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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

A new approach to the generalization of Planck’s law of black-body radiation

Highlights: A new approximation approach to generalized Planck’s radiation law has been developed. Average energy of radiation derived using the nonextensive partition function. The spectral energy density and spectral radiance have been computed. The present approach has been compared with approximate schemes and the exact method. Deviations of present approach and AA and FA schemes from exact result computed. -- Abstract: In this study, Planck’s law of black-body radiation has been modified within the framework of nonextensive statistical mechanics. The average energy of radiation has been derived by introducing the nonextensive partition function in the statistical relation of internal energy. The spectral energy density and spectral radiance have also been computed. The derived expression has been compared with the earlier developed approximate schemes (i.e. asymptotic approach and factorization approach) and with the recently obtained exact result. We utilize the exact and approximate Stefan–Boltzmann laws in order to compare with the new approach introduced here.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Solar thermoelectric generator

Solar thermoelectric generators (STEGs) are solid state heat engines that generate electricity from concentrated sunlight. A novel detailed balance model for STEGs is provided and applied to both state-of-the-art and idealized materials. STEGs can produce electricity by using sunlight to heat one side of a thermoelectric generator. While concentrated sunlight can be used to achieve extremely high temperatures (and thus improved generator efficiency), the solar absorber also emits a significant amount of black body radiation. This emitted light is the dominant loss mechanism in these generators. In this invention, we propose a solution to this problem that eliminates virtually all of the emitted black body radiation. This enables solar thermoelectric generators to operate at higher efficiency and achieve said efficient with lower levels of optical concentration. The solution is suitable for both single and dual axis solar thermoelectric generators.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Statistical mechanics based on fractional classical and quantum mechanics

The purpose of this work is to study some problems in statistical mechanics based on the fractional classical and quantum mechanics. At first stage we have presented the thermodynamical properties of the classical ideal gas and the system of N classical oscillators. In both cases, the Hamiltonian contains fractional exponents of the phase space (position and momentum). At the second stage, in the context of the fractional quantum mechanics, we have calculated the thermodynamical properties for the black body radiation, studied the Bose-Einstein statistics with the related problem of the condensation and the Fermi-Dirac statistics.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Detailed balance limit of power conversion efficiency for organic photovoltaics

A fundamental difference between inorganic photovoltaic (IPV) and organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells is that charges are generated at the interface in OPV cells, while free charges can be generated in the bulk in IPV cells. In OPV cells, charge generation involves intrinsic energy losses to dissociate excitons at the interface between the donor and acceptor. By taking into account the energy losses, we show the theoretical limits of the power conversion efficiency set by radiative recombination of the carriers on the basis of the detailed balance relation between radiation from the cell and black-body radiation.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

An experimental platform for investigation of the Zeeman effect in strong magnetic fields

An experimental platform is developed for the investigation of the Zeeman effect in strong magnetic fields. Mega-Gauss magnetic fields are generated by a 1 MA Zebra pulsed power machine using metal rod loads. A gas jet or CH oil on the load is the source of hydrogen. Excited hydrogen atoms are backlit by black body radiation from the rod load. Hydrogen absorption spectra are recorded with a grating spectrometer and intensified gated CCD camera. Furthermore, the experimental platform enables the observation of the quadratic Zeeman effect in hydrogen gas jets using the spectral shift of the central line in the Zeeman triplet. Other gases can be studied using the gas jet method.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2016

Hydrogen axion star: metallic hydrogen bound to a QCD axion BEC

As a cold dark matter candidate, the QCD axion may form Bose-Einstein condensates, called axion stars, with masses around 10 -11 M⊙ . In this paper, we point out that a brand new astrophysical object, a Hydrogen Axion Star (HAS), may well be formed by ordinary baryonic matter becoming gravitationally bound to an axion star. Here, we study the properties of the HAS and nd that the hydrogen cloud has a high pressure and temperature in the center and is likely in the liquid metallic hydrogen state. Because of the high particle number densities for both the axion star and the hydrogen cloud, the feeble interaction between axion and hydrogen can still generate enough internal power, around 10 13 W (m a /=5 meV) 4 , to make these objects luminous point sources. Furthermore, high resolution ultraviolet, optical and infrared telescopes can discover HAS via black-body radiation.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Investigation of temperature approximation methods during flash sintering of ZnO

The lattice expansion in ZnO, using in-situ X ray diffraction, has been investigated during flash sintering with varying current densities. While current flow through the specimen enhances the kinetics of sintering for ZnO, the temperature is not high enough to claim thermal runaway or localized melting. Unlike the case of yttria stabilized zirconia [1,2], experimental temperature approximations predict comparable specimen temperature to conventional sintering temperature of ZnO. Microstructural analysis supports the findings of the in-situ temperature approximations. In comparison with black body radiation, a gap between theoretical value and measured value was found due to flaws in the theoretical model. In addition, a new type of flash sintering was introduced, with current ramp, to avoid the power spike which has been the source of much debate about the transition from voltage to current control. In conclusion, the advantage of this method is in the controlled sintering kinetics thus avoiding the channeling found in dielectric materials [3].

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

A ruthenium oxide thermometer for dilution refrigerators operating down to 5 mK

At the lowest temperatures achieved in dilution refrigerators, ruthenium oxide resistance thermometers often saturate and therefore lose their sensitivity. In an effort to extend the range of such temperature sensors, we built a thermometer which maintains sensitivity to 5 mK. A key component of this thermometer is an in situ radio frequency filter which is based on a modern rf absorption material. Here, we show that the use of such a filter is only effective when it is encased in the same rf-tight enclosure as the ruthenium oxide sensor. Our design delivers an attenuation level that is necessary to mitigate the effects of parasitic heating of a fraction of pW present in our circuit. Furthermore, we show that the likely origin of this parasitic heating is the black body radiation present within the experimental space of the refrigerator. We found that the equilibration time of the thermometer increases rapidly as the temperature is lowered; below 5 mK this thermometer becomes impractical because of the prohibitively long equilibration times.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Accurate determination of uranium isotope abundances by wavelength modulation spectroscopy in atomic beams

The design and demonstration of an optical analysis system based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy in an atomic beam for uranium isotope abundance determinations is presented. This system probes the uranium 5f 3 6d7s 2 ( 5 L 6 ) → 5f 2 6d 2 7s 2 ( 5 K 5 ) transition at 861.031 nm, which is considered to be the most suitable transition for uranium isotopic analysis. A new laser characterization strategy was developed for the conditions where optimum laser wavelength modulation depth was small compared to the free spectral range (FSR) of etalons. Two capabilities enabled the higher-precision determination of isotope abundances of atomic beams: (1) reduction of low-frequency additive noise, especially the noise caused by black-body radiation and (2) suppression of non-absorption transmission losses. The performance of this system was validated with uranium samples of various isotopic compositions. Further, by comparing the measurements using natural uranium samples between the direct absorption and the wavelength modulation approaches, a 21-fold decrease in uncertainty of the integrated absorbance and a 6.8-fold improvement in the 1-σ precision of the number density were achieved. In addition, by comparing the results using uranium oxide samples, a 6.1-fold decrease in the uncertainty of inferred isotope abundance was obtained. These results demonstrate that the 1f-normalized 2f wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS-2f/1f) technique enables higher-precision analysis of atomic beams.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2014

Coherent and incoherent terahertz beams measured from a terahertz photoconductive antenna

We have systematically measured and analyzed the terahertz beams of a photoconductive antenna fabricated on a GaAs substrate. Our data indicate that the antenna produces both coherent and incoherent terahertz beams. The former is produced largely by the plasmon, and the latter is believed to be due to the black body radiation resulting from the thermal excitations and Joule heating by both the femto-second laser and the bias voltage, applied across the electrodes of the antenna. The terahertz-beam property is greatly affected by the operating condition of the photoconductive antenna.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Search for bright stars with infrared excess

Bright stars, stars with visual magnitude smaller than 6.5, can be studied using small telescope. In general, if stars are assumed as black body radiator, then the color in infrared (IR) region is usually equal to zero. Infrared data from IRAS observations at 12 and 25μm (micron) with good flux quality are used to search for bright stars (from Bright Stars Catalogues) with infrared excess. In magnitude scale, stars with IR excess is defined as stars with IR color m{sub 12}−m{sub 25}>0; where m{sub 12}−m{sub 25} = −2.5log(F{sub 12}/F{sub 25})+1.56, where F{sub 12} and F{sub 25} are flux density in Jansky at 12 and 25μm, respectively. Stars with similar spectral type are expected to have similar color. The existence of infrared excess in the same spectral type indicates the existence of circum-stellar dust, the origin of which is probably due to the remnant of pre main-sequence evolution during star formation or post AGB evolution or due to physical process such as the rotation of those stars.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Accurate potential energy, dipole moment curves, and lifetimes of vibrational states of heteronuclear alkali dimers

We calculate the potential energy curves, the permanent dipole moment curves, and the lifetimes of the ground and excited vibrational states of the heteronuclear alkali dimers XY (X, Y = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) in the X{sup 1}Σ{sup +} electronic state using the coupled cluster with singles doubles and triples method. All-electron quadruple-ζ basis sets with additional core functions are used for Li and Na, and small-core relativistic effective core potentials with quadruple-ζ quality basis sets are used for K, Rb, and Cs. The inclusion of the coupled cluster non-perturbative triple excitations is shown to be crucial for obtaining the accurate potential energy curves. A large one-electron basis set with additional core functions is needed for the accurate prediction of permanent dipole moments. The dissociation energies are overestimated by only 14 cm{sup −1} for LiNa and by no more than 114 cm{sup −1} for the other molecules. The discrepancies between the experimental and calculated harmonic vibrational frequencies are less than 1.7 cm{sup −1}, and the discrepancies for the anharmonic correction are less than 0.1 cm{sup −1}. We show that correlation between atomic electronegativity differences and permanent dipole moment of heteronuclear alkali dimers is not perfect. To obtain the vibrational energies and wave functions the vibrational Schrödinger equation is solved with the B-spline basis set method. The transition dipole moments between all vibrational states, the Einstein coefficients, and the lifetimes of the vibrational states are calculated. We analyze the decay rates of the vibrational states in terms of spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission and absorption induced by black body radiation. In all studied heteronuclear alkali dimers the ground vibrational states have much longer lifetimes than any excited states.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Temperature of broadband anti-Stokes white emission in LiYbP{sub 4}O{sub 12}: Er nanocrystals

The up-conversion emission of LiYb{sub 0.99}Er{sub 0.01}P{sub 4}O{sub 12} nanocrystals was investigated in vacuum upon the focused beam of infrared laser excitation. The intense white broad band emission was observed above the threshold power of 800 mW. An increase of excitation power results in enhancement of temperature of emitting nanocrystals. The temperature of nanocrystals was determined following the thermally equilibrated f-f emission transitions of Er{sup 3+} ions. The highest measured temperature of white emission was determined to be about 900 K. It is concluded that the black body radiation is not responsible for the white broad band emission.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Combined laser ultrasonics, laser heating, and Raman scattering in diamond anvil cell system

Here, we developed a multi-functional in situ measurement system under high pressure equipped with a laser ultrasonics (LU) system, Raman device, and laser heating system (LU-LH) in a diamond anvil cell (DAC). The system consists of four components: (1) a LU-DAC system (probe and pump lasers, photodetector, and oscilloscope) and DAC; (2) a fiber laser, which is designed to allow precise control of the total power in the range from 2 to 100 W by changing the diode current, for heating samples; (3) a spectrometer for measuring the temperature of the sample (using black body radiation), fluorescence spectrum (spectrum of the ruby for pressure measurement), and Raman scattering measurements inside a DAC under high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions; and (4) an optical system to focus laser beams on the sample and image it in the DAC. The system is unique and allows us to do the following: (a) measure the shear and longitudinal velocities of non-transparent materials under HPHT; (b) measure temperature in a DAC under HPHT conditions using Planck’s law; (c) measure pressure in a DAC using a Raman signal; and (d) measure acoustical properties of small flat specimens removed from the DAC after HPHT treatment. In this report, we demonstrate that the LU-LH-DAC system allows measurements of velocities of the skimming waves in iron at 2580 K and 22 GPa.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2011

Relativistic general-order coupled-cluster method for high-precision calculations: Application to the Al{sup +} atomic clock

We report the implementation of a general-order relativistic coupled-cluster method for performing high-precision calculations of atomic and molecular properties. As a first application, the black-body radiation shift of the Al{sup +} clock has been estimated precisely. The computed shift relative to the frequency of the 3s{sup 2} {sup 1}S{sub 0}{sup e}{yields}3s3p {sup 3}P{sub 0}{sup o} clock transition given by (-3.66{+-}0.60)x10{sup -18} calls for an improvement over the recent measurement with a reported result of (-9{+-}3)x10{sup -18}[Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 070802 (2010)].

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Thermal Casimir effect in closed Friedmann universe revisited

We reconsider Casimir free energy and internal energy at nonzero temperature in the static Einstein and closed Friedmann universe. It is shown that the Casimir free energy is given by the difference between the free energy of a topologically nontrivial manifold and a tangential Minkowski space-time. We derive exact expressions for the Casimir free energy, internal energy and pressure in Einstein and Friedmann universes in terms of single sums. The Casimir entropy is shown to satisfy the Nernst heat theorem. Exact expressions for corresponding total quantities in the Einstein universe are obtained from the Casimir ones by adding a contribution of the black-body radiation. The asymptotic expressions for the Casimir free energy and internal energy at both high and low temperature are shown to be in direct analogy with those for two ideal-metal plates and an ideal-metal spherical shell. Specifically, at high temperature the classical limit holds.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

In-operando synchrotron experiments of flash sintering carried out in current rate mode

Here, we report first-time results for in-operando flash sintering synchrotron experiments carried out in current rate mode where the specimen, held at a constant temperature, is fed current that is increased at a constant rate. These experiments are unique because the time dependence of the sintering behavior can be stretched out over a longer period (by changing the current rate) than in voltage-to-current experiments in which sintering occurs in a burst at the onset of the flash. Two results are presented: (i) A comparison of temperatures measured with the platinum standard to those predicted by the black body radiation model leading to estimates of the emissivity as a function of porosity whereby emissivity increases from 0.65 to 0.9 as the sample sinters from its green state to full density, and (ii) measurements of the excess lattice expansion as a function of density as the sample sinters continuously while the current is increased. The present work highlights the promise of current rate experiments to obtain results while the sample sinters gradually from its green density to full density (somewhat akin to conventional sintering) for gaining further insights into the mechanisms of flash sintering.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗