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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

ECON-T and ECON-D: Endcap Concentrator ASICs for the CMS HGCAL

With over 6 million channels, the High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) for the CMS HL-LHC Upgrade presents a unique data challenge. The ECON ASICs provide critical on-detector data reduction for the 40 MHz trigger path (ECON-T) and 750 kHz data acquisition path (ECON-D) of the HGCAL. The ASICs, fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, are rad-tolerant (600 Mrad) with low power consumption (<2.5 mW/channel). This presentation is the first comprehensive description of the ECON designs, first functionality and radiation tests for the ECON-T ASIC, and first results from the full production of 75k ECON-D and ECON-T ASICs.

Bergamin, G. [CERN] (ORCID:0000000285758704)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Rare Higgs Processes at CMS and Precision Timing Detector Studies for HL-LHC CMS Upgrade

This thesis describes the search for two rare Higgs processes. The first analysis describes the CMS Run 2 search for $H$ $\rightarrow$ $\mu$$\mu$ decays, with 137.3 fb$^{-1}$ of data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV. The analysis targeted four different Higgs production modes: the gluon fusion (ggH), the vector boson fusion (VBF), the Higgs-strahlung process (VH), and the production in association with a pair of top quarks (ttH). Each category used a dedicated machine learning based classifier to separate the signal from the background processes. A combined fit from all these categories saw a slight excess in the data corresponding to 3.0 standard deviations at $M$$_{H}$ = 125.38 GeV, and gave the first evidence for the Higgs boson decay to second-generation fermions. The best-fit signal strength and the corresponding 68% CL interval was found to be +0.17?????? = 1.19 $_{-0.39}^{+0.41}$ (stat)$_{-0.16}^{+0.17}$(syst) at $M$$_{H}$ = 125.38 GeV. The second analysis describes the CMS Run 2 search for 𝐻𝐻 → 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 with highly boosted Higgs bosons. This analysis used a dedicated jet identification algorithm based on graph neural networks (ParticleNet) to identify boosted H→ bb jets. This search targeted the gluon fusion and the vector boson fusion HH production modes, and put constraints on the allowed values of the various Higgs couplings as: 𝜅𝜆 ∈ [−9.9, 16.9] when 𝜅𝑉 = 1, 𝜅2𝑉 = 1; 𝜅𝑉 ∈ [−1.17, −0.79] ∪ [0.81, 1.18] when 𝜅𝜆 = 1, 𝜅2𝑉 = 1; 𝜅2𝑉 ∈ [0.62, 1.41] when 𝜅𝜆 = 1, 𝜅𝑉 = 1. A scenario with 𝜅2𝑉 = 0 was excluded with a significance of 6.3 standard deviations for the first time, when other H couplings are fixed to their SM values. The combined observed (expected) 95% upper limit on the HH production cross section was found to be 9.9 (5.1) × SM. Finally, this thesis also discusses the planned MIP Timing Detector (MTD) upgrade for CMS at the HL-LHC. The MTD will be a time-of-flight (TOF) detector, designed to provide a precision timing information for charged particles using SiPMs + LYSO scintillating crystals, with a time resolution of ∼30 ps. This thesis describes several R&D tests that have been performed for characterizing the sensor properties (time resolution, light yield, etc.) and optimizing the sensor design geometry. This thesis also contains a description of mock test setups for cooling the sensors, since it is known to be an effective way of mitigating the increased dark current rates in the sensors due to radiation damage.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evaluation of HPK n + - p planar pixel sensors for the CMS Phase-2 upgrade

To cope with the challenging environment of the planned high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), scheduled to start operation in 2029, CMS will replace its entire tracking system. The requirements for the tracker are largely determined by the long operation time of 10 years with an instantaneous peak luminosity of up to 7.5 × 10 34 cm –2 s –1 in the ultimate performance scenario. Depending on the radial distance from the interaction point, the silicon sensors will receive a particle fluence corresponding to a non-ionizing energy loss of up to $\Phi_{\text {eq}}$ = 3.5 × 10 16 cm –2 . Here this paper focuses on planar pixel sensor design and qualification up to a fluence of $\Phi_{\text {eq}}$ = 1.4 × 10 16 cm –2 . For the development of appropriate planar pixel sensors an R&D program was initiated, which includes $n^+ -p$ sensors on 150 mm (6”) wafers with an active thickness of 150 μm with pixel sizes of 100 × 25 μm 2 and 50 × 50 μm 2 manufactured by Hamamatsu. Single chip modules with ROC4Sens and RD53A readout chips were made. Irradiation with protons and neutrons, as well was an extensive test beam campaign at DESY were carried out. This paper presents the investigation of various assemblies mainly with ROC4Sens readout chips. It demonstrates that multiple designs fulfill the requirements in terms of breakdown voltage, leakage current and efficiency. The single point resolution for 50 × 50 μm 2 pixels is measured as 4.0 μm for non-irradiated samples, and 6.3 μm after irradiation to $\Phi_{\text {eq}}$ = 7.2 × 10 15 cm –2 .

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

A search for new physics in central exclusive production using the missing mass technique with the CMS detector and the CMS-TOTEM precision proton spectrometer

A generic search is presented for the associated production of a Z boson or a photon with an additional unspecified massive particle X, pp → pp + Z/γ + X, in proton-tagged events from proton–proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV, recorded in 2017 with the CMS detector and the CMS-TOTEM precision proton spectrometer. The missing mass spectrum is analysed in the 600–1600 GeV range and a fit is performed to search for possible deviations from the background expectation. No significant excess in data with respect to the background predictions has been observed. Model-independent upper limits on the visible pro duction cross section of pp → pp + Z/γ + X are set

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

CMS Full Simulation for Run 3

We report the status of the CMS full simulation for Run 3. During the long shutdown of the LHC a significant update has been introduced to the CMS code for simulation. The CMS geometry description is reviewed. Several important modifications were needed. CMS detector description software is migrated to the DD4Hep community developed tool. We will report on our experience obtained during the process of this migration. Geant4 10.7 is the CMS choice for Run 3 simulation productions. We will discuss arguments for this choice, the strategy of adaptation of a new Geant4 version, and will report on the physics performance of the CMS simulation. A special Geant4 Physics List configuration FTFP_BERT_EMM will be described, which provides a compromise between simulation accuracy and CPU performance. A significant fraction of time for simulation of CMS events is spent on tracking of charged particles in a magnetic field. In the CMS simulation a dynamic choice of Geant4 parameters for tracking in field is implemented. A new method is introduced into simulation of electromagnetic components of hadronic showers in the electromagnetic calorimeter of CMS. For low-energy electrons and positrons a parametrization of GFlash type is applied. Results of tests of this method will be discussed. In summary, we expect about 25% speedup of the CMS simulation production for Run 3 compared to the Run 2 simulations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Predicting oncology drug-induced cardiotoxicity with donor-specific iPSC-CMs—a proof-of-concept study with doxorubicin

Abstract Many oncology drugs have been found to induce cardiotoxicity in a subset of patients, which significantly limits their clinical use and impedes the benefit of lifesaving anticancer treatments. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) carry donor-specific genetic information and have been proposed for exploring the interindividual difference in oncology drug-induced cardiotoxicity. Herein, we evaluated the inter- and intraindividual variability of iPSC-CM-related assays and presented a proof of concept to prospectively predict doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) using donor-specific iPSC-CMs. Our findings demonstrated that donor-specific iPSC-CMs exhibited greater line-to-line variability than the intraindividual variability in impedance cytotoxicity and transcriptome assays. The variable and dose-dependent cytotoxic responses of iPSC-CMs resembled those observed in clinical practice and largely replicated the reported mechanisms. By categorizing iPSC-CMs into resistant and sensitive cell lines based on their time- and concentration-related phenotypic responses to DOX, we found that the sensitivity of donor-specific iPSC-CMs to DOX may predict in vivo DIC risk. Furthermore, we identified a differentially expressed gene, DND microRNA-mediated repression inhibitor 1 (DND1), between the DOX-resistant and DOX-sensitive iPSC-CMs. Our results support the utilization of donor-specific iPSC-CMs in assessing interindividual differences in DIC. Further studies will encompass a large panel of donor-specific iPSC-CMs to identify potential novel molecular and genetic biomarkers for predicting DOX and other oncology drug-induced cardiotoxicity.

Toxicology↗
DOE OSTI2019

Presentation layer of CMS Online Monitoring System

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The CMS Online Monitoring system (OMS) is an upgrade and successor to the CMS Web-Based Monitoring (WBM)system, which is an essential tool for shift crew members, detector subsystem experts, operations coordinators, and those performing physics analyses. The CMS OMS is divided into aggregation and presentation layers. Communication between layers uses RESTful JSON:API compliant requests. The aggregation layer is responsible for collecting data from heterogeneous sources, storage of transformed and pre-calculated (aggregated) values and exposure of data via the RESTful API. The presentation layer displays detector information via a modern, user-friendly and customizable web interface. The CMS OMS user interface is composed of a set of cutting-edge software frameworks and tools to display non-event data to any authenticated CMS user worldwide. The web interface tree-like component structure comprises (top-down): workspaces, folders, pages, controllers and portlets. A clear hierarchy gives the required flexibility and control for content organization. Each bottom element instantiates a portlet and is a reusable component that displays a single aspect of data, like a table, a plot, an article, etc. Pages consist of multiple different portlets and can be customized at runtime by using a drag-and-drop technique. This is how a single page can easily include information from multiple online sources. Different pages give access to a summary of the current status of the experiment, as well as convenient access to historical data. This paper describes the CMS OMS architecture, core concepts and technologies of the presentation layer.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Repurposing of the Run 2 CMS High Level Trigger Infrastructure as a Cloud Resource for Offline Computing

The former CMS Run 2 High Level Trigger (HLT) farm is one of the largest contributors to CMS compute resources, providing about 25k job slots for offline computing. This CPU farm was initially employed as an opportunistic resource, exploited during inter-fill periods, in the LHC Run 2. Since then, it has become a nearly transparent extension of the CMS capacity at CERN, being located on-site at the LHC interaction point 5 (P5), where the CMS detector is installed. This resource has been configured to support the execution of critical CMS tasks, such as prompt detector data reconstruction. It can therefore be used in combination with the dedicated Tier 0 capacity at CERN, in order to process and absorb peaks in the stream of data coming from the CMS detector. The initial configuration for this resource, based on statically configured VMs, provided the required level of functionality. However, regular operations of this cluster revealed certain limitations compared to the resource provisioning and use model employed in the case of WLCG sites. A new configuration, based on a vacuum-like model, has been implemented for this resource in order to solve the detected shortcomings. This paper reports about this redeployment work on the permanent cloud for an enhanced support to CMS offline computing, comparing the former and new models’ respective functionalities, along with the commissioning effort for the new setup.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Adoption of a token-based authentication model for the CMS Submission Infrastructure

The CMS Submission Infrastructure (SI) is the main computing resource provisioning system for CMS workloads. A number of HTCondor pools are employed to manage this infrastructure, which aggregates geographically distributed resources from the WLCG and other providers. Historically, the model of authentication among the diverse components of this infrastructure has relied on the Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI), based on identities and X509 certificates. In contrast, commonly used modern authentication standards are based on capabilities and tokens. The WLCG has identified this trend and aims at a transparent replacement of GSI for all its workload management, data transfer and storage access operations, to be completed during the current LHC Run 3. As part of this effort, and within the context of CMS computing, the Submission Infrastructure group is in the process of phasing out the GSI part of its authentication layers, in favor of IDTokens and Scitokens. The use of tokens is already well integrated into the HTCondor Software Suite, which has allowed us to fully migrate the authentication between internal components of SI. Additionally, recent versions of the HTCondor-CE support tokens as well, enabling CMS resource requests to Grid sites employing this CE technology to be granted by means of token exchange. After a rollout campaign to sites, successfully completed by the third quarter of 2022, the totality of HTCondor CEs in use by CMS are already receiving Scitoken-based pilot jobs. On the ARC CE side, a parallel campaign was launched to foster the adoption of the REST interface at CMS sites (required to enable token-based job submission via HTCondor-G), which is nearing completion as well. In this contribution, the newly adopted authentication model will be described. We will then report on the migration status and final steps towards complete GSI phase out in the CMS SI.

Pérez-Calero Yzquierdo, Antonio↗
DOE OSTI2024

The integration of heterogeneous resources in the CMS Submission Infrastructure for the LHC Run 3 and beyond

While the computing landscape supporting LHC experiments is currently dominated by x86 processors at WLCG sites, this configuration will evolve in the coming years. LHC collaborations will be increasingly employing HPC and Cloud facilities to process the vast amounts of data expected during the LHC Run 3 and the future HL-LHC phase. These facilities often feature diverse compute resources, including alternative CPU architectures like ARM and IBM Power, as well as a variety of GPU specifications. Using these heterogeneous resources efficiently is thus essential for the LHC collaborations reaching their future scientific goals. The Submission Infrastructure (SI) is a central element in CMS Computing, enabling resource acquisition and exploitation by CMS data processing, simulation and analysis tasks. The SI must therefore be adapted to ensure access and optimal utilization of this heterogeneous compute capacity. Some steps in this evolution have been already taken, as CMS is currently using opportunistically a small pool of GPU slots provided mainly at the CMS WLCG sites. Additionally, Power9 processors have been validated for CMS production at the Marconi-100 cluster at CINECA. This note will describe the updated capabilities of the SI to continue ensuring the efficient allocation and use of computing resources by CMS, despite their increasing diversity. The next steps towards a full integration and support of heterogeneous resources according to CMS needs will also be reported.

Pérez-Calero Yzquierdo, Antonio↗
DOE OSTI2023

Dark Matter and Track Triggering with the CMS Experiment (Final Report)

This report summarizes the progress from DOE Early Career Award entitled “Dark Matter and Track Triggering with the CMS Experiment”. The first major goal of the project was to establish a sensitive Dark Matter (DM) search program for the CMS experiment in Run-2 of the LHC. Two related strategies were developed to accomplish this goal. First, we designed and executed searches for DM produced in association with heavy flavor quark pairs, top/anti-top (ttbar) and bottom/anti-bottom (bbbar). In addition, we sought to maximize the power of Run-2 DM searches through the development of a statistical combination of all major search channels within a consistent theoretical framework. The results of these aspects of the project are detailed in Section 1. The second major goal of the project was to develop a real-time “Level-1” tracking trigger system for the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) CMS upgrade. Charged particle tracking in the first stage of the CMS trigger will be crucial for surviving the high-pileup environment expected at the HL-LHC. The L1 tracking trigger must process all front-end hit data sent from the inner Tracker and will have just 4us to output track primitives to the downstream L1 trigger without data loss. Our development of the CMS tracking trigger is described in Section 2. The team supported by the award is given in Section 3. The project resulted in 10 peer reviewed publications, a graduate student thesis, and contributions to the CMS Phase-2 Tracker Technical Design Report, as is detailed in Section 4. Our development work for the CMS tracking trigger has been integrated in the backend system architecture for the Tracker upgrade.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

High Energy Physics Research at the Energy Frontier with the CMS Experiment

The physics analysis goals are to continue improving upon the search for the Higgs to dimuon decay using the CMS experiment at the LHC to further improve the Higgs coupling measurement with the additional data from LHC Run 3, and to explore searches for long-lived particles that reach the muon system of CMS using new Level-1 muon triggers the group is developing. An additional physics goal is to further develop the science case for a novel muonion collider. The experimental goals are to continue operational support of the CMS Endcap Muon Track Finder, a key component of the CMS Level-1 trigger system. The group also proposes to continue its leadership role in muon triggering for the HL-LHC upgrade through algorithm and electronics R&D. Finally, Acosta will continue as CMS Trigger Co-Coordinator responsible for the High Level Trigger system of CMS, lead the EMTF project, and serve as USCMS Trigger Operations Level-2 manager.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Transitioning CMS to Rucio Data Managment

Following a thorough review in 2018, the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC decided to adopt Rucio as its new data management system. Rucio is emerging as a community software project and will replace an aging CMSonly system before the start-up of LHC Run 3 in 2021. Rucio was chosen after an evaluation determined that Rucio could meet the technical and scale needs of CMS. The data management system for CMS needs to manage the current data sample of approximately 200 PB of data with 1 PB of transfers per day. The data management system must also have a development path suitable for LHC Run 4 (2026) data rates, which are expected to be 50 times larger.This contribution details the ongoing CMS adoption process as we replace our legacy system with Rucio, focusing on the challenges of integrating Rucio into an established set of experimental tools and procedures. This will include the migration of metadata, the construction of interfaces to the rest of the CMS computing tools, scale tests, operations, monitoring, and the plan to gradually turn over primary responsibility for the management of data to Rucio. A description of CMS user data management with Rucio will also be provided.

Vaandering, Eric↗
DOE OSTI2024

HPC resources for CMS offline computing: An integration and scalability challenge for the Submission Infrastructure

The computing resource needs of LHC experiments are expected to continue growing significantly during the Run 3 and into the HL-LHC era. The landscape of available resources will also evolve, as High Performance Computing (HPC) and Cloud resources will provide a comparable, or even dominant, fraction of the total compute capacity. The future years present a challenge for the experiments’ resource provisioning models, both in terms of scalability and increasing complexity. The CMS Submission Infrastructure (SI) provisions computing resources for CMS workflows. This infrastructure is built on a set of federated HTCondor pools, currently aggregating 400k CPU cores distributed worldwide and supporting the simultaneous execution of over 200k computing tasks. Incorporating HPC resources into CMS computing represents firstly an integration challenge, as HPC centers are much more diverse compared to Grid sites. Secondly, evolving the present SI, dimensioned to harness the current CMS computing capacity, to reach the resource scales required for the HLLHC phase, while maintaining global flexibility and efficiency, will represent an additional challenge for the SI. To preventively address future potential scalability limits, the SI team regularly runs tests to explore the maximum reach of our infrastructure. In this note, the integration of HPC resources into CMS offline computing is summarized, the potential concerns for the SI derived from the increased scale of operations are described, and the most recent results of scalability test on the CMS SI are reported.

Pérez-Calero Yzquierdo, Antonio↗
DOE OSTI2022

Chronic Cardiotoxicity Assays Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs)

Cardiomyocytes (CMs) differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are increasingly used in cardiac safety assessment, disease modeling and regenerative medicine. A vast majority of cardiotoxicity studies in the past have tested acute effects of compounds and drugs; however, these studies lack information on the morphological or physiological responses that may occur after prolonged exposure to a cardiotoxic compound. In this review, we focus on recent advances in chronic cardiotoxicity assays using hiPSC-CMs. We summarize recently published literature on hiPSC-CMs assays applied to chronic cardiotoxicity induced by anticancer agents, as well as non-cancer classes of drugs, including antibiotics, anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) and antidiabetic drugs. We then review publications on the implementation of hiPSC-CMs-based assays to investigate the effects of non-pharmaceutical cardiotoxicants, such as environmental chemicals or chronic alcohol consumption. We also highlight studies demonstrating the chronic effects of smoking and implementation of hiPSC-CMs to perform genomic screens and metabolomics-based biomarker assay development. The acceptance and wide implementation of hiPSC-CMs-based assays for chronic cardiotoxicity assessment will require multi-site standardization of assay protocols, chronic cardiac maturity marker reproducibility, time points optimization, minimal cellular variation (commercial vs. lab reprogrammed), stringent and matched controls and close clinical setting resemblance. A comprehensive investigation of long-term repeated exposure-induced effects on both the structure and function of cardiomyocytes can provide mechanistic insights and recapitulate drug and environmental cardiotoxicity.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

The CMS Magnetic Field Measuring and Monitoring Systems

This review article describes the performance of the magnetic field measuring and monitoring systems for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. To cross-check the magnetic flux distribution obtained with the CMS magnet model, four systems for measuring the magnetic flux density in the detector volume were used. The magnetic induction inside the 6 m diameter superconducting solenoid was measured and is currently monitored by four nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes installed using special tubes outside the barrel hadron calorimeter. Two more NRM probes were installed at the faces of the tracking system. The field inside the superconducting solenoid was precisely measured in 2006 in a cylindrical volume of 3.448 m in diameter and 7 m in length using 10 three-dimensional (3D) B-sensors based on the Hall effect. These B-sensors were installed on each of the two propeller arms of an automated field-mapping machine. In addition to these measurement systems, a system for monitoring the magnetic field during the CMS detector operation has been developed. Inside the solenoid in the horizontal plane, 4 3D B-sensors were installed at the faces of the tracking detector. Twelve 3D B-sensors were installed on the surfaces of the flux-return yoke nose disks. Seventy 3D B-sensors were installed in the air gaps of the CMS magnet yoke. A specially developed flux loop technique was used for the most complex measurements of the magnetic flux density inside the steel blocks of the CMS magnet yoke. The flux loops are installed in 22 sections of the flux-return yoke blocks. The areas enclosed by these coils varied from 0.3 to 1.59 m$^{2}$ in the blocks of the barrel wheels and from 0.5 to 1.12 m$^{2}$ in the blocks of the yoke endcap disks. The development of these systems and the results of the magnetic flux density measurements across the CMS magnet are presented and discussed in this review article.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

HPC resource integration into CMS Computing via HEPCloud

The higher energy and luminosity from the LHC in Run 2 have put increased pressure on CMS computing resources. Extrapolating to even higher luminosities (and thus higher event complexities and trigger rates) beyond Run 3, it becomes clear that simply scaling up the the current model of CMS computing alone will become economically unfeasible. High Performance Computing (HPC) facilities, widely used in scientific computing outside of HEP, have the potential to help fill the gap. Here we describe the U.S.CMS efforts to integrate US HPC resources into CMS Computing via the HEPCloud project at Fermilab. We present advancements in our ability to use NERSC resources at scale and efforts to integrate other HPC sites as well. We present experience in the elastic use of HPC resources, quickly scaling up use when so required by CMS workflows. We also present performance studies of the CMS multi-threaded framework on both Haswell and KNL HPC resources.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

CMS Experience with Adoption of the Community supported DD4hep Toolkit

DD4hep is an open-source software toolkit that provides comprehensive and complete generic detector descriptions for high energy physics (HEP) detectors. The Compact Muon Solenoid collaboration (CMS) has recently evaluated and adopted DD4hep to replace its custom detector description software. CMS has demanding software requirements as a very large, longrunning experiment that must support legacy geometries and study many possible upgraded detector designs of a constantly evolving detector that will be taking data for many years to come. CMS has chosen DD4hep since it is a high-quality, community-supported solution that will benefit from continuing modernization and maintenance. This presentation will discuss the issues of DD4hep adoption, the advantages and disadvantages of the various design choices, performance results, and the integration of the plugin systems from CMS and Gaudi, another open-source software framework. Recommendations about DD4hep based upon the CMS use cases will also be presented.

Vuosalo, Carl↗