Analyzing the by-products of space research
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Fong, L. B. C.↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Terrestrial by-products of lunar oriented research in experimental petrology
Complex metal oxides, reentry temperature systems, and elastic wave propagation through rocks at elevated temperature and pressure
Azmon, E.↗
A by-product of NASA - Transfer of new technology to various sectors of the economy
Various processes of technology transfer from aerospace research to civilian economy
Whitlock, C. H., III↗
The kinetics of reaction of the by-products of ablative materials at high temperatures and the rate of heat transfer between hot surfaces and reactive gases
Research has been conducted by means of laboratory experiments to enhance understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical reactions taking place during ablative processes that accompany the reentry or manned space vehicles into planetary atmospheres. Fundamental mechanisms of those chemical reactions believed to be important in the thermal degradation of ablative plastic heat shield materials, and the gases evolved, are described.
Spokes, G. N.↗
The Effects of Controlled Environment on the Growth of Hydrogenomonas Bacteria in Continuous Cultures
The continuous culture of Hydrogenomonas is the intermediate step of a three-step closed life support cycle directed to the conversion of the human metabolic wastes, urea and carbon dioxide, into breathable oxygen and a food supplement. The potential advantages of this scheme have been discussed in an earlier paper. The other two steps of the complete cycle are: (1) The collection and recovery of the C02 removed from the cabin atmosphere by a regenerable C02 absorber, so that relatively pure C02 gas can be fed into the gas phase of the continuous culture; and (2) the electrolysis of water to produce breathable oxygen for the cabin supply, and by-product hydrogen, which is also fed to the gas phase of the closed culture vessel. There are three specific advantages in the use of this culture: (1) the bacteria use waste urea as a sole nitrogen source during growth, together with the C02 waste as a carbon source; the harvested excess of cells from a steady-state culture is a potential food for man; (2) the organism is not photosynthetic, so the equipment designer need not confine the culture in thin layers to have light available to all parts as is necessary in photosynthesis; and (3) the culture uses the by-product hydrogen from electrolysis as an energy source. Some oxygen must also be supplied to the culture environment, because the energy of the growth process is derived from the metabolic hydrogen-oxygen reaction, with the production of water that can be recycled to the electrolysis cell.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL↗
Environment hazard estimates
Emission into the atmosphere of aerospace vehicle exhaust effluents and by-products is considered by using atmospheric diffusion models to calculate downwind concentrations and dosages from various engine and solid rocket booster (SRB) exhaust by-products. A major effort is being made to gather detailed data on the chemical reactions that take place between the exhaust effluents and the atmosphere. Basic diffusion estimation formulas consider normal exhaust releases, abnormal releases, leaks, and inadvertent spills. Cloud rise formulas for use in source identification are included and meteorological inputs covered.
Kaufman, J. W.↗
The laser as a meteorological tool.
Meteorogical flowfield velocity and rocket exhaust by-product spectroscopic analysis using laser
Goldstein, I.↗
Foaming-electrolyte fuel cell
Foam structure feeds fuel gas solution into electrolyte. Fuel gas reacts at static, three-phase interface between fuel gas, electrolyte, and electrode material. The foam forms an electrical contact between main body of electrolyte and the electrode, and aids in removal of by-products of the chemical reaction.
Nanis, L.↗
Exothermic brazing units
Units are used for repairing and assembling stainless steel tubing. Heat generated by chemical reaction is used to melt brazing alloy and bonded area is not contaminated by the reactants or by-products of the reaction.
Mc Caig, J. C.↗
Measurements of the earth's airglow in the vacuum ultraviolet
A valuable by-product of the OAO-2 astronomy mission has been the first extensive set of measurements of the earth's airglow between 1000 and 3000 A. These measurements, made with the Wisconsin experiment package, provide clues to the structure and chemistry of the upper atmosphere. The most significant results from these observations are: (1) the detailed altitude profile of the emissions from the dark and sunlit earth limb; and (2) the confirmation of recent theories concerning the source of the dayglow radiation between 1350 and 1700 A.
Waters, C. R.↗
Sensing land pollution.
Land pollution is described in numerous ways by various societies. Pollutants of land are material by-products of human activity and range from environmentally ineffective to positively toxic. The pollution of land by man is centuries old and correlates directly with economy, technology and population. In order to remotely sense land pollution, standards or thresholds must be established. Examples of the potential for sensing land pollution and quality are presented. The technological capabilities for remotely sensed land quality is far advanced over the judgment on how to use the sensed data. Until authoritative and directive decisions on land pollution policy are made, sensing of pollutants will be a random, local and academic affair.
Bowden, L. W.↗
Determination of mean surface position and sea state from the radar return of a short-pulse satellite altimeter
Using the specular point theory of scatter from a very rough surface, the average backscatter cross section per unit area per radar cell width is derived for a cell located at a given height above the mean sea surface. This result is then applied to predict the average radar cross section observed by a short-pulse altimeter as a function of time for two modes of operation: pulse-limited and beam-limited configurations. For a pulse-limited satellite altimeter, a family of curves is calculated showing the distortion of the leading edge of the receiver output signal as a function of sea state (i.e., wind speed). A signal processing scheme is discussed that permits an accurate determination of the mean surface position--even in high seas--and, as a by-product, the estimation of the significant seawave height (or wind speed above the surface). Comparison of these analytical results with experimental data for both pulse-limited and beam-limited operation lends credence to the model. Such a model should aid in the design of short-pulse altimeters for accurate determination of the geoid over the oceans, as well as for the use of such altimeters for orbital sea-state monitoring.
Barrick, D. E.↗
Application of remote sensor data to geologic analysis of the Bonanza test site, Colorado
A variety of remote sensor data has aided geologic mapping in central Colorado. This report summarizes the application of sensor data to both regional and local geologic mapping and presents some conclusions on the practical use of remote sensing for solving geologic mapping problems. It is emphasized that this study was not conducted primarily to test or evaluate remote sensing systems or data, but, rather, to apply sensor data as an accessory tool for geologic mapping. The remote sensor data used were acquired by the NASA Earth Observations Aircraft Program. Conclusions reached on the utility of the various sensor data and interpretation techniques for geologic mapping were by-products of attempts to use them.
Lee, K.↗
The V-3 contamination test of the chamber A facility and a subsequent cryogenic/vacuum study of the V-3 test quartz crystal microbalance
The areas of orbital and ground contamination of flight experiment hardware have been well established. This report relates directly to results of vacuum chamber testing for the ground evaluation of flight experiment hardware performance. First, the data obtained during the V-3 contamination testing in the Johnson Space Center's Chamber A space simulation test facility are presented. Second, during the V-3 contamination tests, the MSFC Space Sciences Laboratory's quartz crystal microbalance exhibited two periods of anomalous readings. Therefore, a subsequent small chamber tests was conducted in a controlled cryogenic/vacuum environment. The objective was to reproduce with known parameters the anomalous behavior patterns of the V-3 test data. Analyses of the anomalous readings are made on the basis of these tests. Additionally, as a by-product of the small chamber tests, calibration curves then existing for the quartz crystal microbalance were empirically extended, and certain data-formatting aids were documented.
Moore, W. W., Jr.↗
On the controllability of a class of discrete bilinear systems.
The subject of this paper is the controllability of a class of time invariant discrete bilinear systems. Bilinear systems are classified into two categories: homogeneous and inhomogeneous. Necessity as well as the sufficiency results are obtained by means of decomposing the bilinear system into a linear system and a multiplicative feedback. By-products of the decomposition are the notions of multiplicative feedback compensation and the multiplicative feedback with bias compensation which may prove to be alternatives for the classical linear feedback compensation.
Goka, T.↗
Neutral winds above 200 km at high latitudes.
Electrically neutral, luminous clouds are a by-product of chemical releases conducted to create barium ion clouds for the measurement of electric fields. Wind measurements provided by the motions of these clouds are particularly valuable in that the motions can be directly compared with convective ion drift motions to test the importance of ion drag forces. Motion from multiple releases between 200 and 300 km from 15 rockets launched from four high-latitude locations is analyzed in this paper. The observations in the evening and midnight hours at magnetic latitudes above 65 deg strongly suggest that in these regions ion drag is the dominant force in driving neutral winds between 200 and 300 km. In the morning sector, it is evident that neutral wind observations cannot be directly interpreted in terms of ion drag; other factors must be considered.
Meriwether, J. W.↗
Prediction of engine exhaust concentrations downwind from the Delta-Thor Telsat-A launch of 9 November 1972
Results are presented of the downwind concentrations of engine exhaust by-products from the Delta-Thor Telsat-A vehicle launched from Cape Kennedy, Florida on November 9, 1972 (2014 EST). The meteorological conditions which existed are identified as well as the exhaust cloud rise and the results from the MSFC Multilayer Diffusion Model calculations. These predictions are compared to exhaust cloud sampled data acquired by the Langley Research Center personnel. Values of the surface level concentrations show that very little hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, or aluminum oxide reached the ground.
Kaufman, J. W.↗
Synthesis of multiple shaped beam antenna patterns
Results are presented of research into the problem of finding an excitation of a given antenna such that the desired radiation pattern is approximated to within acceptable limits. This is to be done in such a fashion that boundary conditions involving hardware limitations may be inserted into the problem. The intended application is synthesis of multiple shaped beam antennas. Since this is perhaps the most difficult synthesis problem an antenna engineer is likely to encounter, the approach taken was to include as a by-product capability for synthesizing simpler patterns. The synthesis technique has been almost totally computerized. The class of antennas which may be synthesized with the computer program are those which may be represented as planar (continuous or discrete) current distributions. The technique is not limited in this sense and could indeed by extended to include, for example, the synthesis of conformal arrays or current distributions on the surface of reflectors. The antenna types which the program is set up to synthesize are: line source, rectangular aperture, circular aperture, linear array, rectangular array, and arbitrary planar array.
Stutzman, W. L.↗