Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “CaF2”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1987

Hardness of CaF2 and BaF2 solid lubricants at 25 to 670 deg C

Plastic deformation is a prominent factor in determining the lubricating value of solid lubricants. Little information is available and its direct measurement is difficult so hardness, which is an indirect measure of this property was determined for fluoride solid lubricant compositions. The Vickers hardness of BaF2 and CaF2 single crystals was measured up to 670 C in a vacuum. The orientation of the BaF2 was near the (013) plane and the CaF2 was about 16 degrees from the degrees from the (1'11) plane. The BaF2 has a hardness of 83 kg/sq mm at the 25 C and 9 at the 600 C. The CaF2 is 170 at 25 C and 13 at 670 C. The decrease in hardness in the temperature range of 25 to 100 C is very rapid and amounts to 40% for both materials. Melts of BaF2 and CaF2 were made in a platinum crucible in ambient air with compositions of 50 to 100 wt% BaF2. The Vickers hardness of these polycrystalline binary compositions at 25 C increased with increasing CaF2 reaching a maximum of 150 kn/sq mm near the eutectic. The polycrystalline CaF2 was 14% softer than that of the single crystal surface and BsF2 was 30% harder than the single crystal surface. It is estimated that the brittle to ductile transition temperature for CaF2 and BaF2 is less than 100 C for the conditions present in the hardness tester.

Deadmore, Daniel L.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Deformation of as-cast LiF-22 mol pct CaF2 hypereutectic salt between 500 and 1015 K

Results are presented on compression tests conducted on as-cast LiF-22 mol pct CaF2 hypereutectic specimens at nominal strain rates between 1.8 x 10 to the -6th/sec and 0.25/sec over the temperature range 500-1015 K. In all instances, the stress-strain curves showed broad maxima, with negative strain-hardening rates after the peak stress sigma(max). It was found that, at low temperatures and high stresses, the CaF2 lamellae are rigid while the LiF matrix exhibits extensive transgranular cavitation, while at high temperatures and low stresses the CaF2 lamellae break down and spheroidize while the LiF matrix does not cavitate. It was concluded that the mechanical properties of the as-cast hypereutectic LiF-22 mol pct CaF2 are governed by the rate of deformation of the CaF2 phase. It is suggested that, for thermal energy storage applications, a spheroidal microstructure is more desirable than a lamellar structure.

Raj, S. V.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Erase-mode recording characteristics of photochromic CaF2, SrTiO3, and CaTiO3 crystals.

Erase-mode optical recording characteristics of photochromic crystal wafers of CaF2:La,Na; CaF2:Ce,Na; SrTiO3:Ni,Mo,Al; and CaTiO3:Ni,Mo have been measured. An argon laser operating at 5145 A was used for both optical recording and optical readout. Sensitometric curves of optical-density change versus logarithm of exposure are shown for a number of erase-beam intensities between 0.2 mW/sq cm and 2 W/sq cm. In this range, time-intensity reciprocity holds for the CaF2 materials but fails for the titanates, particularly at low intensities. The dependences of sensitivity, gamma, and maximum transmission contrast ratio on wafer thickness and material are discussed. Wafers of SrTiO3, CaTiO3, and CaF2 exhibiting approximately equal maximum contrast ratios have relative sensitivities approximately in the ratio 5:2:1, respectively, at an erase intensity of 1 W/sq cm.

Duncan, R. C., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Characterization of electron-beam induced damage structures in natural fluorite, CaF2, by analytical electron microscopy

This paper describes the damage structure induced in natural CaF2 by the electron beam when using TEM. The observed 10-20 nm periodic features with coherent fringe patterns and the pronounced loss of fluorine found after the TEM exposure of 100-line-oriented and 111-oriented sections of CaF2 provides support for the mechanism of damage by decomposition of CaF2 into 2F and Ca, with the Ca precipitates maintaining a close topotaxial relationship with the parent CaF2.

Blake, D. F.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Cryogenic Temperature-Dependent Refractive Index Measurements of CaF2 and Infrasil 301

In order to enable high quality lens design using calcium fluoride (CaF2) and Heraeus Infrasil 30 (Infrasil) at cryogenic temperatures, we have measured the absolute refractive index of prisms of these two materials using the Cryogenic, High-Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, as a function of both wavelength and temperature. For CaF2, we report absolute refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) at temperatures ranging from 25 to 300 K at wavelengths from 0.4 to 5.6 micrometers; for Infrasil we cover temperatures ranging from 35 to 300K and wavelengths from 0.4 to 3.6 micrometers. We investigate the interspecimen variability between measurements of two unrelated samples of CaF2, and we also compare our results for Infrasil to previous measurements fo Corning 7980 fused silica. Finally, we provide temperature-dependent Sellmeier coefficients based on our data to allow accurate interpolation of index to other wavelengths and temperatures and compare those results to other data found in the literature.

Frey, Bradley J.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Temperature-dependent Refractive Index of CaF2 and Infrasil 301

In order to enable high quality lens designs using calcium fluoride (CaF2) and Heraeus Infrasil 301 (Infrasil) for cryogenic operating temperatures, we have measured the absolute refractive index of these two materials as a function of both wavelength and temperature using the Cryogenic, High-Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. For CaF2, we report absolute refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) at temperatures ranging from 25 to 300 K at wavelengths from 0.4 to 5.6 pm, while for Infrasil, we cover temperatures ranging from 35 to 300 K and wavelengths from 0.4 to 3.6 pm. For CaF2, we compare our index measurements to measurements of other investigators. For Infrasil, we compare our measurements to the mate~al manufacturer's data at room temperature and to cryogenic measurements for fused silica from previous investigations including one of our own. Finally, we provide temperature-dependent Sellmeier coefficients based on our measured data to allow accurate interpolation of index to other wavelengths and temperatures.

Leviton, Douglas B.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Cross sections for He and Ne isotopes in natural Mg, Al, and Si, He isotopes in CaF2, Ar isotopes in natural Ca, and radionuclides in natural Al, Si, Ti, Cr, and stainless steel induced by 12- to 45-MeV protons

Stacks of thin Mg, Al, Si, Ca, CaF2, Ti, and stainless steel foils were bombarded in twelve irradiations by a variable energy cyclotron. Cross sections are reported for He and Ne in natural Mg, Al, and Si, and for He in CaF2, and for Ar in natural Ca, as determined from mass spectrometer analysis of the inert gases. In addition, cross sections of Na-22 in natural Al and Si, of V-48 in natural Ti, and of Cr-51, Mn-52, and Co-57 in stainless steel are reported. From these were deduced Cr-51 and Mn-52 cross sections in natural Cr.

Walton, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Temperature dependence of the elastic moduli and damping for polycrystalline LiF-22 pct CaF2 eutectic salt

Young's and shear moduli and damping were measured for as-cast polycrystalline LiF-(22 mol pct)CaF2 eutectic specimens as a function of temperature using the piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique. The shear modulus decreased with increasing temperature from about 40 GPa at 295 K to about 30 GPa at 1000 K, while the Young modulus decreased from about 115 GPa at 295 K to about 35 GPa at 900 K. These values are compared with those derived from the rule of mixtures using elastic moduli data for LiF and CaF2 single crystals. It is shown that, while the shear modulus data agree reasonably well with the predicted trend, there is a large discrepancy between the theoretical calculations and the Young modulus values, where this disagreement increases with increasing temperature.

Wolfenden, A.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Temperature-Dependent Refractive Index Measurements of Caf2, Suprasil 3001, and S-FTM16 for the Euclid Near Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer

Using the Cryogenic High Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, we measured absolute refractive indices at temperatures from 100 to 310 K at wavelengths from 0.42 to 3.6 microns for CaF2, Suprasil 3001 fused silica, and S-FTM16 glass in support of lens designs for the Near Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) for ESA's Euclid dark energy mission. We report absolute refractive index, dispersion (dn/dλ), and thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) for these materials. In this study, materials from different melts were procured to understand index variability in each material. We provide temperature-dependent Sellmeier coefficients based on our data to allow accurate interpolation of index to other wavelengths and temperatures. For calcium fluoride (CaF2) and S-FTM16, we compare our current measurements with CHARMS measurements of these materials made in the recent past for other programs. We also compare Suprasil 3001's indices to those of other forms of fused silica we have measured in CHARMS.

geometrical optics↗
NASA NTRS1981

Vacuum ultraviolet Mach-Zehnder interferometer with CaF2 optics

CaF2 beam splitters and compensation and test cell windows have been installed in a VUV Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Results of an evaluation of their performance in the VUV, namely, a measurement of the oscillator strength (f value) of the resonance transition at atomic xenon at 146.9610 nm are reported.

Smith, P. L.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Characterization of the tribological coating composition 77 wt % CaF2 - 23 wt % Li F fused to IN-750 alloy

A coating composed of 77 wt % CaF2 - 23 wt % LiF fused on IN-750 nickel-based alloy was studied using SEM, XRD, EDX, and optical microscopic methods. The surfaces examined were the as-fused coating with no subsequent treatment, the coating after ultrasonic cleaning in water, and the uncoated polished and etched metal. It was found that the coating reacts during fusion with Ti and Nb rich inclusions in the alloy. Numerous small rectangular crystallites of Ca(Ti,Nb) oxide are formed beneath an overlay of fused fluoride composition. These crystallines are stubby and appear to be embedded in the metal substrate surface. It is known from previous studies that this coating-alloy system has good tribological properties in extreme conditions, such as liquid fluorine. It has been concluded from the present study that the short firmly embedded crystalline protuberances contribute to the coating adherence and thereby to enhanced coating wear life.

Deadmore, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1990

A viscoplastic model with application to LiF-22 percent CaF2 hypereutectic salt

A viscoplastic model for class M (metal-like behavior) materials is presented. One novel feature is its use of internal variables to change the stress exponent of creep (where n is approximately = 5) to that of natural creep (where n = 3), in accordance with experimental observations. Another feature is the introduction of a coupling in the evolution equations of the kinematic and isotropic internal variables, making thermal recovery of the kinematic variable implicit. These features enable the viscoplastic model to reduce to that of steady-state creep in closed form. In addition, the hardening parameters associated with the two internal state variables (one scalar-valued, the other tensor-valued) are considered to be functions of state, instead of being taken as constant-valued. This feature enables each internal variable to represent a much wider spectrum of internal states for the material. The model is applied to a LiF-22 percent CaF2 hypereutectic salt, which is being considered as a thermal energy storage material for space-based solar dynamic power systems.

Freed, A. D.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Vacuum ultraviolet thin films. I - Optical constants of BaF2, CaF2, LaF3, MgF2, Al2O3, HfO2, and SiO2 thin films. II - Vacuum ultraviolet all-dielectric narrowband filters

An iteration process matching calculated and measured reflectance and transmittance values in the 120-230 nm VUV region is presently used to ascertain the optical constants of bulk MgF2, as well as films of BaF2, CaF2, LaF3, MgF2, Al2O3, HfO2, and SiO2 deposited on MgF2 substrates. In the second part of this work, a design concept is demonstrated for two filters, employing rapidly changing extinction coefficients, centered at 135 nm for BaF2 and 141 nm for SiO2. These filters are shown to yield excellent narrowband spectral performance in combination with narrowband reflection filters.

Zukic, Muamer↗
NASA NTRS2008

Atomized BaF2-CaF7 for Better-Flowing Plasma-Spray Feedstock

Atomization of a molten mixture of BaF2 and CaF2 has been found to be superior to crushing of bulk solid BaF2- CaF2 as a means of producing eutectic BaF2-CaF2 powder for use as an ingredient of the powder feedstock of a high-temperature solid lubricant material known as PS304. Developed to reduce friction and wear in turbomachines that incorporate foil air bearings, PS304 is applied to metal substrates by plasma spraying. The constituents of PS304 are: a) An alloy of 80 weight percent Ni and 20 weight percent Cr, b) Cr2O3, c) Ag, and d) The BaF2-CaF2 eutectic, specifically, 62 weight percent BaF2 and 38 weight percent CaF2. The superiority of atomization as a means of producing the eutectic BaF2-CaF2 powder lies in (1) the shapes of the BaF2-CaF2 particles produced and (2) the resulting flow properties of the PS304 feedstock powder: The particles produced through crushing are angular, whereas those produced through atomization are more rounded. PS304 feedstock powder containing the more rounded BaF2-CaF2 particles flows more freely and more predictably, as is preferable for plasma spraying.

DellaCorte, Christopher↗
NASA NTRS2002

Particle Size Effects on Flow Properties of PS304 Plasma Spray Feedstock Powder Blend

The effects of BaF2-CaF2 particle size and size distribution on PS304 feedstock powder flowability have been investigated. Angular BaF2-CaF2 eutectic powders were produced by comminution and classified by screening to obtain 38 to 45 microns 45 to 106 microns, 63 to 106 microns, 45 to 53 microns, 63 to 75 microns, and 90 to 106 microns particle size distributions. The fluorides were added incrementally from 0 to 10 wt% to the other powder constituents of the PS304 feedstock: nichrome, chromia, and silver powders. The flow rate of the powder blends decreased linearly with increasing concentration of the fluorides. Flow was degraded with decreasing BaF2-CaF2 particle size and with increasing BaF2-CaF2 particle size distribution. A semiempirical relationship is offered to describe the PS304 powder blend flow behavior. The Hausner Ratio confirmed the funnel flow test results, but was slightly less sensitive to differences in BaF2-CaF2 particle size and size distribution. These findings may have applicability to other powders that do not flow easily, such as ceramic powders.

Stanford, Malcolm K.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Some studies on a solid-state sulfur probe for coal gasification systems

As a part of a program for the development of a sulfur probe for monitoring the sulfur potential in coal gasification reactors, an investigation was conducted regarding the efficiency of the solid electrolyte cell Ar+H2+H2S/CaS+CaF2+(Pt)//CaF2//Pt)+CaF2+CaS/H2S+H2+Ar. A demonstration is provided of the theory, design, and operation of a solid-state sulfur probe based on CaF2 electrolyte. It was found that the cell responds to changes in sulfur potential in a manner predicted by the Nernst equation. The response time of the cell at 1225 K, after a small change in temperature or gas composition, was 2.5 Hr, while at a lower temperature of 990 K the response time was approximately 9 hr. The cell emf was insensitive to a moderate increase in the flow rate of the test gas and/or the reference gas. The exact factors affecting the slow response time of galvanic cells based on a CaF2 electrolyte have not yet been determined. The rate-limiting steps may be either the kinetics of electrode reactions or the rate of transport through the electrolyte.

Jacob, K. T.↗