrogen for next-generation hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are expected to be a substantial portion of the total system mass, volume, and cost. Gravimetric capacity, volumetric capacity, and cost per kilogram of usable hydrogen are key performance metrics that the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) uses to determine the viability of hydrogen fuel cell systems. Research and development related to hydrogen storage systems covers a wide range of potential operating conditions, from cryogenic temperatures to high temperatures (above ambient) and low pressure to high pressure. Researchers at PNNL have developed methods for estimating these key pressure vessel characteristics to support on-board hydrogen storage system design and performance evaluation and to support decision-making about DOE hydrogen storage system research investments. This article describes the pressure tank estimation methodology that has been used as a stand-alone calculation and has been incorporated into larger system evaluation tools. The methodology estimates the geometry, mass, and material cost of type I, type III, and type IV pressure vessels based on operating pressure and material strength at the system's operating temperature, using classical thin-wall and thick-wall pressure vessel stress calculations. The geometry, mass, and material cost requirements of the pressure vessel have significant impacts on the total system performance. For example, hydrogen storage materials that can separately achieve a very high hydrogen density can be deemed impractical for use in fuel cell vehicle hydrogen storage systems because the pressure tank containing them is too large, heavy, or expensive. This article describes the design philosophy and analytical process of the tank characteristic estimation methodology, which has been implemented in spreadsheet calculation tools and system-level analysis tools used by DOE researchers. Each of the three tank types (type I, type III, and type IV) uses a different analysis methodology with some common elements. This article also provides examples of implementing the methodology to perform parametric studies of all three pressure vessel types. The goal of this article is to present the methodology in sufficient detail so it can be implemented in other hydrogen fuel cell vehicle design and analysis tools.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2024

Significantly Promoting the Thermal Conductivity and Machinability of Negative Thermal Expansion Alloy via In Situ Precipitation of Copper Networks

Rapid advancements in electronic devices yield an urgent demand for high-performance electronic packaging materials with high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion, and great mechanical properties. However, it is a great challenge for current design philosophies to fulfill all the requirements simultaneously. Here, an effective strategy is proposed for significantly promoting the thermal conductivity and machinability of negative thermal expansion alloy (Zr,Nb)Fe 2 through eutectic precipitation of copper networks. The eutectic dual-phase alloy exhibits an isotropic chips-matched thermal expansion coefficient and a thermal conductivity enhancement exceeding 200% compared with (Zr,Nb)Fe 2 , along with an ultimate compressive strength of 550 MPa. The addition of copper reorganizes the composition of (Zr,Nb)Fe 2 , which smooths the magnetic transition and shifts it toward higher temperature, resulting in linear low thermal expansion in a wide temperature range. The highly fine eutectic copper lamellae construct high thermal conductivity networks within (Zr,Nb)Fe 2 , serving as highways for heat transfer electrons and phonons. The in situ forming of eutectic copper lamellae also facilitates the mechanical properties by enhancing interfacial bonding and bearing additional stress after yielding of (Zr,Nb)Fe 2 . This work provides a novel strategy for promoting thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of negative thermal expansion alloys via eutectic precipitation of copper networks.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Identifying and Amplifying the Spontaneously Formed Photo‐Charge Contribution in Opaque and Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics

Abstract Spontaneous photo‐charge (SP) generation within the non‐fullerene (NFA) bulk helps avoid exciton (EX) related loss as compared to the traditional heterojunction route in organic solar cells (OSCs). Unfortunately, the promising SP utilization attracts little attention at this time due to the lack of knowledge on its specific contribution to the photovoltaic performance and rational optimization in high‐efficiency devices. To fill the gap, the NFAs’ SP characteristics are related with their photocurrent loss and power conversion efficiency (PCE) in state‐of‐the‐art materials. Though higher SP population is good for efficient EX utilization, it simultaneously acts as an additional photo‐charge recombination channel. The former can be further enhanced by increasing the NFAs’ crystallinity with preferred lamellar growth, and the latter can be suppressed via electric doping. With the aid of the two‐step optimization strategy, the total photocurrent loss is reduced from 14.4% to 4.8%, accompanying with PCE increment from 16.9% to 18.5%. The SP utilization strategy is finally applied in the semitransparent OSCs (ST‐OSCs), due to its less heterojunction area sensitive photo‐charge generation characteristic. A light utilization efficiency (LUE) is then increased from 3.21% to 3.77%. The findings highlight the pursue of efficient SP utilization as a new design philosophy in future OSCs’ progresses.

Chemistry↗

DOE OSTI2025

Facets of hydro power and future trends in a Nordic Context

Hydropower technologies bolster high penetration of variable renewable energies (VREs) in the net zero emissions scenarios. Nevertheless, there are various challenges to meeting the ambitious goal, such as stability, reliability, resiliency, security, lack of reactive power, voltage support and inertia, large-scale storage deployment and coordination, interconnectedness, demand-side response, higher thermal cycles with increased start/stops, and inadequate Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for system-wise VRE integration and profitability. This survey conducts a bottom-up analysis to unveil the opportunities to utilize hydropower facilities and disentangle the nested problem for intertwining design features, control algorithms, operation, optimization approaches, incentives, services, and market mechanisms using a three-pillar framework perspective: grid owners, power producers, and machine designers. The survey identified emerging trends in real-time and capacity markets, flexible power systems, and enhanced grid capabilities, including advanced voltage support and updated grid codes. These developments present significant opportunities for hydropower, such as achieving super-flexibility through hybridization, expanded reactive power capabilities, and advanced operational modes like a synchronous condenser and power adequator functionalities. These opportunities require novel design philosophies — including new winding, stator, and rotor configurations, optimized ventilation, and active cooling systems — to enhance performance under stressed grid and climate conditions. Finally, integrating climate and energy models for multi-basin optimization with finer spatial and temporal granularity enhances the planning accuracy for water management of hydropower while addressing environmental challenges. The review delivers helpful prospective suggestions and tools that would serve researchers, power engineers, and stakeholders in making decisions about hydropower technologies and services in 2050 and beyond.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Cage Molecules Stabilize Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Films

The environmental stability of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) materials needs to increase to enable their widespread adoption in thin-film solar and optoelectronic devices. Molecular additives have recently emerged as an effective strategy for regulating HOIP crystal growth and passivating defects. However, to date the choice of additives is largely limited to a dozen or so materials under the design philosophy that high crystallinity is a prerequisite for stable HOIP thin films. Here, in this study, we incorporate porous organic cages (POCs) as functional additives into perovskite thin films for the first time and investigate the HOIP-POC interaction via a combined experimental and computational approach. POCs are significantly larger than the small-molecule additives explored for HOIP synthesis to date but much smaller than polymeric sealants. Partially amorphized composites of MAPbI 3 (methylammonium lead iodide, HOIP) and RCC3 (an amine POC) form a network-like surface topography and lead to an increase in the optical bandgap from 1.60 to 1.63 eV. Further in situ optical imaging suggests that RCC3 can delay the MAPbI 3 film degradation onset up to 50x under heat and humidity stresses, showing promise for improving reliability in HOIP-based solar-cell and light-emitting applications. Furthermore, there is evidence of molecular interactions between RCC3 and MAPbI 3 , as fingerprinted by the suppressed N-H stretching mode in MA + from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and density functional theory (DFT) simulations that suggest strong hydrogen bonding between MA + and RCC3. Given the diversity of POCs and HOIPs, our work opens a new avenue to stabilize HOIPs via tailored molecular interactions with functional organic materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Python Library for Monte Carlo Simulations with Ab Initio and Machine-Learned Interatomic Potentials

There is a growing need in the simulation community for software that provides a transparent, reproducible, usable, and extensible (TRUE) Monte Carlo (MC) simulation framework employing energies from ab initio methods and machine-learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs). We introduce a Python library (ASE-MC) that adds Monte Carlo functionality to the Atomic Simulation Environment (ASE) package. Now, we can combine the powerful tools used to build systems and perform ab initio and MLIP in ASE with MC simulation algorithms to sample the configurational space with a concise Python script. After presenting the design philosophy, we demonstrate the flexibility of our approach using selected examples. These example simulations include liquid water described with a message-passing MLIP in the canonical and isothermal–isobaric ensembles, sampling the characteristic dihedral angle of biphenyl and comparing an MLIP to first-principles calculations, and a grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation of ammonia adsorption on Pt(111). These examples showcase the main features of the software, which include flexibility in the choice of ab initio or MLIP engine, ab initio or MLIP grand canonical MC with cavity bias insertions and deletions, the ability to add custom MC moves to the move set, and how users can condense complex MC workflows into a single Python script. Finally, this library serves as a framework for reproducible Monte Carlo simulations, facilitating easy reproduction of the work and application to new systems.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2023

Federated benchmarking of medical artificial intelligence with MedPerf

Medical artificial intelligence (AI) has tremendous potential to advance healthcare by supporting and contributing to the evidence-based practice of medicine, personalizing patient treatment, reducing costs, and improving both healthcare provider and patient experience. Unlocking this potential requires systematic, quantitative evaluation of the performance of medical AI models on large-scale, heterogeneous data capturing diverse patient populations. Here, to meet this need, we introduce MedPerf, an open platform for benchmarking AI models in the medical domain. MedPerf focuses on enabling federated evaluation of AI models, by securely distributing them to different facilities, such as healthcare organizations. This process of bringing the model to the data empowers each facility to assess and verify the performance of AI models in an efficient and human-supervised process, while prioritizing privacy. We describe the current challenges healthcare and AI communities face, the need for an open platform, the design philosophy of MedPerf, its current implementation status and real-world deployment, our roadmap and, importantly, the use of MedPerf with multiple international institutions within cloud-based technology and on-premises scenarios. Finally, we welcome new contributions by researchers and organizations to further strengthen MedPerf as an open benchmarking platform.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

SCR-based Medium Voltage DC Solid-State Circuit Breaker

This paper describes a medium voltage solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) based on SCR technology, featuring short fault-interruption time and a minimal turn-off auxiliary circuit. The SSCB design incorporates a specialized SCR and a commutation circuit designed with an objective to reduce the required SCR hold-off/turn-off time, tq, which primarily determines the fault interruption duration. To validate the design, simulation analysis is presented, and a 1.5 kV 300 A SSCB prototype has been built and tested. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed design philosophy demonstrating the SSCB's ability to interrupt a 200 A load current in less than 50 μs. The proposed SCR-based SSCB has been developed for DC applications but is equally applicable to AC applications.

Kandula, Prasad [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000174017284)↗

DOE OSTI2024

Modeling Grid Data Flows for Transmission and Distribution Operations: Review, Design, Next Steps

Operational scenarios of the power grids grow multifold to accommodate the diverse needs of both the utilities and end consumers, and the various other stakeholders in-between. To comprehensively model and apply analytics to support objectives and business functions of grid sectors, a reliable approach to characterize and design data flows is crucial. The flows bridge business functions with communications protocols, stakeholders such as the grid actors, and data interfaces comprising different data objects. Additionally, constraints applied to the flow such as cybersecurity, trust, privacy, and ownership among others intersect these entities, requiring the delineation of their interactions under different scenarios. This paper aims to not only highlight relevant research in the space of grid data flows, but also proposes, for the transmission-distribution sector, a novel modeling approach that marries the aforementioned entities: objectives, business functions, data interfaces, communication protocols, data stakeholders, and flow constraints. It elaborates on the design philosophy and the significance of each entity within the model and applies it to an example function of fault location, isolation and service restoration (FLISR). Finally, the next steps to extend the application of this data flow model for other practical operational scenarios are discussed.

Sundararajan, Aditya [ORNL] (ORCID:000000033577854↗

DOE OSTI2024

Physics Design of Proton/Ion SRF Accelerators

Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) technology has become foundation of the modern high energy particle accelerators. The technology enables a higher accelerating field with minimal power dissipation and a stronger compact magnetic field. These advancements have broadened the operational horizon of the particle accelerators making a higher duty factor and Continuous Wave (CW) beam operations both feasible and economically viable. The intensity frontier research founded on generation of intense beam of exotic particles including but not limited to neutrinos, muons, kaons and neutrons as well as practical applications involving transmutation of nuclear reactor waste, rare isotopes generation, sub-critical nuclear power generation etc. could be accomplished efficiently only by using superconducting proton/ions particle accelerators. As a result, many newly constructed or under construction high energy accelerator facilities around the world such as Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) at Fermilab, FRIB at MSU, ESS at Sweden are utilizing SRF accelerators. This talk presents the design philosophy of SRF proton/ion particle accelerator, with a focus on optimizing its performance while addressing physics and operational challenges including the fault scenarios, machine availability and preservation of crucial beam parameters.

Saini, Arun↗