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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2023

Satellite-Derived Estimates of Suspended CaCO3 Mud Con-Centrations from the West Florida Shelf Induced by Hurricane Ian

In the days following the passage of Hurricane Ian over the West Florida Shelf, a large plume of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) mud slurry was observed extending from west of the Dry Tortugas and curving to the east into the Straits of Florida. This discreet target offered a unique opportunity to quantify the suspended mass of CaCO3 in the slurry. Estimating the concentration of sediment in a plume of suspended CaCO3 by satellite sensor observations has been stymied up to now owing to a lack of in situ suspended sediment measurements during storm events, as “sea truth” data for such events is difficult to acquire. However, the Particulate Inorganic Carbon (PIC) standard product provided by the NASA Ocean Biology Distributed Active Archive Center (OBDAAC) is based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations of a plume of coccolith chalk released from a ship in the “Chalk-Ex” experiment. Due to the similarities (particle size, mineralogy, and reflectance properties) of the suspended chalk features and the Ian-induced slurry, we utilized this data product to make initial estimates of the concentration of suspended sediment in the plume.

remote sensing↗
DOE OSTI2021

ATOMIC Simulations and Experimental Data for CaCO3 Mixtures

This data consists of simulations and experimental measurements of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The simulations are produced by ATOMIC, a general purpose plasma modeling and kinetics code that has been designed to compute emission (or absorption) spectra from plasmas [1] and are used to develop a statistical characterization of matrix effects. Our overall suite of simulations includes contains several sets of simulations: training and validation sets of simulations for three and four element mixtures of calcium, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen (included to account for atmosphere) along with simulations of the individual elements. The 4-element simulations include the mixture of all four elements mentioned and for each of the four individual elements. The 3-element simulations include output for the mixture of calcium, carbon, oxygen and for these three individual elements. The training data were produced using a 600-run design, shown in Figure 1, that varies input parameters temperature (T), electron density (Ne), and proportion of the elements calcium, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen (Ca; C; O; N) for the 4 element output. The 3-element output includes all parameters except for the proportion of nitrogen. The element proportions (all the variables but T and Ne) sum to one and are unused in the single-element simulations. The validation data was produced with a 80-run design shown in Figure 2. The training and validation simulation outputs for the 4-element simulations for the mixture and for the single element calcium are shown as sample simulations in Figures 3 and 4 respectively. The simulations produce spectra over a range of 190nm - 950nm that roughly mimics the range collected by the SciAps Z-300 LIBS instrument that was used for the experimental data. The measured spectra for a CaCO3 (which may include contribution from Earth's atmosphere) in the experiment is shown in in Figure 5. All files are kept in directories whose names indicate the elemental composition (CaCO3, Ca, C, O, or N), number of elements (3 or 4), and purpose (training, which is not labeled in the file name, or validation) with file names numbered to indicate the line in the design files used to produce the simulation. The designs are provided as text files with names indicating their purpose. The experimental data is provided as a CSV file. [1] J Colgan, EJ Judge, DP Kilcrease, and JE Barefield II. Ab-initio modeling of an iron laser-induced plasma: Comparison between theoretical and experimental atomic emission spectra. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 97:65{73}, 2014.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1992

Return of the coral reef hypothesis - Basin to shelf partitioning of CaCO3 and its effect on atmospheric CO2

CaCO3 deposition rates in shallow water are assumed to vary in a sawtoothed manner about a long-term average deposition rate of 8 x 10 exp 12 mol/yr. It is proposed that rising sea level serves as the driving mechanism for changing the locus of CaCO3 deposition from deep sea to shallow shelf. Deposition on the shelves occurs when sea level is rising, while shelf carbonates dissolve when sea level is falling. It is shown that this mechanism alone can account for variations of atmospheric CO2 and can contribute to the pelagic carbonate dissolution cycles observed in the equatorial Pacific.

Opdyke, Bradley N.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CaCO3 by Materials Project

CaCO3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmmn space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ca2+ is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to twelve O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.47–3.03 Å. C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.29 Å) and one longer (1.31 Å) C–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to four equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to four equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CaCO3 by Materials Project

CaCO3 is Calcite structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R-3c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ca2+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form corner-sharing CaO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 62°. All Ca–O bond lengths are 2.39 Å. C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms. All C–O bond lengths are 1.30 Å. O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CaCO3 by Materials Project

CaCO3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ca2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.69 Å. C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.29 Å) and two longer (1.30 Å) C–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CaCO3 by Materials Project

CaCO3 is Calcite-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ca2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing CaO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 61–63°. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.38–2.40 Å. C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. All C–O bond lengths are 1.30 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CaCO3 by Materials Project

CaCO3 is Calcite-like structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_522 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Ca2+ sites. In the first Ca2+ site, Ca2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing CaO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–68°. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.33–2.46 Å. In the second Ca2+ site, Ca2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing CaO6 pentagonal pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 64°. There are four shorter (2.38 Å) and two longer (2.41 Å) Ca–O bond lengths. In the third Ca2+ site, Ca2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CaO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–68°. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.36–2.45 Å. There are two inequivalent C4+ sites. In the first C4+ site, C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. All C–O bond lengths are 1.30 Å. In the second C4+ site, C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. All C–O bond lengths are 1.30 Å. There are five inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Ca2+ and one C4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CaCO3 by Materials Project

CaCO3 is Calcite-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic C2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ca2+ sites. In the first Ca2+ site, Ca2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing CaO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 60–62°. There are three shorter (2.38 Å) and three longer (2.39 Å) Ca–O bond lengths. In the second Ca2+ site, Ca2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CaO6 pentagonal pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 59–63°. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.41 Å. There are two inequivalent C4+ sites. In the first C4+ site, C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. All C–O bond lengths are 1.30 Å. In the second C4+ site, C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. All C–O bond lengths are 1.30 Å. There are five inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CaCO3 by Materials Project

CaCO3 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four formaldehyde molecules and one CaO2 framework. In the CaO2 framework, Ca2+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.43 Å) and two longer (2.44 Å) Ca–O bond lengths. O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ca2+ and one O2- atom. The O–O bond length is 1.47 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CaCO3 by Materials Project

CaCO3 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ca2+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.37–2.61 Å. C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.29 Å) and one longer (1.31 Å) C–O bond length. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ca2+ and one C4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CaCo3(SiO3)4 by Materials Project

CaCo3(SiO3)4 is Esseneite-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic C2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ca2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.74 Å. There are three inequivalent Co2+ sites. In the first Co2+ site, Co2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.22 Å. In the second Co2+ site, Co2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.20 Å. In the third Co2+ site, Co2+ is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.03 Å) and two longer (2.07 Å) Co–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Si4+ sites. In the first Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three CoO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 41–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.68 Å. In the second Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three CoO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 37–59°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.60–1.69 Å. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Ca2+, two Co2+, and one Si4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Co2+ and one Si4+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Co2+ and one Si4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Ca2+, one Co2+, and one Si4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ca2+ and two Si4+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ca2+ and two Si4+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Grain boundary widening controls siderite (FeCO3) replacement of limestone (CaCO3)

Abstract The microstructure of minerals and rocks can significantly alter reaction rates. This study focuses on identifying transport paths in low porosity rocks based on the hypothesis that grain boundary widening accelerates reactions in which one mineral is replaced by another (replacement reaction). We conducted a time series of replacement experiments of three limestones (CaCO 3 ) of different microstructures and solid impurity contents using FeCl 2 . Reacted solids were analyzed using chemical imaging, small angle X-ray and neutron scattering and Raman spectroscopy. In high porosity limestones replacement is reaction controlled and complete replacement was observed within 2 days. In low porosity limestones that contain 1–2% dolomite impurities and are dominated by grain boundaries, a reaction rim was observed whose width did not change with reaction time. Siderite (FeCO 3 ) nucleation was observed in all parts of the rock cores indicating the percolation of the solution throughout the complete core. Dolomite impurities were identified to act as nucleation sites leading to growth of crystals that exert force on the CaCO 3 grains. Widening of grain boundaries beyond what is expected based on dissolution and thermal grain expansion was observed in the low porosity marble containing dolomite impurities. This leads to a self-perpetuating cycle of grain boundary widening and reaction acceleration instead of reaction front propagation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1984

Shock-induced CO2 loss from CaCO3: Implications for early planetary atmospheres

Recovered samples from shock recovery experiments on single crystal calcite were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis to determine the amount of post-shock CO2, the decarbonization interval and the activation energy, for the removal of remaining CO2 in shock-loaded calcite. Comparison of post-shock CO2 with that initially present determines shock-induced CO2 loss as a function of shock pressure. Incipient to complete CO2 loss occurs over a pressure range of approximately 10 to approximately 70 GPa. Optical and scanning electron microscopy reveal structural changes, which are related to the shock-loading. The occurrence of dark, diffuse areas, which can be resolved as highly vesicular areas as observed with a scanning electron microscope are interpreted as representing quenched partial melts, into which shock-released CO2 was injected. The experimental results are used to constrain models of shock-produced, primary CO2 atmospheres on the accreting terrestrial planets.

Lange, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Shock-induced CO2 loss from CaCO3 - Implications for early planetary atmospheres

Recovered samples from shock recovery experiments on single crystal calcite were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis to determine the amount of post-shock CO2, the decarbonization interval and the activation energy, for the removal of remaining CO2 in shock-loaded calcite. Comparison of post-shock CO2 with that initially present determines shock-induced CO2 loss as a function of shock pressure. Incipient to complete CO2 loss occurs over a pressure range of approximately 10 to approximately 70 GPa. Optical and scanning electron microscopy reveal structural changes which are related to the shock-loading. The occurrence of dark, diffuse areas, which can be resolved as highly vesticular areas as observed with a scanning electron microscope are interpreted as representing quenched partial melts, into which shock-released CO2 was injected. The experimental results are used to constrain models of shock-produced, primary CO2 atmospheres on the accreting terrestrial planets.

Lange, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Lab-Scale Study of the Calcium Carbonate Dissolution and Deposition by Marine Cyanobacterium Phormidium subcapitatum

Suggestions that calcification in marine organisms changes in response to global variations in seawater chemistry continue to be advanced (Wilkinson, 1979; Degens et al. 1985; Kazmierczak et al. 1986; R. Riding 1992). However, the effect of [Na+] on calcification in marine cyanobacteria has not been discussed in detail although [Na+] fluctuations reflect both temperature and sea-level fluctuations. The goal of these lab-scale studies therefore was to study the effect of environmental pH and [Na+] on CaCO3 deposition and dissolution by marine cyanobacterium Phormidium subcapitatum. Marine cyanobacterium P. subcapitatum has been cultivated in ASN-III medium. [Ca2+] fluctuations were monitored with Ca(2+) probe. Na(+) concentrations were determined by the initial solution chemistry. It was found that the balance between CaCO3 dissolution and precipitation induced by P. subcapitatum grown in neutral ASN III medium is very close to zero. No CaCO3 precipitation induced by cyanobacterial growth occurred. Growth of P. subcapitatum in alkaline ASN III medium, however, was accompanied by significant oscillations in free Ca(2+) concentration within a Na(+) concentration range of 50-400 mM. Calcium carbonate precipitation occurred during the log phase of P. subcapitatum growth while carbonate dissolution was typical for the stationary phase of P. subcapitatum growth. The highest CaCO3 deposition was observed in the range of Na(+) concentrations between 200-400 mM. Alkaline pH also induced the clamping of P. subcapitatum filaments, which appeared to have a strong affinity to envelop particles of chemically deposited CaCO3 followed by enlargement of those particles size. EDS analysis revealed the presence of Mg-rich carbonate (or magnesium calcite) in the solution containing 10-100 mM Na(+); calcite in the solution containing 200 mM Na(+); and aragonite in the solution containing with 400 mM Na(+). Typical present-day seawater contains xxmM Na(+). Early (Archean) seawater was likely less saline. The division of marine cyanobacterium P. subcapitatum is associated with periodic deposition and dissolution of CaCO3, the rhythms and intensity of which are dependent on concentrations of both OH(-) and Na(+). Thus, the role of present-day marine cyanobacteria in the global carbonate cycle might be reduced to aggregation and recrystallization of available CaCO3 particles in marine water rather than long-term precipitation and accumulation of CaCO3 deposits. For lower Na(+) concentrations, precipitation of carbonates by cyanobacteria would be even less significant. These results suggest that the lack of calcified cyanobacteria in stromatalite-bearing Precambrian sequences can be explained not only by high dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations but also by lower salinity, as well as possible lower pH compared to present-day oceans.

Karakis, S. G.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Neural Mechanisms to the Space Environment

Highly conserved neural systems have evolved to sense the inertial forces due to head translation and head tilt relative to gravitational vertical. These structures consist of ciliated mechanosensitive receptor cells inserted into a neuroepithelium surmounted by biomineral grains of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) called oto- (vertebrates) or stato-conia (invertebrates). Detection of these forces by receptor cells relies on the CaCO3 mass being weighted in Earths 1G. A change in gravity or orientation with respect to gravity has a profound effect on how an organism interacts with its environment, and it is evident that the nervous system responds to the new gravity state. This response might involve the peripheral receptors, the CaCO3 mass, the brain or any combination of these mechanisms based on the intensity and duration of the gravity change. Here, we examine the arguments supporting the different mechanisms of adaptation to the space environment. First, a pre- or post-synaptic alteration in the strength of synaptic transmission between the receptor cell and nerve afferent can adjust the system output. The number of synaptic ribbons in certain type II hair cells in rodent is labile, increasing following exposure to microgravity. An increase in number of synaptic ribbons in toadfish otolith hair cells following exposure to microgravity could potentially explain the observed afferent hypersensitivity to acceleration postflight. The physiological findings in the isolated statocyst in snails are in line with the vertebrate data, and conform to the proposition that G exposure leads to changes in gravireceptor function. At the same time this similarity in neural response to G exposure between the vertebrates and invertebrates is intriguing: the increased neural sensitivity in the vertebrate was detected in the nerve afferents, one synapse away from the receptor cell, whereas the increased neural sensitivity observed in the snail was detected directly at the receptor level. Second, the CaCO3 mass provides mechanical loading of receptor cell cilia, and their density alters sensitivity. A widely considered mechanism by which the animal responds to a chronic change in amplitude of gravity is a change in weight-lending CaCO3 mass. In G, it is argued, the organism counters the loss of gravity by increasing CaCO3 production, thereby increasing its mass, as a means to increase system gain. In hypergravity, the converse is argued. Earlier evidence in mollusks and recent results in mice suggest a remodeling might occur, especially after long-term space exposure. Lastly, we have to distinguish at least two kinds of neural feedbacks. One is connected with local mechanisms of self-regulation and specific for initial period of organ development when the neural connections are still absent. And the other feedback is related to neural self-regulation and specific for later stages of the organ development, and includes an efferent vestibular feedback. Complexity of the problem is enhanced by incompleteness of experiments, and consequently the experimental results have not led to a clear interpretation despite the numerous studies.

Boyle, Richard D.↗