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Results for “CARBON 12 TARGET”

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At least 19 records

Inverse-kinematics one-neutron pickup with fast rare-isotope beams

Measurements and reaction model calculations are reported for single-neutron pickup reactions onto a fast {sup 22}Mg secondary beam at 84 MeV per nucleon. Measurements made on both carbon and beryllium targets, having very different structures, were used to investigate the likely nature of the pickup reaction mechanism. The measurements involve thick reaction targets and {gamma}-ray spectroscopy of the projectile-like reaction residue for final-state resolution, which permit experiments with low incident beam rates compared to traditional low-energy transfer reactions. From measured longitudinal momentum distributions we show that the {sup 12}C({sup 22}Mg,{sup 23}Mg+{gamma})X reaction largely proceeds as a direct two-body reaction, with the neutron transfer producing bound {sup 11}C target residues. The corresponding reaction on the {sup 9}Be target seems to largely leave the {sup 8}Be residual nucleus unbound at excitation energies high in the continuum. We discuss the possible use of such fast-beam one-neutron pickup reactions to track single-particle strength in exotic nuclei and also their expected sensitivity to neutron high-l (intruder) states, which are often direct indicators of shell evolution and the disappearance of magic numbers in the exotic regime.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Student research with 400keV beams: {sup 13}N radioisotope production target development

The AN400 Van de Graaff accelerator at the Minnesota State University, Mankato, Applied Nuclear Science Lab has demonstrated utility as an accessible and versatile platform for student research. Despite the limits of low energy, the research team successfully developed projects with applications to the wider radioisotope production community. A target system has been developed for producing and extracting {sup 13}N by the {sup 12}C(d,n){sup 13}N reaction below 400keV. The system is both reusable and robust, with future applications to higher energy machines producing this important radioisotope for physiological imaging studies with Positron Emission Tomography. Up to 36({+-}1)% of the {sup 13}N was extracted from the graphite matrix when 35 A current was externally applied to the graphite target while simultaneously flushing the target chamber with CO{sub 2} gas.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

E1 and E2 cross sections of the {sup 12}C({alpha}, {gamma}){sup 16}O reaction at E{sub eff{approx}}1.2 MeV using pulsed {alpha} beams

We have measured the {gamma}-ray angular distribution of the {sup 12}C({alpha}, {gamma}){sup 16}O reaction at the 3.2 MV Pelletron accelerator laboratory at Tokyo Institute of Technology to accurately determine the E1 and E2 cross sections. In this experiment, we used high efficiency anti-Compton NaI(Tl) spectrometers to detect a {gamma}-ray from the reaction with a large S/N ratio, intense pulsed {alpha}-beams to discriminate true events from background events due to neutrons from {sup 13}C({alpha}, n){sup 16}O reaction with a time-of-flight method, and the monitoring system of target thickness. We succeeded in removing a background events due to neutrons and clearly detected the {gamma}-ray from the {sup 12}C({alpha}, {gamma}){sup 16}O reaction with high statistics.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Few-Body Effects in Elastic Scattering of Light Exotic Nuclei

Elastic scattering of light weakly bound nuclei is studied within the Feshbach generalized optical model. The model explicitly takes into account the contribution of the projectile break-up continuum treated within a microscopic few-cluster model. The model is tested on deuteron and {sup 6}Li elastic scattering by different targets at intermediate energies. The generalized optical potentials are then calculated for {sup 6}He (230 MeV)+{sup 12}C reaction treating the projectile nucleus either within two-body (alpha+{sup 2}n) or three-body (alpha+n+n) approximations. The obtained differences are analyzed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Study of {sup 12}C({gamma}, 2{alpha}){sup 4}He with NewSUBARU laser Compton scattered gamma-ray beam

The {sup 16}O({gamma}, 2{alpha}){sup 4}He reaction cross section was measured in the {gamma}-ray energy range from 16 MeV up to 39 MeV using an active target method and a quasi-monochromatic {gamma}-ray beam provided at the Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry (LASTI) of the University of Hyogo. The cross section is found to be rather small in the energy region corresponding to the 2{sup +} and 4{sup +} excited states of the intermediate {sup 8}Be nucleus, while it becomes large above the energy corresponding to the {sup 8}Be 1{sup -} state, being in contrast to the latest result reported by Afanas'ev and Khodyachikh. The present result suggests the cross sections are dominated by the contributions of the 1{sup -} states in {sup 12}C which are excited with the E1 transition.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Development of activity pencil beam algorithm using measured distribution data of positron emitter nuclei generated by proton irradiation of targets containing {sup 12}C, {sup 16}O, and {sup 40}Ca nuclei in preparation of clinical application

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a new calculation algorithm that is satisfactory in terms of the requirements for both accuracy and calculation time for a simulation of imaging of the proton-irradiated volume in a patient body in clinical proton therapy. Methods: The activity pencil beam algorithm (APB algorithm), which is a new technique to apply the pencil beam algorithm generally used for proton dose calculations in proton therapy to the calculation of activity distributions, was developed as a calculation algorithm of the activity distributions formed by positron emitter nuclei generated from target nuclear fragment reactions. In the APB algorithm, activity distributions are calculated using an activity pencil beam kernel. In addition, the activity pencil beam kernel is constructed using measured activity distributions in the depth direction and calculations in the lateral direction. {sup 12}C, {sup 16}O, and {sup 40}Ca nuclei were determined as the major target nuclei that constitute a human body that are of relevance for calculation of activity distributions. In this study, ''virtual positron emitter nuclei'' was defined as the integral yield of various positron emitter nuclei generated from each target nucleus by target nuclear fragment reactions with irradiated proton beam. Compounds, namely, polyethylene, water (including some gelatin) and calcium oxide, which contain plenty of the target nuclei, were irradiated using a proton beam. In addition, depth activity distributions of virtual positron emitter nuclei generated in each compound from target nuclear fragment reactions were measured using a beam ON-LINE PET system mounted a rotating gantry port (BOLPs-RGp). The measured activity distributions depend on depth or, in other words, energy. The irradiated proton beam energies were 138, 179, and 223 MeV, and measurement time was about 5 h until the measured activity reached the background level. Furthermore, the activity pencil beam data were made using the activity pencil beam kernel, which was composed of the measured depth data and the lateral data including multiple Coulomb scattering approximated by the Gaussian function, and were used for calculating activity distributions. Results: The data of measured depth activity distributions for every target nucleus by proton beam energy were obtained using BOLPs-RGp. The form of the depth activity distribution was verified, and the data were made in consideration of the time-dependent change of the form. Time dependence of an activity distribution form could be represented by two half-lives. Gaussian form of the lateral distribution of the activity pencil beam kernel was decided by the effect of multiple Coulomb scattering. Thus, the data of activity pencil beam involving time dependence could be obtained in this study. Conclusions: The simulation of imaging of the proton-irradiated volume in a patient body using target nuclear fragment reactions was feasible with the developed APB algorithm taking time dependence into account. With the use of the APB algorithm, it was suggested that a system of simulation of activity distributions that has levels of both accuracy and calculation time appropriate for clinical use can be constructed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Solving the {sup 12}C+{sup 12}C scattering puzzle: is there the '4th elephant'?

Differential cross sections of the {sup 12}C+{sup 12}C and the {sup 13}C+{sup 12}C elastic scattering were measured at the projectile energies 240 MeV ({sup 12}C) and 250 MeV ({sup 13}C) up to the largest angles. The positions of the 1{sup st} Airy minima known from the former experiments were confirmed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Evidence for alpha-cluster condensation in the 0{sub 2}{sup +} state at E{sub x} = 7.654 MeV in {sup 12}C via the (p,p') reaction at 300 MeV

We measured the differential cross sections for the 0{sub 2}{sup +} state at E{sub x} = 7.654 MeV in {sup 12}C via the (p,p') reaction at an incident energy of 300 MeV, and in an angular range from 2.7 deg. to 40 deg. We analyzed the data with the distorted-wave Born-approximation (DWBA) employing transition densities obtained in a macroscopic collective model, a microscopic alpha-cluster model, and a microscopic alpha-cluster condensation model. It is concluded that the present results for the {sup 12}C(p,p') reaction at 300 MeV is quite consistent with the assumption that the 0{sub 2}{sup +} state at E{sub x} = 7.654 MeV has the wave function with the alpha-cluster condensation.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Ion Beam Analysis Of Silicon-Based Surfaces And Correlation With Surface Energy Measurements

The water affinity of Si-based surfaces is quantified by contact angle measurement and surface free energy to explain hydrophobic or hydrophilic behavior of silicone, silicates, and silicon surfaces. Surface defects such as dangling bonds, surface free energy including Lewis acid-base and Lifshitz-van der Waals components are discussed. Water nucleation and condensation is further explained by surface topography. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) provides statistical analysis of the topography of these Si-based surfaces. The correlation of the above two characteristics describes the behavior of water condensation at Si-based surfaces. Surface root mean square roughness increasing from several A ring to several nm is found to provide nucleation sites that expedite water condensation visibly for silica and silicone. Hydrophilic surfaces have a condensation pattern that forms puddles of water while hydrophobic surfaces form water beads. Polymer adsorption on these surfaces alters the water affinity as well as the surface topography, and therefore controls condensation on Si-based surfaces including silicone intraocular lens (IOL). The polymer film is characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) in conjunction with 4.265 MeV {sup 12}C({alpha}, {alpha}){sup 12}C, 3.045 MeV {sup 16}O({alpha},{alpha}){sup 16}O nuclear resonance scattering (NRS), and 2.8 MeV elastic recoil detection (ERD) of hydrogen for high resolution composition and areal density measurements. The areal density of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) film ranges from 10{sup 18} atom/cm{sup 2} to 10{sup 19} atom/cm{sup 2} gives the silica or silicone surface a roughness of several A ring and a wavelength of 0.16{+-}0.02 {mu}m, and prevents fogging by forming a complete wetting layer during water condensation.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

On a Missed Mechanism of Dielectron Production in Nucleon-Nucleon Collisions

We examine a new mechanism of e{sup +}e{sup -} pair production in NN collisions associated with the NN-decoupled dibaryon d{sub 1}*(1956) formation in the process NN{yields}{gamma}*d{sub 1}*, where {gamma}{sup *} is the virtual photon which converts into a e{sup +}e{sup -} pair. It is shown that a substantial excess of dielectron yields from Ca+Ca and C+C collisions at 1 GeV/A in the dielectron mass spectra in the region from 0.2 to 0.5 GeV/c{sup 2} measured by the DLS Collaboration as compared with calculated ones can be attributed to the contribution of this mechanism. A simple means for verification of the existence of such a mechanism is proposed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Measurement of the {sup 12}C({alpha},{gamma}){sup 16}O reaction at TRIAC

We have measured the {gamma}-ray angular distribution of the {sup 12}C({alpha},{gamma}){sup 16}O reaction at TRIAC (Tokai Radioactive Ion Accelerator Complex) to accurately determine the E1 and E2 cross sections. In this experiment, we used high efficiency anti-Compton NaI(T1) spectrometers to detect a {gamma}-ray from the reaction with large S/N ratio, intense pulsed {alpha}-beams to discriminate true event from background events due to neutrons from {sup 13}C({alpha},n){sup 16}O reaction with a time-of-flight (TOF) method. We succeeded in removing a background events due to neutrons and clearly detected {gamma}-ray from the {sup 12}C({alpha}{gamma}){sup 16}O reaction with high statistics.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Study of {sup 24}Mg resonances relevant for carbon burning nucleosynthesis

We have studied decays of resonances in {sup 24}Mg at excitation energies above the {sup 12}C+{sup 12}C decay threshold, using {sup 12}C({sup 16}O,α){sup 24}Mg* reaction. This experiment has been performed at INFNLNS, using Tandem accelerator beam of 16O at E = 94 MeV. Some preliminary results are presented.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Two-neutron stripping in ({sup 18}O, {sup 16}O) and (t,p) reactions

The {sup 12}C({sup 18}O,{sup 16}O){sup 14}C reactions has been investigated at 84 MeV incident energy. The charged ejectiles produced in the reaction have been momentum analyzed and identified by the MAGNEX magnetic spectrometer. Q-value spectra have been extracted with an energy resolution of 160 keV (Full Width at Half Maximum) and several known bound and resonant states of {sup 14}C have been identified up to 15 MeV. In particular, excited states with dominant 2p - 4h configuration are the most populated. The absolute values of the cross sections have been extracted showing a striking similarity with those measured for the same transitions by (t,p) reactions. This indicates that the effect of the {sup 16}O core is negligible in the reaction mechanism.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Effect of {sup 12}C+{sup 12}C reaction and convective mixing on the progenitor mass of ONe white dwarfs

Stars in the mass range ∼8 - 12 M{sub ⊙} are the most numerous massive stars. This mass range is critical because it may lead to supernova (SN) explosion, so it is important for the production of heavy elements and the chemical evolution of the galaxy. We investigate the critical transition mass (M{sub up}), which is the minimum initial stellar mass that attains the conditions for hydrostatic carbon burning. Stars of masses < M{sub up} evolve to the Asymptotic Giant Branch and then develop CO White Dwarfs, while stars of masses ≥ M{sub up} ignite carbon in a partially degenerate CO core and form electron degenerate ONe cores. These stars evolve to the Super AGB (SAGB) phase and either become progenitors of ONe White Dwarfs or eventually explode as electron-capture SN (EC-SN). We study the sensitivity of M{sub up} to the C-burning reaction rate and to the treatment of convective mixing. In particular, we show the effect of a recent determination of the {sup 12}C+{sup 12}C fusion rate, as well as the extension of the convective core during hydrogen and helium burning on M{sub up} in solar metallicity stars. We choose the 9 M{sub ⊙} model to show the detailed characteristics of the evolution with the new C-burning rate.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Multipolarity analysis for {sup 14}C high-energy resonance populated by ({sup 18}O,{sup 16}O) two-neutron transfer reaction

The {sup 12}C({sup 18}O,{sup 16}O){sup 14}C reaction at 84 MeV incident energy has been explored up to high excitation energy of the residual nucleus thanks to the use of the MAGNEX spectrometer to detect the ejectiles. In the region above the two-neutron separation energy, a resonance has been observed at 16.9 MeV. A multipolarity analysis of the cross section angular distribution indicates an L = 0 character for such a transition.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

A LARGE STELLAR EVOLUTION DATABASE FOR POPULATION SYNTHESIS STUDIES. VI. WHITE DWARF COOLING SEQUENCES

We present a new set of cooling models and isochrones for both H- and He-atmosphere white dwarfs (WDs), incorporating accurate boundary conditions from detailed model atmosphere calculations, and carbon-oxygen chemical abundance profiles based on updated stellar evolution calculations from the BaSTI stellar evolution archive-a theoretical data center for the Virtual Observatory. We discuss and quantify the uncertainties in the cooling times predicted by the models, arising from the treatment of mixing during the central H- and He-burning phases, the number of thermal pulses experienced by the progenitors, progenitor metallicity, and the {sup 12}C({alpha}, {gamma}){sup 16}O reaction rate. The largest sources of uncertainty turn out to be related to the treatment of convection during the last stages of the progenitor central He-burning phase and the {sup 12}C({alpha}, {gamma}){sup 16}O reaction rate. We compare our new models to previous calculations performed with the same stellar evolution code, and discuss their application to the estimate of the age of the solar neighborhood and the interpretation of the observed number ratios between H- and He-atmosphere WDs. The new WD sequences and an extensive set of WD isochrones that cover a large range of ages and progenitor metallicities are made publicly available at the official BaSTI Web site.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

PRODUCTION OF {sup 26}Al, {sup 44}Ti, AND {sup 60}Fe IN CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE: SENSITIVITY TO THE RATES OF THE TRIPLE ALPHA AND {sup 12}C({alpha}, {gamma}){sup 16}O REACTIONS

We have studied the sensitivity to variations in the triple alpha and {sup 12}C({alpha}, {gamma}){sup 16}O reaction rates of the production of {sup 26}Al, {sup 44}Ti, and {sup 60}Fe in core-collapse supernovae (SNe). We used the KEPLER code to model the evolution of 15 M {sub sun}, 20 M {sub sun}, and 25 M {sub sun} stars to the onset of core collapse and simulated the ensuing SN explosion using a piston model for the explosion and an explosion energy of 1.2 x 10{sup 51} erg. Calculations were performed for the Anders and Grevesse and Lodders abundances. Over a range of twice the experimental uncertainty, {sigma}, for each helium-burning rate, the production of {sup 26}Al, {sup 60}Fe, and their ratio vary by factors of 5 or more. For some species, similar variations were observed for much smaller rate changes, 0.5{sigma} or less. The production of {sup 44}Ti was less sensitive to changes in the helium-burning rates. Production of all three isotopes depended on the solar abundance set used for the initial stellar composition.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

THE {sup 12}C + {sup 12}C REACTION AND THE IMPACT ON NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN MASSIVE STARS

Despite much effort in the past decades, the C-burning reaction rate is uncertain by several orders of magnitude, and the relative strength between the different channels {sup 12}C({sup 12}C, {alpha}){sup 20}Ne, {sup 12}C({sup 12}C, p){sup 23}Na, and {sup 12}C({sup 12}C, n){sup 23}Mg is poorly determined. Additionally, in C-burning conditions a high {sup 12}C+{sup 12}C rate may lead to lower central C-burning temperatures and to {sup 13}C({alpha}, n){sup 16}O emerging as a more dominant neutron source than {sup 22}Ne({alpha}, n){sup 25}Mg, increasing significantly the s-process production. This is due to the chain {sup 12}C(p, {gamma}){sup 13}N followed by {sup 13}N({beta} +){sup 13}C, where the photodisintegration reverse channel {sup 13}N({gamma}, p){sup 12}C is strongly decreasing with increasing temperature. Presented here is the impact of the {sup 12}C+{sup 12}C reaction uncertainties on the s-process and on explosive p-process nucleosynthesis in massive stars, including also fast rotating massive stars at low metallicity. Using various {sup 12}C+{sup 12}C rates, in particular an upper and lower rate limit of {approx}50,000 higher and {approx}20 lower than the standard rate at 5 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 8} K, five 25 M {sub Sun} stellar models are calculated. The enhanced s-process signature due to {sup 13}C({alpha}, n){sup 16}O activation is considered, taking into account the impact of the uncertainty of all three C-burning reaction branches. Consequently, we show that the p-process abundances have an average production factor increased up to about a factor of eight compared with the standard case, efficiently producing the elusive Mo and Ru proton-rich isotopes. We also show that an s-process being driven by {sup 13}C({alpha}, n){sup 16}O is a secondary process, even though the abundance of {sup 13}C does not depend on the initial metal content. Finally, implications for the Sr-peak elements inventory in the solar system and at low metallicity are discussed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗