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CsLa crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3mc space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two CsLa clusters. Cs is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one La atom. The Cs–La bond length is 3.58 Å. La is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs atom.
CsLa(PO3)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs1+ is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Cs–O bond distances ranging from 3.09–3.70 Å. La3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.44–2.62 Å. There are four inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing PO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.50 Å) and two longer (1.61 Å) P–O bond length. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing PO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.50 Å) and two longer (1.62 Å) P–O bond length. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.50–1.63 Å. In the fourth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.49–1.64 Å. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cs1+ and two P5+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs1+, one La3+, and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cs1+ and two P5+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Cs1+, one La3+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P5+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs1+, one La3+, and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs1+, one La3+, and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one La3+ and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one La3+ and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two P5+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs1+, one La3+, and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs1+, one La3+, and one P5+ atom.
CsLa(SO4)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs1+ is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to thirteen O2- atoms. There are a spread of Cs–O bond distances ranging from 3.24–3.67 Å. La3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.50–2.82 Å. There are two inequivalent S6+ sites. In the first S6+ site, S6+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of S–O bond distances ranging from 1.48–1.51 Å. In the second S6+ site, S6+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.49 Å) and two longer (1.50 Å) S–O bond length. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Cs1+, one La3+, and one S6+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Cs1+, one La3+, and one S6+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Cs1+, one La3+, and one S6+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Cs1+, one La3+, and one S6+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Cs1+, one La3+, and one S6+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs1+, one La3+, and one S6+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs1+, one La3+, and one S6+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent La3+ and one S6+ atom.
CsLa(TaBr3)6 crystallizes in the trigonal P-31c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to twelve Br atoms. There are six shorter (4.09 Å) and six longer (4.24 Å) Cs–Br bond lengths. La is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six equivalent Br atoms. All La–Br bond lengths are 3.00 Å. Ta is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Br atoms. There are a spread of Ta–Br bond distances ranging from 2.61–2.96 Å. There are three inequivalent Br sites. In the first Br site, Br is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ta atoms. In the second Br site, Br is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Cs, one La, and one Ta atom. In the third Br site, Br is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Cs and two equivalent Ta atoms.
The photoactivity of three porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks (PMOFs) incorporating Al, Ga, and In nodes was systematically evaluated using the photooxidation of an organic sulfide (2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, or CEES; a mustard gas simulant). Faster photodegradation of CEES was observed for PMOFs with heavier metal nodes, placing In-PMOF as the most efficient photocatalyst in the series. Guided by this insight, we developed CSLA-10, a MOF integrating In nodes and Sn-doped porphyrin linker to synergistically amplify heavy-atom effects at both the nodes and ligand levels. CSLA-10 exhibited the fastest reported CEES photooxidation to date, achieving a half-life of 38 s in methanol under blue LED irradiation. When grafted onto textiles, CSLA-10 enabled solvent-free CEES degradation in air/O 2 with a half-life of 2.7 min and complete conversion within 7 min, representing the most rapid full degradation reported under solvent-free conditions. Furthermore, this work establishes a dual heavy-atom strategy for enhancing intersystem crossing and singlet oxygen generation in porphyrin MOFs, providing a rational design principle for next-generation photocatalysts for the degradation of toxic organic sulfides.
During a 22-month period from February 1991 to December 1993, a dedicated group of students, faculty, and staff at California State University, Los Angeles completed a project to design, build, and race their second world class solar-powered electric vehicle, the Solar Eagle 2. This is the final report of that project. As a continuation of the momentum created by the success of the GM-sponsored Sunrayce USA in 1990, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) picked up the banner from General Motors as sponsors of Sunrayce 93. In February 1991, the DOE sent a request for proposals to all universities in North America inviting them to submit a proposal outlining how they would design, build, and test a solar-powered electric vehicle for a seven-day race from Arlington, Texas to Minneapolis, Minnesota, to be held in June 1993. Some 70 universities responded. At the end of a proposal evaluation process, 36 universities including CSLA were chosen to compete. This report documents the Solar Eagle 2 project--the approaches take, what was learned, and how our experience from the first Solar Eagle was incorporated into Solar Eagle 2. The intent is to provide a document that would assist those who may wish to take up the challenge to build Solar Eagle 3.
Kennedy Space Center (KSC) has decided to write its agreements under the Commercial Space Launch Act (CSLA) authority to cover a broad range of categories of support that KSC could provide to our commercial partner. Our strategy was to go through the onerous process of getting the agreement in place once and allow added specificity and final cost estimates to be documented on a separate Task Order Request (TOR). This paper is written from the implementing engineering team's perspective. It describes how we developed the processes associated with getting Government support to our emerging commercial partners, such as SpaceX and reports on our success to date.