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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CoPSe by Materials Project

CoPSe is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbca space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Co3+ is bonded to three equivalent P1- and three equivalent Se2- atoms to form CoP3Se3 octahedra that share corners with ten equivalent CoP3Se3 octahedra, corners with three equivalent PCo3Se tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent SeCo3P tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one CoP3Se3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–66°. There are a spread of Co–P bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.25 Å. There are a spread of Co–Se bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.44 Å. P1- is bonded to three equivalent Co3+ and one Se2- atom to form PCo3Se tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent CoP3Se3 octahedra, corners with four equivalent PCo3Se tetrahedra, corners with nine equivalent SeCo3P tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PCo3Se tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 76–78°. The P–Se bond length is 2.36 Å. Se2- is bonded to three equivalent Co3+ and one P1- atom to form SeCo3P tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent CoP3Se3 octahedra, corners with six equivalent SeCo3P tetrahedra, and corners with nine equivalent PCo3Se tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 73–81°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CoPSe by Materials Project

CoPSe is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the cubic P2_13 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Co3+ is bonded to three equivalent P1- and three equivalent Se2- atoms to form CoP3Se3 octahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent CoP3Se3 octahedra, corners with three equivalent PCo3Se tetrahedra, and corners with three equivalent SeCo3P tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 63–64°. All Co–P bond lengths are 2.28 Å. All Co–Se bond lengths are 2.39 Å. P1- is bonded to three equivalent Co3+ and one Se2- atom to form PCo3Se tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent CoP3Se3 octahedra, corners with six equivalent PCo3Se tetrahedra, and corners with nine equivalent SeCo3P tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 78°. The P–Se bond length is 2.33 Å. Se2- is bonded to three equivalent Co3+ and one P1- atom to form SeCo3P tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent CoP3Se3 octahedra, corners with six equivalent SeCo3P tetrahedra, and corners with nine equivalent PCo3Se tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 80°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Operation Upshot-Knothole

A thundering boom and sheet of fire announced a dramatic, once in a lifetime event – the firing of a nuclear projectile from a 280 mm cannon. Travelling seven miles downrange, the projectile detonated 500 feet over the Nevada Test Site’s Frenchman Flat with a force of fifteen kilotons. Although the test was successful, the massive cannon, designed for tactical battlefield use, had a critical flaw. It was too large and cumbersome for mobile combat. The cannon test, codenamed Grable, was part of Operation Upshot-Knothole, the fourth test series conducted in Nevada. Beginning with the Annie test on March 17, 1953, and concluding with the Climax test on June 4th, the Operation consisted of three airdrops, seven tower detonations, and the one artillery shot. As with previous Nevada tests, the demarcation between the weapon development series, Upshot, and the DOD effects tests, Knothole, was blurred. All eleven tests generated data in support of weapon development as well as tactical battlefield applications. During Upshot-Knothole, the University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL), conducted its first ever tests, Ruth and Ray. Although neither test was successful, these failures, along with another a year later at Operation Castle, provided the new laboratory with design data leading to future successful tests. The Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) participated in a test series with the general goal of preparing for societal recovery from a nuclear attack. Known as Operation Doorstep, the FCDA’s experiments evaluated the effects of a nuclear attack on food supplies, housing and urban structures, and even a copse of trees transplanted from nearby Mt. Charleston. A contingent of the press witnessed test Annie from an outcropping of rocks, subsequently named News Nob. The presence of the news media, along with the FCDA’s participation, marked a fundamental change in the Nevada test program - a change that that now included the general populace, whose survival was, of course, the rationale for testing. The Department of Defense continued and expanded its Desert Rock exercises of troop exercises, helicopter operations, and evaluation of blast damage to military aircraft, tanks, and guns. Annie, Nancy, Badger, Simon, Encore, and Grable involved larger numbers of personnel than the other five shots. Below is an edited and condensed account of Desert Rock activities compiled by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗