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Materials Data on Ca9B2(CCl2)4 by Materials Project

Ca9B2(CCl2)4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Ca2+ sites. In the first Ca2+ site, Ca2+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four equivalent C4- and four Cl1- atoms. All Ca–C bond lengths are 2.88 Å. There are two shorter (2.85 Å) and two longer (3.45 Å) Ca–Cl bond lengths. In the second Ca2+ site, Ca2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two equivalent C4- and six Cl1- atoms. Both Ca–C bond lengths are 2.68 Å. There are a spread of Ca–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.77–3.46 Å. In the third Ca2+ site, Ca2+ is bonded to two equivalent C4- and four Cl1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing CaC2Cl4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–66°. There are one shorter (2.48 Å) and one longer (2.54 Å) Ca–C bond lengths. There are a spread of Ca–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.83–3.01 Å. In the fourth Ca2+ site, Ca2+ is bonded to two equivalent C4- and four Cl1- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing CaC2Cl4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 9–92°. Both Ca–C bond lengths are 2.51 Å. There are a spread of Ca–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.73–3.07 Å. B3+ is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent C4- atoms. Both B–C bond lengths are 1.46 Å. C4- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to five Ca2+ and one B3+ atom. There are five inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six Ca2+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to six Ca2+ atoms. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded to four Ca2+ atoms to form corner-sharing ClCa4 tetrahedra. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded to four Ca2+ atoms to form corner-sharing ClCa4 tetrahedra. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Ca2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on CCl2 by Materials Project

CCl2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of twelve dichloromethane molecules. C2+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Cl1- atoms. Both C–Cl bond lengths are 1.74 Å. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on AlPH8(CCl2)2 by Materials Project

P(CH4)2AlCl4 is Silicon tetrafluoride-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight dimethylphosphine molecules and eight AlCl4 clusters. In each AlCl4 cluster, Al3+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Al–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.15–2.17 Å. There are four inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Al3+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Al3+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Al3+ atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Al3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Targeting CCL2/CCR2 Signaling Overcomes MEK Inhibitor Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Emerging evidence underscores the critical role of extrinsic factors within the microenvironment in protecting leukemia cells from therapeutic interventions, driving disease progression, and promoting drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This finding emphasizes the need for the identification of targeted therapies that inhibit intrinsic and extrinsic signaling to overcome drug resistance in AML. We performed a comprehensive analysis utilizing a cohort of ~300 AML patient samples. This analysis encompassed the evaluation of secreted cytokines/growth factors, gene expression, and ex vivo drug sensitivity to small molecules. Our investigation pinpointed a notable association between elevated levels of CCL2 and diminished sensitivity to the MEK inhibitors (MEKi). We validated this association through loss-of-function and pharmacologic inhibition studies. Further, we deployed global phosphoproteomics and CRISPR/Cas9 screening to identify the mechanism of CCR2-mediated MEKi resistance in AML. Our multifaceted analysis unveiled that CCL2 activates multiple prosurvival pathways, including MAPK and cell-cycle regulation in MEKi-resistant cells. Employing combination strategies to simultaneously target these pathways heightened growth inhibition in AML cells. Both genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of CCR2 sensitized AML cells to trametinib, suppressing proliferation while enhancing apoptosis. These findings underscore a new role for CCL2 in MEKi resistance, offering combination therapies as an avenue to circumvent this resistance. Our study demonstrates a compelling rationale for translating CCL2/CCR2 axis inhibitors in combination with MEK pathway-targeting therapies, as a potent strategy for combating drug resistance in AML. This approach has the potential to enhance the efficacy of treatments to improve AML patient outcomes.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Materials Data on SnH22C6(NCl2)2 by Materials Project

((CH3)2NH2)2SnH6(CCl2)2 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two dimethylazanium molecules and one SnH6(CCl2)2 cluster. In the SnH6(CCl2)2 cluster, Sn4+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to two equivalent C+2.67- and four Cl1- atoms. Both Sn–C bond lengths are 2.15 Å. There are two shorter (2.66 Å) and two longer (2.68 Å) Sn–Cl bond lengths. C+2.67- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Sn4+ and three H1+ atoms. All C–H bond lengths are 1.09 Å. There are three inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.67- atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.67- atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.67- atom. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sn4+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Sn4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Correlating transcription and protein expression profiles of immune biomarkers following lipopolysaccharide exposure in lung epithelial cells

Universal and early recognition of pathogens occurs through recognition of evolutionarily conserved pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by innate immune receptors and the consequent secretion of cytokines and chemokines. The intrinsic complexity of innate immune signaling and associated signal transduction challenges our ability to obtain physiologically relevant, reproducible and accurate data from experimental systems. One of the reasons for the discrepancy in observed data is the choice of measurement strategy. Immune signaling is regulated by the interplay between pathogen-derived molecules with host cells resulting in cellular expression changes. However, these cellular processes are often studied by the independent assessment of either the transcriptome or the proteome. Correlation between transcription and protein analysis is lacking in a variety of studies. In order to methodically evaluate the correlation between transcription and protein expression profiles associated with innate immune signaling, we measured cytokine and chemokine levels following exposure of human cells to the PAMP lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Expression of 84 messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts and 69 proteins, including 35 overlapping targets, were measured in human lung epithelial cells. We evaluated 50 biological replicates to determine reproducibility of outcomes. Following pairwise normalization, 16 mRNA transcripts and 6 proteins were significantly upregulated following LPS exposure, while only five (CCL2, CSF3, CXCL5, CXCL8/IL8, and IL6) were upregulated in both transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. This lack of correlation between transcription and protein expression data may contribute to the discrepancy in the immune profiles reported in various studies. The use of multiomic assessments to achieve a systems-level understanding of immune signaling processes can result in the identification of host biomarker profiles for a variety of infectious diseases and facilitate countermeasure design and development.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Aerosolized Harmful Algal Bloom Toxin Microcystin-LR Induces Type 1/Type 17 Inflammation of Murine Airways

Harmful algal blooms are increasing globally and pose serious health concerns releasing cyanotoxins. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), one of the most frequently produced cyanotoxins, has recently been detected in aerosols generated by the normal motions of affected bodies of water. MC-LR aerosol exposure has been linked to a pro-inflammatory influence on the airways of mice; however, little is understood about the underlying mechanism or the potential consequences. This study aimed to investigate the pro-inflammatory effects of aerosolized MC-LR on murine airways. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were exposed to MC-LR aerosols, as these strains are predisposed to type 1/type 17 and type 2 immune responses, respectively. Exposure to MC-LR induced granulocytic inflammation in C57BL/6 but not BALB/c mice, as observed by increased expression of cytokines MIP-1α, CXCL1, CCL2, and GM-CSF compared with their respective vehicle controls. Furthermore, the upregulation of interleukins IL-17A and IL-12 is consistent with Th1- and Th17-driven type 1/type 17 inflammation. Histological analysis confirmed inflammation in the C57BL/6 lungs, with elevated neutrophils and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and increased pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving oxidized lipids. In contrast, BALB/c mice showed no significant airway inflammation. These results highlight the ability of aerosolized MC-LR to trigger harmful airway inflammation, requiring further research, particularly into populations with predispositions to type 1/type 17 inflammation.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗