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CeCl3 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ce3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine equivalent Cl1- atoms. There are six shorter (2.91 Å) and three longer (3.01 Å) Ce–Cl bond lengths. Cl1- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Ce3+ atoms.
CeCl3(CH3OH)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two CeCl3(CH3OH)4 clusters. Ce3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to four O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Ce–O bond distances ranging from 2.51–2.56 Å. There are a spread of Ce–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.85–2.93 Å. There are four inequivalent C2- sites. In the first C2- site, C2- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to three H1+ and one O2- atom. There is one shorter (1.09 Å) and two longer (1.10 Å) C–H bond length. The C–O bond length is 1.45 Å. In the second C2- site, C2- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to three H1+ and one O2- atom. There is one shorter (1.09 Å) and two longer (1.10 Å) C–H bond length. The C–O bond length is 1.44 Å. In the third C2- site, C2- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to three H1+ and one O2- atom. There is one shorter (1.09 Å) and two longer (1.10 Å) C–H bond length. The C–O bond length is 1.44 Å. In the fourth C2- site, C2- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to three H1+ and one O2- atom. All C–H bond lengths are 1.10 Å. The C–O bond length is 1.45 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- and one Cl1- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. The H–Cl bond length is 2.13 Å. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the ninth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the tenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the eleventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the twelfth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the thirteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the fourteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the fifteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the sixteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ce3+, one C2-, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ce3+, one C2-, and one H1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ce3+, one C2-, and one H1+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ce3+, one C2-, and one H1+ atom. There are three inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent Ce3+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ce3+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ce3+ and one H1+ atom.
The accumulation of lanthanide fission products in molten salts reduces the efficiency of pyroprocessing used nuclear fuel. Lanthanide fission products are notoriously difficult to separate due to their similar physical and electrical properties. We developed a novel electrochemical technique called serial open circuit potentiometry (SOCP) which allows us to delineate between metal deposition reactions with similar reduction potentials to great precision. SOCP has several advantages over traditional open circuit potentiometry including its ability to create 3D plots that describe all metal deposition reactions in a system. This information can be used to precisely determine equilibrium potentials of metal deposition reactions and quantify their error, determine nucleation potentials, and determine the nucleation and growth mechanism. In this work, we demonstrated the effectiveness of SOCP by studying molten salt mixtures containing CeCl3, GdCl3, and both CeCl3 and GdCl3 in LiCl-KCl eutectic.
This paper discusses the effects of composition and canister centerline cooling (CCC) on the microstructures, phase distribution, and chemical durability of dehalogenated iron phosphate waste forms starting from chloride-based salt simulants including KCl (Simple-1), NdCl3 (Simple-2), SrCl2 (Simple-3), LaCl3 (Simple-4), LiCl (Simple-5), CsCl (Simple-6), as well as a complex simulant containing LiCl, KCl, NaCl, CsI, SrCl2, CeCl3, and NdCl3 called ERV2. The simulants represent salt constituents present in salt wastes from electrorefiners used for electrochemical reprocessing. These salts are reacted with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) resulting in a NH4Cl (dechlorination) byproduct that is captured and phosphate product containing oxides of the salt cations. This product is further stabilized using Fe2O3 through vitrification at higher temperatures. The results presented herein describe the properties of CCC-treated materials following dechlorination and vitrification including phase identification and quantification, elemental distributions, and chemical durabilities. The chemical durability in the CCC-cooled samples are lower durability than quenched materials for the ERV2 samples. The phases formed upon CCC cooling are very complex compositionally and microstructurally.
CeCl3(H2O)7 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two hydrochloric acid molecules and one CeH14O7Cl2 cluster. In the CeH14O7Cl2 cluster, Ce3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to seven O2- and two equivalent Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Ce–O bond distances ranging from 2.52–2.61 Å. There are one shorter (2.91 Å) and one longer (2.92 Å) Ce–Cl bond lengths. There are fourteen inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- and one Cl1- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. The H–Cl bond length is 2.05 Å. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the ninth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the tenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the eleventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twelfth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the thirteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the fourteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. There are seven inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent Ce3+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H1+ atom.
CeCl3(H2O)7 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of three hydrochloric acid molecules and one Ce2H28O14Cl3 cluster. In the Ce2H28O14Cl3 cluster, there are two inequivalent Ce3+ sites. In the first Ce3+ site, Ce3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to seven O2- and two Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Ce–O bond distances ranging from 2.54–2.66 Å. There are one shorter (2.89 Å) and one longer (2.96 Å) Ce–Cl bond lengths. In the second Ce3+ site, Ce3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to seven O2- and two Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Ce–O bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.68 Å. Both Ce–Cl bond lengths are 2.98 Å. There are twenty-eight inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the ninth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- and one Cl1- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.01 Å. The H–Cl bond length is 2.04 Å. In the tenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the eleventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twelfth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the thirteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fourteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fifteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the sixteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the seventeenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the eighteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the nineteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the twentieth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twenty-first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twenty-second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the twenty-third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twenty-fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the twenty-fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the twenty-sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twenty-seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the twenty-eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. There are fourteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. There are three inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Ce3+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Ce3+ atoms. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H1+ atom.
An electron-microscopic cytochemical method was used to localize diamine oxidase (DAO) in pea and polyamine oxidase (PAO) in maize (Zea mays L.). The method, based on the precipitation of amine-oxidase-generated H2O2 by CeCl3, was shown to be specific for DAO and PAO and permitted their localization in plant tissues with a high degree of resolution. Both enzymes are localized exclusively in the cell wall. Both DAO- and PAO-activity staining is most intense in the middle lamellar region of the wall and in cells exhibiting highly lignified walls. The oxidases could provide H2O2 for peroxidase-mediated cross-linking reactions in the cell wall and may, in this capacity, play a role in the regulation of plant growth.