High-Magnification Long-Working Distance Plenoptic Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS).
Abstract not provided.
Guildenbecher, Daniel Robert↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “BOS”
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Materials Data on Th(BOs)2 by Materials Project
Th(BOs)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_2/n space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four thorium molecules and eight BOs clusters. In each BOs cluster, Os2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B atom. The Os–B bond length is 1.78 Å. B is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Os2- atom.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Does geography matter? A study of technological learning and innovation in the U.S. Solar photovoltaic balance-of-systems (PV BOS) industry
Different learning channels (i.e., learning from upstream actors, local network, global codified knowledge, etc.) coexist in firms’ technological innovation processes. Although firms are exposed to globalization and convenient communication and transportation tools, researchers still argue about the role of geography in technology innovation. Geographic proximity can facilitate knowledge spillover and network-building. Localized learning and the significance of geography indicate the importance of local knowledge in innovative activities. Local knowledge tends to be more closely aligned with local firms’ technological demand and easier to understand and absorb, because they are created and applied in the same context. However, following Schumpeter, innovation researchers believe that diverse knowledge, especially knowledge from external industries and geographically distant places, is a valuable source for innovation, especially disruptive innovation. Therefore, firms must balance different learning channels, especially between localized learning and global learning. However, it is still unclear about the extent to which localized learning is important for technology innovations and which factors influence the degree of localized learning. Meanwhile, most studies in the area of localized learning usually take no account of the international dimension and the interdependent of knowledge at different geographic scales. Different learning channels (i.e., learning from upstream actors, local network, global codified knowledge, etc.) coexist in firms’ technological innovation processes. Although firms are exposed to globalization and convenient communication and transportation tools, researchers still argue about the role of geography in technology innovation. Geographic proximity can facilitate knowledge spillover and network-building. Localized learning and the significance of geography indicate the importance of local knowledge in innovative activities. Local knowledge tends to be more closely aligned with local firms’ technological demand and easier to understand and absorb, because they are created and applied in the same context. However, following Schumpeter, innovation researchers believe that diverse knowledge, especially knowledge from external industries and geographically distant places, is a valuable source for innovation, especially disruptive innovation. Therefore, firms must balance different learning channels, especially between localized learning and global learning. However, it is still unclear about the extent to which localized learning is important for technology innovations and which factors influence the degree of localized learning. Meanwhile, most studies in the area of localized learning usually take no account of the international dimension and the interdependent of knowledge at different geographic scales. To address this research gap, this paper empirically investigated firms’ learning and innovation processes in relation to the geography. The aim is to answer the following three questions: 1) how does geographic distance influence knowledge spillover; 2) how technological characteristics influence knowledge acquisition choices as regards local vs. non-local knowledge? and 3) how do local and non-local knowledge affect the quality of innovation? The subject of our empirical inquiry is photovoltaic balance-of-systems (PV BOS) components. This choice is primarily motivated by two factors: (1) large-scale deployment of distributed solar PV technologies is widely considered to be an important piece in addressing the environmental impacts of the electricity sector, making PV an important technology to study; furthermore, there is a general consensus that the biggest barrier for a wider deployment of PV is the high price of non-module components, and (2) technological aspects of non-module components of PV systems make local conditions (climate, regulation, learning networks, etc.) salient, thus affording a rich empirical setting to explore the geography-innovation-economy interactions at the local level. We find that the localization effect of technological learning in the solar PV BOS industry is at state level, the number of citations-based linkages decreases with distance, and we also find that international knowledge significantly contributes to the quality of patents, which suggests that state border might be a barrier of current knowledge spillover, and only focusing on local innovation networks is not sufficient for promoting PV BOS innovation.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Dot tracking methodology for background-oriented schlieren (BOS)
We propose here a dot tracking methodology for processing background-oriented schlieren (BOS) images. The technique improves the accuracy, precision and spatial resolution compared to conventional cross-correlation algorithms. Our methodology utilizes the prior information about the dot pattern such as the location, size and number of dots to provide near 100% yield even for high dot densities (20 dots/32 × 32 pixels) and is robust to image noise. Furthermore, we propose an improvement to the displacement estimation step in the tracking process, especially for noisy images, using a “correlation correction”, whereby we combine the spatial resolution benefit of the tracking method and the smoothing property of the correlation method to increase the dynamic range of the overall measurement process. We evaluate the performance of the method with synthetic BOS images of buoyancy-driven turbulence rendered using ray-tracing simulations, and experimental images of flow in the exit plane of a converging–diverging nozzle. The results show that the improved spatial resolution results in a better accuracy of the tracking method compared to correlation-based methods in regions with sharp displacement gradients, and the correlation correction step reduces the noise floor of the measurement, resulting in a fourfold improvement in the dynamic range.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Materials Data on BOs by Materials Project
BOs is Tungsten Carbide structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P-6m2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Os3+ is bonded to six equivalent B3- atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner, edge, and face-sharing OsB6 pentagonal pyramids. All Os–B bond lengths are 2.21 Å. B3- is bonded to six equivalent Os3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner, edge, and face-sharing BOs6 pentagonal pyramids.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
HybridBOSSE (Hybrid Balance-of-System (BOS) Systems Engineering Model)
Hybrid Power Plants (HPPs) have the potential to increase the value of renewable energy systems and decrease their costs through shared development (e.g., permitting) and infrastructure (e.g., collection system). Prior work has identified potential cost savings and technical and economic performance improvements for solar plus storage plants. However, additional research is needed to understand cost drivers that are specific to hybrid wind plants. Here we analyze the potential for shared infrastructure cost savings at one type of hybrid plant: wind plus solar photovoltaic (PV). To perform this analysis, we developed a new open-source, Python-based cost modeling tool: the Hybrid Balance-of-System (BOS) Systems Engineering model (HybridBOSSE). HybridBOSSE is an extension of NREL's LandBOSSE tool.
Barker, Aaron↗
OffshoreBOS (Offshore Wind Balance-of-Station (BOS) Model) "S" was originally "System" [SWR-16-27]
+++ This repository was archived by the owner on May 4, 2020. It is now read-only. +++ An offshore balance of station (BOS) model for estimating the costs in assembly, installation, financing, and decommissioning of offshore wind plants.
Maness, Michael↗
Materials Data on Nd(BOs)4 by Materials Project
Nd(OsB)4 is alpha Pu-derived structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_2/n space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Nd2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Os2- atoms. There are four shorter (3.22 Å) and four longer (3.23 Å) Nd–Os bond lengths. Os2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Nd2+ and four equivalent B+1.50+ atoms. There are a spread of Os–B bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.19 Å. B+1.50+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Os2- atoms.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Pr(BOs)2 by Materials Project
Pr(OsB)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fddd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pr3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Os+1.50- atoms. All Pr–Os bond lengths are 3.06 Å. Os+1.50- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Pr3+ and four equivalent B atoms. There are two shorter (2.10 Å) and two longer (2.18 Å) Os–B bond lengths. B is bonded to four equivalent Os+1.50- atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing BOs4 trigonal pyramids.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Sm(BOs)2 by Materials Project
Sm(OsB)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fddd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sm3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Os+1.50- atoms. All Sm–Os bond lengths are 3.03 Å. Os+1.50- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Sm3+ and four equivalent B atoms. There are two shorter (2.09 Å) and two longer (2.18 Å) Os–B bond lengths. B is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Os+1.50- atoms.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Sm(BOs)4 by Materials Project
Sm(OsB)4 is alpha Pu-derived structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_2/n space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sm2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Os2- atoms. There are four shorter (3.21 Å) and four longer (3.22 Å) Sm–Os bond lengths. Os2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Sm2+ and four equivalent B+1.50+ atoms. There are a spread of Os–B bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.18 Å. B+1.50+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Os2- atoms.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Ce(BOs)2 by Materials Project
CeOs2B2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fddd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ce3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Os+1.50- atoms. All Ce–Os bond lengths are 3.01 Å. Os+1.50- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ce3+ and four equivalent B atoms. There are two shorter (2.09 Å) and two longer (2.17 Å) Os–B bond lengths. B is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Os+1.50- atoms.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Ce(BOs)4 by Materials Project
CeOs4B4 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_2/n space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ce3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Os+0.75- atoms. There are four shorter (3.20 Å) and four longer (3.22 Å) Ce–Os bond lengths. Os+0.75- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ce3+ and four equivalent B atoms. There are a spread of Os–B bond distances ranging from 2.13–2.19 Å. B is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Os+0.75- and one B atom. The B–B bond length is 1.79 Å.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on La(BOs)2 by Materials Project
La(OsB)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fddd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. La3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Os+1.50- atoms. All La–Os bond lengths are 3.06 Å. Os+1.50- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent La3+ and four equivalent B atoms. There are two shorter (2.11 Å) and two longer (2.18 Å) Os–B bond lengths. B is bonded to four equivalent Os+1.50- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing BOs4 trigonal pyramids.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Th(BOs)4 by Materials Project
Th(OsB)4 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_2/n space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Th4+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Os1- atoms. All Th–Os bond lengths are 3.23 Å. Os1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Th4+ and four equivalent B atoms. There are a spread of Os–B bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.19 Å. B is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Os1- and one B atom. The B–B bond length is 1.80 Å.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Th(BOs)2 by Materials Project
Th(OsB)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fddd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Th4+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Os2- atoms. All Th–Os bond lengths are 3.04 Å. Os2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Th4+ and four equivalent B atoms. There are two shorter (2.10 Å) and two longer (2.18 Å) Os–B bond lengths. B is bonded to four equivalent Os2- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing BOs4 trigonal pyramids.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on U(BOs)4 by Materials Project
U(OsB)4 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4_1/acd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. U6+ is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to twelve equivalent Os+1.50- atoms. There are a spread of U–Os bond distances ranging from 2.93–3.27 Å. Os+1.50- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three equivalent U6+ and five equivalent B atoms. There are a spread of Os–B bond distances ranging from 2.16–2.28 Å. B is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to five equivalent Os+1.50- and one B atom. The B–B bond length is 1.77 Å.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on La2Al(BOs)2 by Materials Project
La2Al(OsB)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent La3+ sites. In the first La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to one Os+1.50- and five B3- atoms. The La–Os bond length is 3.20 Å. There are a spread of La–B bond distances ranging from 2.77–3.03 Å. In the second La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four B3- atoms. There are a spread of La–B bond distances ranging from 2.88–3.11 Å. There are two inequivalent Os+1.50- sites. In the first Os+1.50- site, Os+1.50- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Al3+ and two B3- atoms. There are a spread of Os–Al bond distances ranging from 2.65–2.77 Å. There are one shorter (2.02 Å) and one longer (2.13 Å) Os–B bond lengths. In the second Os+1.50- site, Os+1.50- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one La3+, one Al3+, and three B3- atoms. The Os–Al bond length is 2.58 Å. There are one shorter (2.01 Å) and two longer (2.13 Å) Os–B bond lengths. Al3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Os+1.50- atoms. There are two inequivalent B3- sites. In the first B3- site, B3- is bonded to five La3+ and two Os+1.50- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing BLa5Os2 pentagonal bipyramids. In the second B3- site, B3- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to four La3+ and three Os+1.50- atoms.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗