Bose-einstein condensation in narrow channels.
Bose-Einstein gas model to investigate transition temperature of liquid helium in narrow channels
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “BOSE-EINSTEIN GAS”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Equilibrium polymerization on the equivalent-neighbor lattice
The equilibrium polymerization problem is solved exactly on the equivalent-neighbor lattice. The Flory-Huggins (Flory, 1986) entropy of mixing is exact for this lattice. The discrete version of the n-vector model is verified when n approaches 0 is equivalent to the equal reactivity polymerization process in the whole parameter space, including the polymerized phase. The polymerization processes for polymers satisfying the Schulz (1939) distribution exhibit nonuniversal critical behavior. A close analogy is found between the polymerization problem of index the Schulz r and the Bose-Einstein ideal gas in d = -2r dimensions, with the critical polymerization corresponding to the Bose-Einstein condensation.
Kaufman, Miron↗
Coherent multiple scattering of out-of-equilibrium interacting Bose gases
We review recent theoretical and experimental progresses in the coherent multiple scattering of weakly interacting disordered Bose gases. These systems have allowed, in the recent years, a characterization of weak and strong localization phenomena in disorder at an unprecedented level of control. In this paper, we first discuss the main physical concepts and recent experimental achievements associated with a few emblematic “mesoscopic” effects in disorder like coherent backscattering, coherent forward scattering or mesoscopic echos, focusing on the context of out-of-equilibrium cold-atom setups. We then address the role of weak particle interactions and explain how, depending on their relative strength with respect to the disorder and on the time scales probed, they can give rise to a dephasing mechanism for weak localization, thermalize a non-equilibrium Bose gas or make it become a superfluid.
74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
Benchmarking the multiconfigurational Hartree method by the exact wavefunction of two harmonically trapped bosons with contact interaction
Highlights: • Comparison of exact and numerical single-particle density matrices. • Benchmark for multiconfigurational Hartree. • Convergence for large number of orbitals. We consider two bosons in a one-dimensional harmonic trap, interacting by a contact potential, and compare the exact solution of this problem to a self-consistent numerical solution by using the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) method. We thereby benchmark the predictions of the MCTDH method with a few-body problem that has an analytical solution for the most commonly experimentally realized interaction potential in ultracold quantum gases. It is found that exact ground state energy and first order correlations are accurately reproduced by MCTDH up to the intermediate dimensionless coupling strengths corresponding to typical background scattering lengths of magnetically trapped ultracold dilute Bose gases. For larger couplings, established for example by (a combination of) Feshbach resonances and optical trapping, the MCTDH approach overestimates the depth of the trap-induced correlation dip of first order correlations in position space, as well as overestimates the fragmentation, defined as the average relative occupation of orbitals other than the energetically lowest one. We anticipate that qualitatively similar features in the correlation function may arise for larger particle numbers, paving the way for a quantitative assessment of the accuracy of MCTDH by experiments with ultracold atoms.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
The repulsive Casimir-type forces in binary mixture of weakly interacting Bose–Einstein condensates gases
Highlights: • The equations of the state of a binary mixture weakly interacting Bose gases are established based on the Lagrangian of the system. • The formulae of the Casimir-type energy and the resulting Casimir-type force are produced from the quantum part of the grand canonical energy. • The results for the Casimir-type effect in the one-field case can be re-obtained by using the results of the two-field case. Within the framework of the quantum field theory (QFT) in the one-loop approximation, we investigate the Casimir-type effect in a mixture of two-component weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) gases confined between two parallel plates at zero temperature. The Casimir-type forces in the miscible state of BECs for different boundary conditions (BCs) are discovered and compared to each other. The repulsive nature of the Casimir-type force in BECs is defined for the first time. Our calculations are finished in both grand canonical ensemble (GCE) and canonical ensemble (CE).
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Hard-sphere fluid in infinite dimensions
The exact Mayer series is derived for the pressure, density, and equation of state of a hard-sphere fluid in the limit of infinite space dimensions D. The Mayer series can be analytically continued into the full (cut) activity plane, and there is no sign of a phase transition. The quantum-mechanical system is also treated. For D = infinity, the fluid behaves like an ideal Bose gas and undergoes a Bose-Einstein condensation.
Wyler, D.↗
Simulating cosmological evolution by quantum quench of an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate
In cosmological evolution, it is the homogeneous scalar field (inflaton) that drives the universe to expand isotropically and to generate standard model particles. However, to simulate cosmology, atomic gas research has focused on the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) with continuously applied forces. In this paper we argue that a complementary approach needs also to be pursued; we thus consider the analog BEC experiments in a nondriven and naturally closed atomic system. We implement this using a BEC in an optical lattice which, after a quench, freely transitions from an unstable to a stable state. Furthermore, this dynamical evolution displays the counterpart “preheating,” “reheating,” and “thermalization” phases of cosmology. Importantly, our studies of these analog processes yield tractable analytic models. Additionally, of great utility to the cold atom community, such understanding elucidates the dynamics of nonadiabatic condensate preparation. Indeed, the dynamical processes discussed here are generic and in future cold atom reequilibration experiments it will be important to observe both the preheating stage, corresponding to a fragmented condensate, and the reheating stage, corresponding to a particle cloud.
74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
Quantum dynamics of cold atomic gas with SU(1,1) symmetry
Motivated by recent advances in quantum dynamics, we investigate the dynamics of the system with SU(1,1) symmetry. Instead of performing the time-ordered integral for the evolution operator of the time-dependent Hamiltonian, we show that the time evolution operator can be expressed as an SU(1,1) group element. Since the SU(1,1) group describes the “rotation” on a hyperbolic surface, the dynamics can be visualized on a Poincaré disk, a stereographic projection of the upper hyperboloid. As an example, we present the trajectory of the revival of Bose-Einstein condensation and that of the scale-invariant Fermi gas on the Poincaré disk. Further considering quantum gases in an oscillating lattice, we also study the dynamics of the system with time-dependent single-particle dispersion.
74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
Signatures of the exciton gas phase and its condensation in monolayer 1T-ZrTe 2
The excitonic insulator (EI) is a Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of excitons bound by electron-hole interaction in a solid, which could support high-temperature BEC transition. The material realization of EI has been challenged by the difficulty of distinguishing it from a conventional charge density wave (CDW) state. In the BEC limit, the preformed exciton gas phase is a hallmark to distinguish EI from conventional CDW, yet direct experimental evidence has been lacking. Here we report a distinct correlated phase beyond the 2×2 CDW ground state emerging in monolayer 1T-ZrTe 2 and its investigation by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The results show novel band- and energy-dependent folding behavior in a two-step process, which is the signatures of an exciton gas phase prior to its condensation into the final CDW state. Our findings provide a versatile two-dimensional platform that allows tuning of the excitonic effect.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Lattice quantum chromodynamics at large isospin density
We present an algorithm to compute correlation functions for systems with the quantum numbers of many identical mesons from lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The algorithm is numerically stable and allows for the computation of n-pion correlation functions for n ϵ {1, … , N} using a single N × N matrix decomposition, improving on previous algorithms. We apply the algorithm to calculations of correlation functions with up to 6144 charged pions using two ensembles of gauge field configurations generated with quark masses corresponding to a pion mass m π = 170 MeV and spacetime volumes of (4.4 3 × 8.8) fm 4 and (5.8 3 × 11.6) fm 4 . We also discuss statistical techniques for the analysis of such systems, in which the correlation functions vary over many orders of magnitude. In particular, we observe that the many-pion correlation functions are well-approximated by log-normal distributions, allowing the extraction of the energies of these systems. Using these energies, the large-isospin-density, zero-baryon-density region of the QCD phase diagram is explored. A peak is observed in the energy density at an isospin chemical potential μ I ~ 1.5m π , signaling the transition into a Bose-Einstein condensed phase. The isentropic speed of sound, c s , in the medium is seen to exceed the ideal-gas (conformal) limit ($c^{2}_{s} ≤ 1/3)$ over a wide range of chemical potential before falling towards the asymptotic expectation at μ I ~ 15m π . These, and other thermodynamic observables, indicate that the isospin chemical potential must be large for the system to be well described by an ideal gas or perturbative QCD.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Magic Gap Ratio for Optimally Robust Fermionic Condensation and Its Implications for High- $T_c$ Superconductivity
Bardeen-Schrieffer-Cooper (BCS) and Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) occur at opposite limits of a continuum of pairing interaction strength between fermions. A crossover between these limits is readily observed in a cold atomic Fermi gas. Whether it occurs in other systems such as the high temperature superconducting cuprates has remained an open question. We uncover here unambiguous evidence for a BCS-BEC crossover in the cuprates by identifying a universal magic gap ratio 2Δ/k B T c ≈ 6.5 (where Δ is the pairing gap and T c is the transition temperature) at which paired fermion condensates become optimally robust. At this gap ratio, corresponding to the unitary point in a cold atomic Fermi gas, the measured condensate fraction N0 and the height of the jump δγ(T c ) in the coefficient γ of the fermionic specific heat at T c are strongly peaked. In the cuprates, δγ(T c ) is peaked at this gap ratio when Δ corresponds to the antinodal spectroscopic gap, thus reinforcing its interpretation as the pairing gap. We find the peak in δγ(T c ) also to coincide with a normal state maximum in γ, which is indicative of a pairing fluctuation pseudogap above T c .
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Generation of a Cold Atom Beam from a Pyramidal Magneto-Optical Trap
Techniques to generate cold atom beams are of great interest in a variety of applications, from atomic frequency standards and atom optics to experimental studies of Bose-Einstein condensation. Cold atom beams have been produced by slowing thermal atomic beams using the Zeeman-slowing technique or chirped lasers, or using laser-cooling techniques to extract a slow atomic beam from the background gas in a low-pressure vapor cell. These laser-cooling techniques include "atomic funnels" or two-dimensional magneto-optical traps, as well as a variation of the conventional vapor cell magneto-optical trap called the "low-velocity intense source" (LVIS). Variations of the LVIS have been realized with unique trap geometries such as conical or pyramidal mirror traps. The present work implements a simple and robust design based on the pyramidal trap geometry and allows use of a single large diameter (<less than or = 20 cm) laser beam to obtain large capture rates of atoms from the background vapor. The four 45 deg mirrors are truncated just before the apex of the pyramid, and the 1 sq cm region at the center of the incident laser beam is retro-reflected by lambda /4 plate with a high-reflectance gold coating on the second surface. A small (1 mm diameter) hole in this retro-optic forms an extraction column for the atoms while maintaining a low conductance between the source region and an adjacent UHV chamber.
Kohel, J.↗
NASA Tech Briefs, February 2003
opics covered include: Integrated Electrode Arrays for Neuro-Prosthetic Implants; Eroding Potentiometers; Common/Dependent-Pressure-Vessel Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries; 120-GHz HEMT Oscillator With Surface-Wave-Assisted Antenna; 80-GHz MMIC HEMT Voltage-Controlled Oscillator; High-Energy-Density Capacitors; Microscale Thermal-Transpiration Gas Pump; Instrument for Measuring Temperature of Water; Improved Measurement of Coherence in Presence of Instrument Noise; Compact Instruments Measure Helium-Leak Rates; Irreversible Entropy Production in Two-Phase Mixing Layers; Subsonic and Supersonic Effects in Bose-Einstein Condensate; Nanolaminate Mirrors With "Piston" Figure-Control Actuators; Mixed Conducting Electrodes for Better AMTEC Cells; Process for Encapsulating Protein Crystals; Lightweight, Self-Deployable Wheels; Grease-Resistant O Rings for Joints in Solid Rocket Motors; LabVIEW Serial Driver Software for an Electronic Load; Software Computes Tape-Casting Parameters; Software for Tracking Costs of Mars Projects; Software for Replicating Data Between X.500 and LDAP Directories; The Technical Work Plan Tracking Tool; Improved Multiple-DOF SAW Piezoelectric Motors; Propulsion Flight-Test Fixture; Mechanical Amplifier for a Piezoelectric Transducer; Swell Sleeves for Testing Explosive Devices; Linear Back-Drive Differentials; Miniature Inchworm Actuators Fabricated by Use of LIGA; Using ERF Devices to Control Deployments of Space Structures; High-Temperature Switched-Reluctance Electric Motor; System for Centering a Turbofan in a Nacelle During Tests; Fabricating Composite-Material Structures Containing SMA Ribbons; Optimal Feedback Control of Thermal Networks; Artifacts for Calibration of Submicron Width Measurements; Navigating a Mobile Robot Across Terrain Using Fuzzy Logic; Designing Facilities for Collaborative Operations; and Quantitating Iron in Serum Ferritin by Use of ICP-MS.
Source record↗
Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
The basic thermodynamic properties of gases are reviewed and the relations between them are derived from the first and second laws. The elements of statistical mechanics are then formulated and the partition function is derived. The classical form of the partition function is used to obtain the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of kinetic energies in the gas phase and the equipartition of energy theorem is given in its most general form. The thermodynamic properties are all derived as functions of the partition function. Quantum statistics are reviewed briefly and the differences between the Boltzmann distribution function for classical particles and the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions for quantum particles are discussed.
Source record↗
Experiments with Ultracold Quantum-degenerate Fermionic Lithium Atoms
Experimental methods of laser and evaporative cooling, used in the production of atomic Bose-Einstein condensates have recently been extended to realize quantum degeneracy in trapped Fermi gases. Fermi gases are a new rich system to explore the implications of Pauli exclusion on scattering properties of the system, and ultimately fermionic superfluidity. We have produced a new macroscopic quantum system, in which a degenerate Li-6 Fermi gas coexists with a large and stable Na-23 BEC. This was accomplished using inter-species sympathetic cooling of fermionic 6Li in a thermal bath of bosonic Na-23. We have achieved high numbers of both fermions (less than 10(exp 5) and bosons (less than 10(exp 6), and Li-6 quantum degeneracy corresponding to one half of the Fermi temperature. This is the first time that a Fermi sea was produced with a condensate as a "refrigerator".
Ketterle, Wolfgang↗
Turbulent Relaxation to Equilibrium in a Two-Dimensional Quantum Vortex Gas
Not Available
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Boosting engine performance with Bose–Einstein condensation
Abstract At low-temperatures a gas of bosons will undergo a phase transition into a quantum state of matter known as a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC), in which a large fraction of the particles will occupy the ground state simultaneously. Here we explore the performance of an endoreversible Otto cycle operating with a harmonically confined Bose gas as the working medium. We analyze the engine operation in three regimes, with the working medium in the BEC phase, in the gas phase, and driven across the BEC transition during each cycle. We find that the unique properties of the BEC phase allow for enhanced engine performance, including increased power output and higher efficiency at maximum power.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Rotating quantum turbulence in the unitary Fermi gas
Quantized vortices carry the angular momentum in rotating superfluids, and are key to the phenomenon of quantum turbulence. Advances in ultracold-atom technology enable quantum turbulence to be studied in regimes with both experimental and theoretical control, unlike the original contexts of superfluid helium experiments. While much work has been performed with bosonic systems, detailed studies of fermionic quantum turbulence are nascent, despite wide applicability to other contexts such as rotating neutron stars. In this paper, we present a large-scale study of quantum turbulence in rotating fermionic superfluids using an accurate time-dependent density functional theory called the superfluid local density approximation. We identify two different modes of turbulent decay in the dynamical equilibration of a rotating fermionic superfluid, and contrast these results with a computationally simpler description provided by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which we find can qualitatively reproduce these decay mechanisms if dissipation is explicitly included. These results demonstrate that dissipation mechanisms intrinsic to fermionic superfluids play a key role in differentiating fermionic from bosonic turbulence, which manifests by enhanced damping of Kelvin waves.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗