Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “CO2 monitoring”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

The feasibility of MT tipper data to monitor CO2 storage sites

Monitoring carbon storage sites using geophysical techniques is a critical component to the success and safety of storage programs. Currently, the primary methods of monitoring such sites are seismic and, to a much lesser extent, electromagnetics using active sources. The cost of such methods, especially seismic, can be prohibitively expensive. Natural source lectromagnetics, or magnetotellurics (MT), represents a low-cost, and underutilized method with the potential to aid CO2 monitoring efforts. Specifically, the tipper of MT data gives insight to the dimensionality of the subsurface and is able to detect the expansion front of a CO2 plume in a saline reservoir. We analyze the feasibility of using the tipper to monitor two shallow CO2 plumes and conclude that the tipper may be a suitable method for long-term monitoring.<br>

Kohnke, Colton↗
DOE OSTI2021

Pulsed Neutron Capture for monitoring CO2 Storage with Enhanced Oil Recovery in Northern Michigan

Pulsed neutron capture (PNC) logging has been used as part of the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) monitoring of CO2 injection and storage during assessment of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in several northern Niagaran trend reefs in Michigan. A total of four reefs were selected for these studies to monitor CO2 migration and to test the viability and effectiveness of the PNC technology on reefs in various stages (depleted, active and new reefs) of CO2-EOR activities.

Bagley↗
NASA NTRS2006

Monitoring CO2 sources and sinks from space : the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) Mission

NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) will make the first space-based measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) with the precision, resolution, and coverage needed to characterize the geographic distribution of CO2 sources and sinks and quantify their variability over the seasonal cycle. OCO is currently scheduled for launch in 2008. The observatory will carry a single instrument that incorporates three high-resolution grating spectrometers designed to measure the near-infrared absorption by CO2 and molecular oxygen (O2) in reflected sunlight. OCO will fly 12 minutes ahead of the EOS Aqua platform in the Earth Observing System (EOS) Afternoon Constellation (A-Train). The in-strument will collect 12 to 24 soundings per second as the Observatory moves along its orbit track on the day side of the Earth. A small sampling footprint (<3 km2 at nadir) was adopted to reduce biases in each sounding associated with clouds and aerosols and spatial variations in surface topography. A comprehensive ground-based validation program will be used to assess random errors and biases in the XCO2 product on regional to continental scales. Measurements collected by OCO will be assimilated with other environmental measurements to retrieve surface sources and sinks of CO2. This information could play an important role in monitoring the integrity of large scale CO2 sequestration projects.

carbon dioxide sources and sinks↗
DOE OSTI2021

Manipulating polymer composition to create low-cost, high-fidelity sensors for indoor CO2 monitoring

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has been linked to many deleterious health effects, and it has also been used as a proxy for building occupancy measurements. These applications have created a need for low-cost and low-power CO 2 sensors that can be seamlessly incorporated into existing buildings. We report a resonant mass sensor coated with a solution-processable polymer blend of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) for the detection of CO 2 across multiple use conditions. Controlling the polymer blend composition and nanostructure enabled better transport of the analyte gas into the sensing layer, which allowed for significantly enhanced CO 2 sensing relative to the state of the art. Moreover, the hydrophilic nature of PEO resulted in water uptake, which provided for higher sensing sensitivity at elevated humidity conditions. Therefore, this key integration of materials and resonant sensor platform could be a potential solution in the future for CO 2 monitoring in smart infrastructure.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multi-Scale Seismic Measurements for Site Characterization and CO2 Monitoring in an Enhanced Oil Recovery/Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration Project, Farnsworth Field, Texas

To address the challenges of climate change, significantly more geologic carbon sequestration projects are beginning. The characterization of the subsurface and the migration of the plume of supercritical carbon dioxide are two elements of carbon sequestration that can be addressed through the use of the available seismic methods in the oil and gas industry. In an enhanced oil recovery site in Farnsworth, TX, we employed three separate seismic techniques. The three-dimensional (3D) surface seismic survey required significant planning, design, and processing, but produces both a better understanding of the subsurface structure and a three-dimensional velocity model, which is essential for the second technique, a timelapse vertical seismic profile, and the third technique, cross-well seismic tomography. The timelapse 3D Vertical Seismic Profile (3D VSP) revealed both significant changes in the reservoir between the second and third surveys and geo-bodies that may represent the extent of the underground carbon dioxide. The asymmetry of the primary geo-body may indicate the preferential migration of the carbon dioxide. The third technique, cross-well seismic tomography, suggested a strong correlation between the well logs and the tomographic velocities, but did not observe changes in the injection interval.

Energy & Fuels↗
NASA NTRS2015

Monitoring Atmospheric CO2 From Space: Challenge & Approach

Atmospheric CO2 is the key radiative forcing for the Earth's climate and may contribute a major part of the Earth's warming during the past 150 years. Advanced knowledge on the CO2 distributions and changes can lead considerable model improvements in predictions of the Earth's future climate. Large uncertainties in the predictions have been found for decades owing to limited CO2 observations. To obtain precise measurements of atmospheric CO2, certain challenges have to be overcome. For an example, global annual means of the CO2 are rather stable, but, have a very small increasing trend that is significant for multi-decadal long-term climate. At short time scales (a second to a few hours), regional and subcontinental gradients in the CO2 concentration are very small and only in an order of a few parts per million (ppm) compared to the mean atmospheric CO2 concentration of about 400 ppm, which requires atmospheric CO2 space monitoring systems with extremely high accuracy and precision (about 0.5 ppm or 0.125%) in spatiotemporal scales around 75 km and 10-s. It also requires a decadal-scale system stability. Furthermore, rapid changes in high latitude environments such as melting ice, snow and frozen soil, persistent thin cirrus clouds in Amazon and other tropical areas, and harsh weather conditions over Southern Ocean all increase difficulties in satellite atmospheric CO2 observations. Space lidar approaches using Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) technique are considered to be capable of obtaining precise CO2 measurements and, thus, have been proposed by various studies including the 2007 Decadal Survey (DS) of the U.S. National Research Council. This study considers to use the Intensity-Modulated Continuous-Wave (IM-CW) lidar to monitor global atmospheric CO2 distribution and variability from space. Development and demonstration of space lidar for atmospheric CO2 measurements have been made through joint adventure of NASA Langley Research Center and Exelis, Inc. As prototype space IPDA lidars, airborne laser absorption lidar systems operating in 1.57 CO2 absorption band have been developed and tested through lab, ground-based range, and flight campaigns. Very encouraging results have been obtained. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for clear sky IPDA measurements of CO2 differential absorption optical depth (DAOD) for a 10-s integration over vegetated areas with about 10 km range was found to be as high as 1300, resulting in an error 0.077% or equivalent CO2 mixing ratio (XCO2) column precision of ~0.3 ppm. Precise range measurements using the IM-CW lidar approach were also achieved, and the uncertainties have been shown to be at sub meter level. Based on the airborne lidar development, space lidar and atmospheric CO2 observations are simulated. It shows that with the IM-CW approach, accurate atmospheric CO2 measurements can be achieved from space, and a space mission such as that proposed by the DS will meet science goals of atmospheric CO2 monitoring.

Lin, Bing↗
DOE OSTI2020

Subtask 1.5 – CO2 Injection Monitoring with an Optimized Scalable, Automated, Semipermanent Seismic Array

The scalable, automated, semipermanent seismic array (SASSA) method is a flexible and relatively cost-effective surface geophysical method for regular time-lapse monitoring of the movement of injected carbon dioxide (CO2) in a reservoir for CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or geologic CO2 storage operations. It has the advantages of a low-environmental-footprint while monitoring regions of a reservoir from the surface without the need for a regular grid distribution of receivers. Automated data collection is possible. As only time-lapse amplitude changes at the reservoir level due to CO2 movement within the reservoir are monitored, the turnaround time to deliver results from the SASSA method can be short, without the need for long, time-consuming data-processing workflows. As data is collected and processed, incremental information can be provided to the field operator. The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) conducted a SASSA field test from September 2018 to November 2020 in a portion of the Bell Creek Field in Montana, which implemented new CO2 EOR field activities during the study period. Lessons learned from a proof-of-concept study were incorporated to improve the data quality of the SASSA method and demonstrate the viability of the technology. The EERC implemented several enhancements to improve data quality, including 1) an iterative survey design, which allowed placing the receivers in strategic locations where the movement of the CO2 in the reservoir could be tracked with minimum interference by the cultural noise in the study area; 2) the use of powerful seismic sources in the form of surface orbital vibrators, and 3) data acquisition during optimal periods. History-matched reservoir simulation was performed to predict gas saturation and pressure response induced by CO2 injection in the study area. The results were compared with the SASSA-measured responses to CO2 injection as a partial validation technique. A match between the two methods was observed for most of the SASSA points predicted to have intersected a CO2 saturation change. The validated results provide confidence that the SASSA method can be used independently as a CO2 saturation monitoring technique. As data are collected and processed, incremental information can be provided to the field operator. The critical components of the SASSA workflow for a successful application of the method are the following: Iterative survey design with information about CO2 injection activities from the oilfield operator. A detailed CO2 injection plan is the key driver to select the strategic monitoring location of the SASSA sensors. After this information is incorporated in the initial distribution of sources and receivers in the study area, high-resolution satellite images are used to identify ground locations not affected by cultural noise sources, such as power lines, pipelines/flow lines, or roadways. In the next iteration of the survey design, a scouting trip to the study area is needed to understand more details of the noise sources identified in the previous step and the intensity of the field activities that can also generate noise during the monitoring. Integrating the information from the scouting trip into the survey design to select the optimum source and receiver locations is the final step. Noise attenuation. The variety of noise types during seismic monitoring of an oil field is enormous. Tailored noise characterization and processing at a node-by-node level can enhance the performance and sensitivity of the SASSA technique. Future advancements that could improve the efficiency and application of the SASSA technology include: Gaining a better understanding of the noise field produced by the seismic source to aid the choice of receiver location. Surface noise from the source can overwhelm the small signal changes due to CO2 that the SASSA method measures. Improved data-processing workflow to automatically analyze and adapt to dynamic noise conditions associated with industrial settings. This subtask was funded through the EERC–DOE Joint Program on Research and Development for Fossil Energy-Related Resources Cooperative Agreement No. DE- FE0024233.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Detection Thresholds and Sensitivities of Geophysical Techniques for CO2 Plume Monitoring

This report assesses capabilities and limitations of different geophysical techniques for monitoring geologic sequestration of CO 2 . Seismic, gravity, electrical, and electromagnetic (EM) techniques are considered. Monitoring approaches for site characterization prior to CO 2 injection are different from those used while injecting CO 2 , or those suitable for post-injection monitoring. The focus of this study is on the aspects relevant to long-term monitoring of large areas in the post-injection phase, and specifically on early detection of secondary CO 2 plumes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Feasibility of using distribute chemical sensing for CO2 leakage monitoring

The feasibility study focused on the development of new fiber for distributed chemical sensing (DCS) that will allow direct detection of CO 2 leakages in the environment. This is particularly important for monitoring well integrity for carbon capture and storage (CSS), to provide early warning for an incoming well failure and potential CO 2 leaking through it. We proposed Raman or IR interrogation within gas-filled Holey Fibers (HoFs) interleaved with standard solid core fibers and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sections, so that the location and concentration of the gases would be provided simultaneously by means of reflectometry. The methodology would overcome current roadblocks to using fiber optics for CO 2 (and other gases) detection in wells with direct in-situ measurements of concentration along with other important parameters such as temperature and pressure as the baseline of environment background.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Feasibility of using distributed chemical sensing for CO2 leakage monitoring

The feasibility study focused on the development of new fiber for distributed chemical sensing (DCS) that will allow direct detection of CO 2 leakages in the environment. This is particularly important for monitoring well integrity for carbon capture and storage (CCS), to provide early warning for an incoming well failure and potential CO 2 leaking through it. We proposed using optical spectroscopy in optical fiber for direct detection of CO 2 . The main approach is based on Raman interrogation within gas-filled Holey Fibers (HoFs), so that the location and concentration of the gases would be provided simultaneously via backscattering. Additionally, Infrared (IR) Absorption Spectroscopy could also be used, and the architecture would be more discrete since interleaving with standard solid core fibers and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sections is required to enable reflection to the I/O controls. The possible Raman length or the IR numbers of sections would be defined based on signal to noise ratio. The optical spectroscopy methodology would overcome current roadblocks to CCS, as fiber optics will allow for CO 2 (and other gases) detection in wells with direct in-situ measurements of concentration along with other important parameters such as temperature and pressure as the baseline of environment background.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗