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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Abstract for CRADA between National Energy Technology Laboratory and Shell International Exploration & Production, Inc

Introducing CO₂ into geothermal systems as a working fluid in reservoirs can enhance geothermal conductivity, production, and pressure maintenance. A cross-disciplinary interaction of geothermal reservoir stimulation and CO₂ utilization satisfies renewable energy demands and operations that support sustainable energy infrastructure. Challenges to implementing CO₂-stimulated geothermal enhancement (CS-GE) include (1) accurately characterizing and imaging CO₂-stimulated geothermal reservoirs; (2) quantitatively inferring CS-GE evolution under current and future engineered conditions for cost effective operations; and (3) monitoring resources by improving observational methods to advance the understanding of complex geothermal systems for sweep efficiency and, ultimately, cost effectiveness. NETL and Shell will collaborate under this CRADA to develop software to image key features, including CO₂-stimulated fracture imaging, CO₂ fluid sweep imaging and heat transfer and exchange imaging by leveraging available datasets and applying advanced Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML), multi-level data analytics and data/information fusion to better understand the comprehensive mechanisms of CO₂-stimulated geothermal systems.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CsGe by Materials Project

GeCs crystallizes in the cubic P-43n space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cs sites. In the first Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six Ge atoms. There are three shorter (3.77 Å) and three longer (4.03 Å) Cs–Ge bond lengths. In the second Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six Ge atoms. There are a spread of Cs–Ge bond distances ranging from 3.64–4.04 Å. There are two inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six Cs and three equivalent Ge atoms. All Ge–Ge bond lengths are 2.61 Å. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six Cs and three equivalent Ge atoms. There are two shorter (2.60 Å) and one longer (2.63 Å) Ge–Ge bond lengths.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CsGe by Materials Project

GeCs crystallizes in the tetragonal I4_1/acd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cs sites. In the first Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Ge atoms. There are a spread of Cs–Ge bond distances ranging from 3.88–4.08 Å. In the second Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Ge atoms. There are four shorter (3.91 Å) and two longer (4.02 Å) Cs–Ge bond lengths. Ge is bonded in a distorted q6 geometry to seven Cs and three equivalent Ge atoms. All Ge–Ge bond lengths are 2.63 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cs3Ge by Materials Project

Cs3Ge crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/mmc space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of two Cs3Ge ribbons oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Cs is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent Ge atoms. Both Cs–Ge bond lengths are 3.88 Å. Ge is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Cs atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗