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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Highly Coupled Heterobicycle‐Fused Porphyrin Dimers: Excitonic Coupling and Charge Separation with Coordinated Fullerene, C 60

Abstract Porphyrin dimers have been widely explored and studied owing to their importance in photosynthetic systems. A vast variety of dimers linked by different groups and at different angles have been synthesized and studied; however, the means by which to synthesize rigidly fused porphyrins with direct conjugation of the chromophores remains limited. Such a class of porphyrins may possess interesting properties that unconjugated or stacked dimers may not exhibit. In this study, bisbenzimidazole‐fused porphyrin dimers and their mono‐ and bis−zinc derivatives are synthesized and characterized. As a consequence of excitonic coupling, these dimers exhibit a split Soret band irrespective of the metal ion in the porphyrin cavity. Steady‐state fluorescence and excitation spectra followed by femtosecond transient absorption spectral studies of the heterometallated dimer, (free‐base and zinc porphyrin) reveals the occurrence of efficient singlet‐singlet energy transfer (>95 % efficiency and rate constant >10 12 s −1 ) within the dyad. Further, donor‐acceptor conjugates were formed by metal‐ligand axial coordination of phenyl imidazole functionalized C 60 and were characterized by a variety of physicochemical techniques. Excited state charge separation from both singlet and triplet excited states of ZnP in the conjugates has been established. The lifetime of the final charge‐separated state was in the 30–40 μs range revealing charge stabilization. Interestingly, no charge separation in the conjugate derived from the heterometallated dimer was observed wherein excitation transfer dominated the process. The present study brings out the importance of the rigid π‐spacer connecting porphyrin dimers in governing the energy and electron transfer events when coupled with an electron acceptor.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2024

Coupled Cluster Theory for Nonadiabatic Dynamics: Nuclear Gradients and Nonadiabatic Couplings in Similarity Constrained Coupled Cluster Theory

Coupled cluster theory is one of the most accurate electronic structure methods for predicting ground and excited state chemistry. However, the presence of numerical artifacts at electronic degeneracies, such as complex energies, has made it difficult to apply the method in nonadiabatic dynamics simulations. While it has already been shown that such numerical artifacts can be fully removed by using similarity constrained coupled cluster (SCC) theory [J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8(19), 4801–4807], simulating dynamics requires efficient implementations of gradients and nonadiabatic couplings. Here, we present an implementation of nuclear gradients and nonadiabatic derivative couplings at the similarity constrained coupled cluster singles and doubles (SCCSD) level of theory, thereby making possible nonadiabatic dynamics simulations using a coupled cluster theory that provides a correct description of conical intersections between excited states. We present a few numerical examples that show good agreement with literature values and discuss some limitations of the method.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2017

Capturing the two-way hydromechanical coupling effect on fluid-driven fracture in a dual-graph lattice beam model

Fluid-driven fractures of brittle rock is simulated via a dual-graph lattice model. The new discrete hydromechanical model incorporates a two-way coupling mechanism between the discrete element model and the flow network. Through adopting an operator-split algorithm, the coupling model is able to replicate the transient poroelasticity coupling mechanism and the resultant Mandel-Cryer hydromechanical coupling effect in a discrete mechanics framework. As crack propagation, coalescence and branching are all path-dependent and irreversible processes, capturing this transient coupling effect is important for capturing the essence of the fluid-driven fracture in simulations. Injection simulations suggest that the onset and propagation of fractures is highly sensitive to the ratio between the injection rate and the effective permeability. Moreover, we show that in a permeable rock, the borehole breakdown pressure, the pressure at which fractures start to grow from the borehole, depends on both the given ratio between injection rate and permeability and the Biot coefficient.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Coupling of Methane to Ethane, Ethylene and Aromatics over Nickel on Ceria-Zirconia at Low Temperatures

Methane is converted over nickel on ceria zirconia (Ni/CZ) to ethane, aromatics and hydrogen at steady state up to the thermodynamic limit at temperatures of 350 oC to 500 oC. At 450 oC and 500 oC, traces of ethylene are also produced. Ni/NiO particles activate methane and couple the resulting surface species to hydrocarbon products. Large Ni particles are responsible for the formation of carbonaceous deposits. In addition, aromatics are formed on these sites. Smaller Ni/NiO particles are responsible for the formation of ethane and ethylene and appear to provide sustained activity. On these sites, surface species couple into higher alkyl chains, which can be desorbed as ethane. It is suggested that these Ni sites are too small to assemble aromatic deposits and hence, they remain active throughout the reaction.

Okolie, Chukwuemeka↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Partial Coupling Method to Isolate the Roles of the Atmosphere and Ocean in Coupled Climate Simulations

This study describes the formulation and application of a partial coupling method that disentangles the coupling between the atmosphere and ocean and isolates the atmosphere- and ocean-driven components of the coupled climate interactions. In contrast to strategies using stand-alone simulations with prescribed atmosphere or ocean states, the climate components in the partially coupled method remain coupled, but the impact of ocean circulation changes is removed from the air-sea interaction using temperature-like tracers. The partially coupled simulation thereby suppresses the ocean-driven interaction and isolates an atmosphere-driven interaction only. The ocean-driven component can be inferred by comparing climate response in the partially coupled simulation with that of a standard fully coupled one. The partial coupling approach is applied to decompose the fully coupled climate response to CO 2 quadrupling into atmosphere- and ocean-driven components. The linearity of the decomposition is validated by simulating the ocean-driven response using another complimentary partially coupled simulation forced only with the atmosphere-driven anomalous surface fluxes. A comparison of the two partially coupled simulations with the fully coupled simulation indicates that the sum of the atmosphere- and ocean-driven components accurately describes the fully coupled response. The decomposition identifies several robust atmosphere- and ocean-driven features of the global warming and provides new insights into the impacts of atmospheric feedbacks on the Atlantic overturning circulation and sea ice response to CO 2 increase.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Stability regions for synchronized τ-periodic orbits of coupled maps with coupling delay τ

Motivated by the chaos suppression methods based on stabilizing an unstable periodic orbit, we study the stability of synchronized periodic orbits of coupled map systems when the period of the orbit is the same as the delay in the information transmission between coupled units. We show that the stability region of a synchronized periodic orbit is determined by the Floquet multiplier of the periodic orbit for the uncoupled map, the coupling constant, the smallest and the largest Laplacian eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix. We prove that the stabilization of an unstable τ-periodic orbit via coupling with delay τ is possible only when the Floquet multiplier of the orbit is negative and the connection structure is not bipartite. For a given coupling structure, it is possible to find the values of the coupling strength that stabilizes unstable periodic orbits. The most suitable connection topology for stabilization is found to be the all-to-all coupling. On the other hand, a negative coupling constant may lead to destabilization of τ-periodic orbits that are stable for the uncoupled map. We provide examples of coupled logistic maps demonstrating the stabilization and destabilization of synchronized τ-periodic orbits as well as chaos suppression via stabilization of a synchronized τ-periodic orbit.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Relativistic Effects From Coupled-Cluster Theory

We discuss the theory and computational challenges of the relativistic coupled-cluster methods. Example calculations of heavy-atom-containing molecules are then presented to demonstrate the importance of scalar-relativistic, spin-orbit coupling, and electron-correlation effects on molecular properties as well as the applicability and usefulness of relativistic coupled-cluster methods in calculations aiming at high-accuracy results. Here, a unique applicability of the spinor-based relativistic coupled-cluster methods is also highlighted using the calculations of open shell actinide-containing small molecules. As a result, a summary is given together with an outlook into future developments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Modeling Sustainability: Population, Inequality, Consumption, and Bidirectional Coupling of the Earth and Human Systems

Over the last two centuries, the impact of the Human System has grown dramatically, becoming strongly dominant within the Earth System in many different ways. Consumption, inequality, and population have increased extremely fast, especially since about 1950, threatening to overwhelm the many critical functions and ecosystems of the Earth System. Changes in the Earth System, in turn, have important feedback effects on the Human System, with costly and potentially serious consequences. However, current models do not incorporate these critical feedbacks. Here, we argue that in order to understand the dynamics of either system, Earth System Models must be coupled with Human System Models through bidirectional couplings representing the positive, negative, and delayed feedbacks that exist in the real systems. In particular, key Human System variables, such as demographics, inequality, economic growth, and migration, are not coupled with the Earth System but are instead driven by exogenous estimates, such as United Nations population projections.This makes current models likely to miss important feedbacks in the real Earth–Human system, especially those that may result in unexpected or counterintuitive outcomes, and thus requiring different policy interventions from current models. Lastly, the importance and imminence of sustainability challenges, the dominant role of the Human System in the Earth System, and the essential roles the Earth System plays for the Human System, all call for collaboration of natural scientists, social scientists, and engineers in multidisciplinary research and modeling to develop coupled Earth–Human system models for devising effective science-based policies and measures to benefit current and future generations.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

New procedure for evaluation of U(3) coupling and recoupling coefficients

A simple method to calculate Wigner coupling coefficients and Racah recoupling coefficients for U(3) in two group–subgroup chains is presented. While the canonical U(3) coupling and recoupling coefficients are applicable to any system that respects U(3) symmetry, the U(3) coupling coefficients are more specific to nuclear structure studies. This new procedure precludes the use of binomial coefficients and alternating sums which were used in the 1973 formulation of Draayer and Akiyama, and in so doing provides a faster and more accurate determination of any and all required results. The resolution of the outer multiplicity is based on the null space concept of the U(3) generators proposed by Alex et al., whereas the inner multiplicity in the angular momentum subgroup chain is obtained from the dimension of the null space of the SO(3) raising operator. It is anticipated that a C++ library will ultimately be available for determining generic coupling and recoupling coefficients associated with both the canonical and the physical group–subgroup chains of U(3).

Cross-Coupling Reaction↗
DOE OSTI2017

Coupling fast fluid dynamics and multizone airflow models in Modelica Buildings library to simulate the dynamics of HVAC systems

Multizone models are widely used in building airflow and energy performance simulations due to their fast computing speed. However, multizone models assume that the air in a room is well mixed, consequently limiting their application. In specific rooms where this assumption fails, the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models may be an alternative option. Previous research has mainly focused on coupling CFD models and multizone models to study airflow in large spaces. While significant, most of these analyses did not consider the coupled simulation of the building airflow with the building’s Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. This paper tries to fill the gap by integrating the models for HVAC systems with coupled multizone and CFD simulations for airflows, using the Modelica simulation platform. To improve the computational efficiency, we incorporated a simplified CFD model named fast fluid dynamics (FFD). We first introduce the data synchronization strategy and implementation in Modelica. Then, we verify the implementation using two case studies involving an isothermal and a non-isothermal flow by comparing model simulations to experiment data. Afterward, we study another three cases that are deemed more realistic. Furthermore, this is done by attaching a variable air volume (VAV) terminal box and a VAV system to previous flows to assess the capability of the models in studying the dynamic control of HVAC systems. Finally, we discuss further research needs on the coupled simulation using the models.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2018

Phase-locked photonic wire lasers by π coupling

The term photonic wire laser is now widely used for lasers with transverse dimensions much smaller than the wavelength. As a result, a large fraction of the mode propagates outside the solid core. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a scheme to form a coupled cavity by taking advantage of this unique feature of photonic wire lasers. In this scheme, we used quantum cascade lasers with antenna-coupled third-order distributed feedback grating as the platform. Inspired by the chemistry of hybridization, our scheme phase-locks multiple such lasers by π coupling. With the coupled-cavity laser, we demonstrated several performance metrics that are important for various applications in sensing and imaging: a continuous electrical tuning of ~10 GHz at ~3.8 THz (fractional tuning of ~0.26%), a good level of output power (~50–90 mW of continuous-wave power) and tight beam patterns (~10 0 of beam divergence).

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Area Localized Coupled Model for Analytical Mean Flow Prediction in Arbitrary Wind Farm Geometries

This work introduces the area localized coupled (ALC) model, which extends the applicability of approaches that couple classical wake superposition models and atmospheric boundary layer models to wind farms with arbitrary layouts. Coupling wake and top–down boundary layer models is particularly challenging since the latter requires averaging over planform areas associated with turbine-specific regions of the flow that need to be specified. The ALC model uses Voronoi tessellation to define this local area around each turbine. A top–down description of a developing internal boundary layer is then applied over Voronoi cells upstream of each turbine to estimate the local mean velocity profile. Coupling between the velocity at hub-height based on this localized top–down model and a wake model is achieved by enforcing a minimum least-square-error in mean velocity in each cell. The wake model in the present implementation takes into account variations in wind farm inflow velocity and represents the wake profile behind each turbine as a super-Gaussian function that smoothly transitions between a top-hat shape in the region immediately following the turbine to a Gaussian profile downstream. Detailed comparisons to large-eddy simulation (LES) data from two different wind farms demonstrate the efficacy of the model in accurately predicting both wind farm power output and local turbine hub-height velocity for different wind farm geometries. These validations using data generated from two different LES codes demonstrate the model's versatility with respect to capturing results from different simulation setups and wind farm configurations.

49 EE - Wind and Water Power Program - Wind (EE-4W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Control of Photoswitching Kinetics with Strong Light–Matter Coupling in a Cavity

Most photochemistry occurs in the regime of weak light–matter coupling, in which a molecule absorbs a photon and then performs photochemistry from its excited state. In the strong coupling regime, enhanced light–matter interactions between an optical field and multiple molecules lead to collective hybrid light–matter states called polaritons. This strong coupling leads to fundamental changes in the nature of the excited states including multi-molecule delocalized excitations, modified potential energy surfaces, and dramatically altered energy levels relative to non-coupled molecules. Here, the effect of strong light–matter coupling on covalent photochemistry has not been well explored. Photoswitches undergo reversible intramolecular photoreactions that can be readily monitored spectroscopically. In this work, we study the effect of strong light–matter coupling on the kinetics of photoswitching within optical cavities. Reproducing prior experiments, photoswitching of spiropyran/merocyanine photoswitches is decelerated in a cavity. Fulgide photoswitches, however, show the opposite effect, with strong coupling accelerating photoswitching. While modified merocyanine switching can be explained by changes in radiative decay rates or the amount of light in the cavity, modified fulgide switching kinetics suggest direct changes to excited-state reaction kinetics.

Cavities↗