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This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS3 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CS3 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Heartland Farms Center-Pivot Irrigated Potato Field
CS3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of sixteen carbonotrithioic acid molecules. C2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three S+0.67+ atoms. All C–S bond lengths are 1.67 Å. There are three inequivalent S+0.67+ sites. In the first S+0.67+ site, S+0.67+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the second S+0.67+ site, S+0.67+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom. In the third S+0.67+ site, S+0.67+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2- atom.
Cs3(Cr5Se8)4 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cs1+ sites. In the first Cs1+ site, Cs1+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Se2- atoms. There are a spread of Cs–Se bond distances ranging from 3.50–3.94 Å. In the second Cs1+ site, Cs1+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Se2- atoms. There are a spread of Cs–Se bond distances ranging from 3.63–3.80 Å. There are ten inequivalent Cr+3.05+ sites. In the first Cr+3.05+ site, Cr+3.05+ is bonded to six Se2- atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing CrSe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–50°. There are a spread of Cr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.47–2.67 Å. In the second Cr+3.05+ site, Cr+3.05+ is bonded to six Se2- atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing CrSe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–51°. There are a spread of Cr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.48–2.68 Å. In the third Cr+3.05+ site, Cr+3.05+ is bonded to six Se2- atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing CrSe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–51°. There are a spread of Cr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.68 Å. In the fourth Cr+3.05+ site, Cr+3.05+ is bonded to six Se2- atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing CrSe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–51°. There are a spread of Cr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.48–2.69 Å. In the fifth Cr+3.05+ site, Cr+3.05+ is bonded to six Se2- atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing CrSe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–51°. There are a spread of Cr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.66 Å. In the sixth Cr+3.05+ site, Cr+3.05+ is bonded to six Se2- atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing CrSe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–50°. There are a spread of Cr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.50–2.65 Å. In the seventh Cr+3.05+ site, Cr+3.05+ is bonded to six Se2- atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing CrSe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–51°. There are a spread of Cr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.65 Å. In the eighth Cr+3.05+ site, Cr+3.05+ is bonded to six Se2- atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing CrSe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–51°. There are a spread of Cr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.66 Å. In the ninth Cr+3.05+ site, Cr+3.05+ is bonded to six Se2- atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing CrSe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 48°. There are a spread of Cr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.53–2.55 Å. In the tenth Cr+3.05+ site, Cr+3.05+ is bonded to six Se2- atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing CrSe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 48°. There are a spread of Cr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.53–2.56 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent Se2- sites. In the first Se2- site, Se2- is bonded to five Cr+3.05+ atoms to form distorted edge-sharing SeCr5 trigonal bipyramids. In the second Se2- site, Se2- is bonded to five Cr+3.05+ atoms to form distorted edge-sharing SeCr5 trigonal bipyramids. In the third Se2- site, Se2- is bonded to five Cr+3.05+ atoms to form distorted edge-sharing SeCr5 trigonal bipyramids. In the fourth Se2- site, Se2- is bonded to five Cr+3.05+ atoms to form distorted edge-sharing SeCr5 trigonal bipyramids. In the fifth Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Cs1+ and four Cr+3.05+ atoms. In the sixth Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Cs1+ and four Cr+3.05+ atoms. In the seventh Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Cs1+ and four Cr+3.05+ atoms. In the eighth Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Cr+3.05+ atoms. In the ninth Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Cs1+ and three Cr+3.05+ atoms. In the tenth Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Cs1+ and three Cr+3.05+ atoms. In the eleventh Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Cs1+ and three Cr+3.05+ atoms. In the twelfth Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Cs1+ and three Cr+3.05+ atoms. In the thirteenth Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two Cs1+ and three Cr+3.05+ atoms. In the fourteenth Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two Cs1+ and three Cr+3.05+ atoms. In the fifteenth Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Cs1+ and three Cr+3.05+ atoms. In the sixteenth Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Cs1+ and three Cr+3.05+ atoms.
CN2S3Br(Br)3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pna2_1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four 1,3,2,4-dithiadiazol-5-yl thiohypobromite molecules and twelve hydrobromic acid molecules.
Cs3Fe2S4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cs1+ sites. In the first Cs1+ site, Cs1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven S2- atoms. There are a spread of Cs–S bond distances ranging from 3.54–4.00 Å. In the second Cs1+ site, Cs1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six S2- atoms. There are a spread of Cs–S bond distances ranging from 3.42–3.84 Å. Fe+2.50+ is bonded to four S2- atoms to form edge-sharing FeS4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.28 Å) and two longer (2.29 Å) Fe–S bond lengths. There are three inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Cs1+ and two equivalent Fe+2.50+ atoms. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to five Cs1+ and two equivalent Fe+2.50+ atoms. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to five Cs1+ and two equivalent Fe+2.50+ atoms.
Cs3(UO2)2(PO4)O2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cs1+ sites. In the first Cs1+ site, Cs1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Cs–O bond distances ranging from 3.12–3.60 Å. In the second Cs1+ site, Cs1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Cs–O bond distances ranging from 3.02–3.18 Å. There are two inequivalent U6+ sites. In the first U6+ site, U6+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form UO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent UO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 43°. There are a spread of U–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–2.42 Å. In the second U6+ site, U6+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form UO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent UO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 43°. There are a spread of U–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.30 Å. P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four UO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 34–53°. There is two shorter (1.55 Å) and two longer (1.57 Å) P–O bond length. There are five inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Cs1+, one U6+, and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Cs1+ and one U6+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Cs1+, one U6+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs1+ and two U6+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Cs1+ and one U6+ atom.
Cs3(AsF6)(B12F12) crystallizes in the cubic Ia-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs1+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten F1- atoms. There are a spread of Cs–F bond distances ranging from 3.12–3.33 Å. There are two inequivalent B+1.50+ sites. In the first B+1.50+ site, B+1.50+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one F1- atom. The B–F bond length is 1.39 Å. In the second B+1.50+ site, B+1.50+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one F1- atom. The B–F bond length is 1.40 Å. As3- is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six equivalent F1- atoms. All As–F bond lengths are 1.78 Å. There are three inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to two equivalent Cs1+ and one B+1.50+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to two equivalent Cs1+ and one As3- atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cs1+ and one B+1.50+ atom.
A direct test is provided of the hypothesis of negative ion creation at the anode or collector of a diode operating under conditions simulating a cesium thermionic converter. The experimental technique involves using direct ion sampling through the collector electrode with mass analysis using a quadrupole mass analyzer. Similar measurements are undertaken on positive ions extracted through the emitter electrode. Measurements were made on a variety of gases including pure cesium, helium-cesium mixtures and cesium-hydrogen as well as cesium-xenon mixtures. The gas additive was used primarily to aid in understanding the negative ion formation processes. Measurements were conducted using emitter (cathode) temperatures up to about 1000 F. The major negative ion identified through the collector was Cs(-) with minor negative ion peaks tentatively identified as H(-), H2(-), H3(-), He(-) and a mass 66. Positive ions detected were believed to be Cs(+), Cs2(+) and Cs3(+).
Heart rate monitoring is required during exercise for crewmembers aboard the International Space Station (ISS) and will be for future exploration missions. The cardiovascular system must be sufficiently stressed throughout a mission to maintain the ability to perform nominal and contingency/emergency tasks. High quality heart rate data is required to accurately determine the intensity of exercise performed by the crewmembers and show maintenance of VO2max. The quality of the data collected on ISS is subject to multiple limitations and is insufficient to meet current requirements. PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of commercially available Bluetooth® heart rate monitors (BT_HRM) and their ability to provide high quality heart rate data to monitor crew health on board ISS and during future exploration missions. METHODS: Nineteen subjects completed 30 data collection sessions of various intensities on the treadmill and/or cycle. Subjects wore several BT_HRM technologies for each testing session. One electrode-based chest strap (CS) was worn, while one or more optical sensors (OS) was worn. Subjects were instrumented with a 12-lead ECG to compare the heart rate data from the Bluetooth sensors. Each BT_RHM data set was time matched to the ECG data and a +/-5bpm threshold was applied to the difference between the two data sets. Percent error was calculated based on the number of data points outside the threshold and the total number of data points. REULTS: The electrode-based chest straps performed better than the optical sensors. The best performing CS was CS1 (1.6%error), followed by CS4 (3.3%error), CS3 (6.4%error), and CS2 (9.2%error). The OS resulted in 10.4% error for OS1 and 14.9% error for OS2. CONCLUSIONS: The highest quality data came from CS1, unfortunately it has been discontinued by the manufacturer. The optical sensors have not been ruled out for use, but more investigation is needed to determine how to get the best quality data. CS2 will be used in an ISS Bluetooth validation study, because it simultaneously transmits Magnetic Pulse which is integrated with existing exercise hardware on ISS. The simultaneous data streams allow for beat to beat comparison between the current ISS standard and CS2.Upon Bluetooth(Registered Trademark) validation aboard ISS, down select of a new BT_HRM for operational use will be made.
Heart rate monitoring is required for crewmembers during exercise aboard the International Space Station (ISS) and will be for future exploration missions. The cardiovascular system must be sufficiently stressed throughout a mission to maintain the ability to perform nominal and contingency/emergency tasks. High quality heart rate data are required to accurately determine the intensity of exercise performed by the crewmembers and show maintenance of VO2max. The quality of the data collected on ISS is subject to multiple limitations and is insufficient to meet current requirements. PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of commercially available Bluetooth heart rate monitors (BT_HRM) and their ability to provide high quality heart rate data to monitor crew health aboard the ISS and during future exploration missions. METHODS: Nineteen subjects completed 30 data collection sessions of various intensities on the treadmill and/or cycle. Subjects wore several BT_HRM technologies for each testing session. One electrode-based chest strap (CS) was worn, while one or more optical sensors (OS) were worn. Subjects were instrumented with a 12-lead ECG to compare the heart rate data from the Bluetooth sensors. Each BT_HRM data set was time matched to the ECG data and a +/-5bpm threshold was applied to the difference between the 2 data sets. Percent error was calculated based on the number of data points outside the threshold and the total number of data points. RESULTS: The electrode-based chest straps performed better than the optical sensors. The best performing CS was CS1 (1.6% error), followed by CS4 (3.3% error), CS3 (6.4% error), and CS2 (9.2% error). The OS resulted in 10.4% error for OS1 and 14.9% error for OS2. CONCLUSIONS: The highest quality data came from CS1, but unfortunately it has been discontinued by the manufacturer. The optical sensors have not been ruled out for use, but more investigation is needed to determine how to obtain the best quality data. CS2 will be used in an ISS Bluetooth validation study, because it simultaneously transmits magnetic pulse that is integrated with existing exercise hardware on ISS. The simultaneous data streams allow for beat-to-beat comparison between the current ISS standard and CS2. Upon Bluetooth validation aboard ISS, the research team will down select a new BT_HRM for operational use.