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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Determining heavy metals in spent compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and their waste management challenges: Some strategies for improving current conditions

Highlights: • Heavy metals in spent compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) determined. • Current waste management condition of CFLs in Iran assessed. • Currently, waste of CFLs is disposed by municipal waste stream in waste landfills. • We propose extended producer responsibility (EPR) for CFLs waste management. - Abstract: From environmental viewpoint, the most important advantage of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) is reduction of green house gas emissions. But their significant disadvantage is disposal of spent lamps because of containing a few milligrams of toxic metals, especially mercury and lead. For a successful implementation of any waste management plan, availability of sufficient and accurate information on quantities and compositions of the generated waste and current management conditions is a fundamental prerequisite. In this study, CFLs were selected among 20 different brands in Iran. Content of heavy metals including mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic and chromium was determined by inductive coupled plasma (ICP). Two cities, Tehran and Tabriz, were selected for assessing the current waste management condition of CFLs. The study found that waste generation amount of CFLs in the country was about 159.80, 183.82 and 153.75 million per year in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Waste generation rate of CFLs in Iran was determined to be 2.05 per person in 2012. The average amount of mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic and chromium was 0.417, 2.33, 0.064, 0.056 and 0.012 mg per lamp, respectively. Currently, waste of CFLs is disposed by municipal waste stream in waste landfills. For improving the current conditions, we propose by considering the successful experience of extended producer responsibility (EPR) in other electronic waste management. The EPR program with advanced recycling fee (ARF) is implemented for collecting and then recycling CFLs. For encouraging consumers to take the spent CFLs back at the end of the products’ useful life, a proportion of ARF (for example, 50%) can be refunded. On the other hand, the government and Environmental Protection Agency should support and encourage recycling companies of CFLs both technically and financially in the first place.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2012

Determination of mercury distribution inside spent compact fluorescent lamps by atomic absorption spectrometry

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer New treatments for CFL are required considering the aim of Directive 202/96/CE. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer It is shown that most of the mercury introduced into a CFL is in the phosphor powder. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Experimental conditions for microwave-assisted sample digestion followed by AAS measurements are described. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer By washing the glass it is possible to reduce the concentration below legal limits. - Abstract: In this study, spent compact fluorescent lamps were characterized to determine the distribution of mercury. The procedure used in this research allowed mercury to be extracted in the vapor phase, from the phosphor powder, and the glass matrix. Mercury concentration in the three phases was determined by the method known as cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Median values obtained in the study showed that a compact fluorescent lamp contained 24.52 {+-} 0.4 ppb of mercury in the vapor phase, 204.16 {+-} 8.9 ppb of mercury in the phosphor powder, and 18.74 {+-} 0.5 ppb of mercury in the glass matrix. There are differences in mercury concentration between the lamps since the year of manufacture or the hours of operation affect both mercury content and its distribution. The 85.76% of the mercury introduced into a compact fluorescent lamp becomes a component of the phosphor powder, while more than 13.66% is diffused through the glass matrix. By washing and eliminating all phosphor powder attached to the glass surface it is possible to classified the glass as a non-hazardous waste.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2015

Chapter 6: Residential Lighting Evaluation Protocol

In recent years, residential lighting has represented a significant share of ratepayer-funded energy-efficiency electricity savings. Utilities have achieved the majority of these savings by promoting the purchase and installation of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), both standard 'twister' bulbs and specialty CFLs such as reflectors, A-Lamps, globes, and dimmable lights.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2012

Stress Testing of the Philips 60W Replacement Lamp L Prize Entry

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy, worked with Intertek to develop a procedure for stress testing medium screw-base light sources. This procedure, composed of alternating stress cycles and performance evaluation, was used to qualitatively compare and contrast the durability and reliability of the Philips 60W replacement lamp L Prize entry with market-proven compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) with comparable light output and functionality. The stress cycles applied simultaneous combinations of electrical, thermal, vibration, and humidity stresses of increasing magnitude. Performance evaluations measured relative illuminance, x chromaticity and y chromaticity shifts after each stress cycle. The Philips L Prize entry lamps appear to be appreciably more durable than the incumbent energy-efficient technology, as represented by the evaluated CFLs, and with respect to the applied stresses. Through the course of testing, all 15 CFL samples permanently ceased to function as a result of the applied stresses, while only 1 Philips L Prize entry lamp exhibited a failure, the nature of which was minor, non-destructive, and a consequence of a known (and resolved) subcontractor issue. Given that current CFL technology appears to be moderately mature and no Philips L Prize entry failures could be produced within the stress envelope causing 100 percent failure of the benchmark CFLs, it seems that, in this particular implementation, light-emitting diode (LED) technology would be much more durable in the field than current CFL technology. However, the Philips L Prize entry lamps used for testing were carefully designed and built for the competition, while the benchmark CFLs were mass produced for retail sale—a distinction that should be taken into consideration. Further reliability testing on final production samples would be necessary to judge the extent to which the results of this analysis apply to production versions of the Philips L Prize entry.

L Prize↗
DOE OSTI2025

The influence of ambient light spectrum (LED, INC, CFL, Xenon…) on the efficiency of perovskite indoor photovoltaic solar cells for Internet of Things (IoT) applications

This record provides a numerical investigation of a MAGeI₃-based perovskite solar cell with the structure FTO/TiO₂/MAGeI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD, evaluated for both outdoor and indoor light-harvesting applications using the SCAPS-1D simulator. Device performance is analyzed under AM 1.5G sunlight and several artificial light sources, including LED, incandescent, compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), flashlight, and xenon illumination. The study reports initial and optimized power conversion efficiencies and examines the influence of absorber layer thickness and bandgap on device performance under different lighting conditions. The results highlight the potential of MAGeI₃-based perovskite solar cells for indoor energy harvesting and low-power Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Multi-Year SSL Market Development Support Plan

This plan sets out a strategic, five year framework for guiding DOE's market development support activities for high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products for the U.S. general illumination market. The market development support activities described in this plan, which span federal fiscal years 2012 to 2016, are intended to affect the types of SSL general illumination products adopted by the market, to accelerate commercial adoption of those products, and to support appropriate application of those products to maximize energy savings. DOE has established aggressive FY16 goals for these activities, including goals for the types of products brought to market, the market adoption of those products, and the energy savings achieved through use of SSL products. These goals are for the combined effect of DOE's SSL market development support and R and D investment, as well as the leveraged activities of its partners. Goals include: (1) inducing the market introduction of SSL products achieving 140 lumens per Watt (lm/W) for warm white products, and 155 lm/W for cool white products, and (2) inducing sales of high-performance SSL products that achieve annual site electricity savings of 21 terawatt hours (0.25 quadrillion Btus primary energy) by FY16. To overcome identified market barriers and to achieve the above five year goals, DOE proposes to carry out the following strategy. DOE will implement a multi-year program to accelerate adoption of good quality, high performance SSL products that achieve significant energy savings and maintain or improve lighting quality. Relying on lessons learned from past emerging technology introductions, such as compact fluorescent lamps, and using newly developed market research, DOE will design its efforts to minimize the likelihood that the SSL market will repeat mistakes that greatly delayed market adoption of earlier emerging technology market introductions. To achieve the maximum effect per dollar invested, DOE will work closely with lighting industry organizations 'such as the Next Generation Lighting Industry Alliance, North American Illuminating Engineering Society, and the International Association of Lighting Designers' and with other government programs seeking to improve lighting energy efficiency. While DOE will work closely with these organizations and others from lighting and electric utility industry, the program will focus primarily on assisting buyers of SSL products and others acting on their behalf because satisfied buyers are essential to the success of SSL market adoption. The work product of DOE's efforts will primarily be information, of the right type, at the right time, and provided efficiently to those who can best use it. A secondary work product of DOE's program will be market opportunities, in which DOE will seek to reduce the risks and costs for manufacturers of SSL products to sell good quality, high performance products to motivated buyers. In short, DOE plans to implement a multi-year program that produces highly useful and widely available information for buyers and their agents, while producing important market opportunities for producers, avoids the mistakes of the past, and is closely coordinated with industry and government. The market needs and the overall strategy were used for deciding which types of programs and projects DOE should create, and what general form they should take. Progress toward achieving plan goals with the above program elements will be monitored and periodically reported.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2014

Downlight Demonstration Program: Hilton Columbus Downtown

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimates that there were about 700 million downlight luminaires installed in residential and commercial buildings in the U.S. as of 2012, with light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires representing less than 1% of this installed base. Downlight luminaires using conventional incandescent, halogen, and compact fluorescent lamps have lower efficacies and shorter expected lifetimes than comparable LED systems, but the lower initial cost of the conventional technology and the uncertainties associated with the newer LED technology have restricted widespread adoption of LED downlight luminaires. About 278 tBtu of energy could be saved annually if LED luminaires were to saturate the downlight market, equating to an annual energy cost savings of $2.6 billion. This report summarizes an evaluation of LED recessed downlight luminaires in the guest rooms at the Hilton Columbus Downtown hotel in Columbus, OH. The facility opened in October of 2012, and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) conducted a post-occupancy assessment of the facility in January–March of 2014. Each of the 484 guest rooms uses seven 15 W LED downlights: four downlights in the entry and bedroom and three downlights in the bathroom. The 48 suites use the seven 15 W LED downlights and additional fixtures depending on the space requirements, so that in total the facility has more than 3,700 LED downlights. The downlights are controlled through wall-mounted switches and dimmers. A ceiling-mounted vacancy sensor ensures that the bathroom luminaires are turned off when the room is not occupied.

Davis, Robert G.↗
DOE OSTI2013

Solid-State Lighting: Early Lessons Learned on the Way to Market

The purpose of this report is to document early challenges and lessons learned in the solid-state lighting (SSL) market development as part of the DOE’s SSL Program efforts to continually evaluate market progress in this area. This report summarizes early actions taken by DOE and others to avoid potential problems anticipated based on lessons learned from the market introduction of compact fluorescent lamps and identifies issues, challenges, and new lessons that have been learned in the early stages of the SSL market introduction. This study identifies and characterizes12 key lessons that have been distilled from DOE SSL program results.

CFLs↗
DOE OSTI2013

Solid-State Lighting: Early Lessons Learned on the Way to Market

Analysis of issues and lessons learned during the early stages of solid-state lighting market introduction in the U.S., which also summarizes early actions taken to avoid potential problems anticipated based on lessons learned from the market introduction of compact fluorescent lamps.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2015

Retrospective North American CFL Experience Curve Analysis and Correlation to Deployment Programs

Retrospective experience curves are a useful tool for understanding historic technology development, and can contribute to investment program analysis and future cost estimation efforts. This work documents our development of an analysis approach for deriving retrospective experience curves with a variable learning rate, and its application to develop an experience curve for compact fluorescent lamps for the global and North American markets over the years 1990-2007. Uncertainties and assumptions involved in interpreting data for our experience curve development are discussed, including the processing and transformation of empirical data, the selection of system boundaries, and the identification of historical changes in the learning rate over the course of 15 years. In the results that follow, we find that that the learning rate has changed at least once from 1990-2007. We also explore if, and to what degree, public deployment programs may have contributed to an increased technology learning rate in North America. We observe correlations between the changes in the learning rate and the initiation of new policies, abrupt technological advances, including improvements to ballast technology, and economic and political events such as trade tariffs and electricity prices. Finally, we discuss how the findings of this work (1) support the use of segmented experience curves for retrospective and prospective analysis and (2) may imply that investments in technological research and development have contributed to a change in market adoption and penetration.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2014

Solid-State Lighting: Early Lessons Learned on the Way to the Market Report Summary

Summary of lessons learned from 2014 analysis of the early stages of solid-state lighting market introduction in the U.S., which also summarizes early actions taken to avoid potential problems anticipated based on lessons learned from the market introduction of compact fluorescent lamps.

ssl, lighting, LED, energy, performance, testing, ↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Role of Competitions in Speeding Energy-Efficient Technology Development and Adoption

This conference paper, which will be submitted for publication in the 2020 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, describes competition approaches used by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technologies Office (BTO) and other government agencies to encourage the development and adoption of innovative new energy-efficient, high-performing products while spurring external competition to maximize limited resources. The competition model helps to disrupt traditional thinking and introduce, expand, and evolve what’s possible within limited resource conditions. DOE BTO has sponsored technology competitions, including campaigns, challenges, prizes, and technology procurements to speed the uptake of more efficient refrigerators, clothes washers, air conditioners, and many types of highly efficient lighting technologies, including compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and light-emitting diode LED-based home and office luminaires, replacement lamps, and street lighting. In this paper, we will draw upon the technology competition frameworks employed by DOE BTO to support ongoing research and development efforts to illustrate the differences between the approaches and to identify which type is likely to be the most effective in a given technology status and market context. We’ll also share examples of the various technology competition types and results. A question-and-answer table helps readers compare and contrast the four competition types. The paper concludes with a summary of lessons learned from past DOE BTO competitions. The paper will be available in the ACEEE 2020 Summer Study proceedings and a related presentation will be given at the conference.

U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Of↗
DOE OSTI2019

A review of the residential efficient lighting programme rollout in South Africa

Efficient lighting for the residential sector in South Africa stemmed out of an electricity supply crisis. The Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) rollout programme was carried out in the absence of a supporting policy. The implementation resulted in both desirable and undesirable outcomes. Of even greater concern is that a section of the market may be regressing to inefficient lighting. An analysis of lighting technologies available in the market shows that a shift to more energy efficient lighting technologies, such as light-emitting diodes (LED), will result in significant energy savings.

Covary, T↗
DOE OSTI2013

Life-Cycle Assessment of Energy and Environmental Impacts of LED Lighting Products, Part 3: LED Environmental Testing

This report covers the third part of a larger U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) project to assess the life- cycle environmental and resource impacts associated with the manufacturing, transport, use, and disposal of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting products in relation to incumbent lighting technologies. All three reports are available on the DOE website (www.ssl.energy.gov/tech_reports.html). Part 1: Review of the Life-Cycle Energy Consumption of Incandescent, Compact Fluorescent and LED Lamps; Part 2: LED Manufacturing and Performance; Part 3: LED Environmental Testing. Parts 1 and 2 were published in February and June 2012, respectively. The Part 1 report included a summary of the life-cycle assessment (LCA) process and methodology, provided a literature review of more than 25 existing LCA studies of various lamp types, and performed a meta-analysis comparing LED lamps with incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). Drawing from the Part 1 findings, Part 2 performed a more detailed assessment of the LED manufacturing process and used these findings to provide a comparative LCA taking into consideration a wider range of environmental impacts. Both reports concluded that the life-cycle environmental impact of a given lamp is dominated by the energy used during lamp operation—the upstream generation of electricity drives the total environmental footprint of the product. However, a more detailed understanding of end-of-life disposal considerations for LED products has become increasingly important as their installation base has grown. The Part 3 study (reported herein) was undertaken to augment the LCA findings with chemical analysis of a variety of LED, CFL, and incandescent lamps using standard testing procedures. A total of 22 samples, representing 11 different models, were tested to determine whether any of 17 elements were present at levels exceeding California or Federal regulatory thresholds for hazardous waste. Notably, this type of testing does not provide an indication of product safety during use. Key findings include: • The selected models were generally found to be below thresholds for Federally regulated elements, although volatile mercury in the CFLs is presumed to have escaped detection; • Nearly all of the lamps (regardless of technology) exceeded at least one California threshold— typically for copper, zinc, antimony, or nickel; • The greatest contributors were the metal screw bases, drivers, ballasts, and wires or filaments— internal LED light sources generally did not cause LED lamps to exceed thresholds. This study was exploratory in nature and was not intended to provide a definitive indication of regulatory compliance for any specific lamp model or technology. Further study would be needed to more broadly characterize the various light source technologies; to more accurately and precisely characterize a specific model; or to determine whether product redesign would be appropriate. However, concentrations of regulated elements in LED lamps were found to be comparable to cell phones and other types of electronic devices, which like incandescent lamps and CFLs have also have been shown to exceed the stringent California thresholds for hazardous waste. Although LED lamps offer reduced life-cycle energy and environmental impacts when compared to CFLs and incandescent lamps, recycling will likely gain importance as consumer adoption of this emerging technology continues to increase.

bulb↗
DOE OSTI2018

Light Extraction System for OLED (LESO)

The DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy is funding development of Solid-State Lighting (SSL) to replace incandescent and fluorescent technologies. A more aggressive innovation schedule could achieve site electricity consumption reductions from current projections of 40% to 60% by the year 2030 when compared to the no-LED scenario in the United States. These increased reductions would total an increase in savings of 395 TWh of energy. Based on preliminary data showing improvements of 2x in extraction efficiency with diffuser films, we will optimize surface relief structures to maximize the light extraction efficiency of OLED devices and test the optimized structures in prototype samples. To address the DOE desire for rapid SSL acceptance, Luminit, LLC, proposes to develop a new Light Extraction System for OLED (LESO) implemented in an ultraviolet (UV)-curable HRI polymer. The LESO uses optimized surface relief structures in high-index and low-index interfaces, which will significantly increase light extraction from the OLEDs. The LESO will significantly reduce environmental pollution compared to incandescent, compact fluorescent (CFL), and LED lamps. It will do so at a low price compared to other technologies, and with extremely high quality lighting (nearly perfect color matching, for example). Through LESO adoption, both CO 2 and other pollutants will be reduced by hundreds of megatons annually.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Selective Photo‐Oxygenation of Light Alkanes Using Iodine Oxides and Chloride

Abstract Partial oxidation of light alkanes to generate alkyl esters has been achieved under photochemical conditions using mixtures of iodine oxides and chloride salts in trifluoroacetic acid (HTFA). The reactions are catalytic in chloride and are successful using compact fluorescent light, but higher yields are obtained using a mercury lamp. In this photo‐initiated oxyesterification process, the robust alkyl ester products are resistant to over‐oxidation, and under optimized conditions yields for alkyl ester production of ∼50 % based on methane, ∼60 % based on ethane (with a total functionalized yield of EtX (X=TFA or Cl) of 80 %) and ∼30 % based on propane have been demonstrated. The reaction also proceeds in aqueous HTFA and dichloroacetic acid with lower yields. Mechanistic studies indicate that the process likely operates by a chlorine hydrogen atom abstraction pathway wherein alkyl radicals are generated, trapped by iodine, and converted to alkyl trifluoroacetates in situ .

Liebov, Nichole S.↗
DOE OSTI2024

2020 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization

The Lighting Market Characterization report details how many lighting products (lamps and luminaires) were installed in the U.S. as of 2020, where they were installed, and how much energy they consumed. It also highlights key changes in U.S. lighting market characteristics between 2015 and 2020. This is the fourth edition of the LMC report; previous versions were released in 2002, 2012 and 2017. By publishing summary estimates of installed stock and energy use of various general illumination lighting products, these reports help DOE and others plan effective lighting research and development programs based on changing needs.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗