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This document investigates the region of validity of the DIORAMA nuclear cloud lofting module based on two separate factors: i) continuum fluid assumptions breaking down and ii) where ballistic effects become significant.
DIORAMA calculates ionospheric effects on propagating EM signals using a frequency dependent transfer function called the Ionospheric Transfer Function (ITF). The ITF is applied to each of the spatial components of the EM wave, at each frequency in its bandwidth, as it travels through the ionosphere.