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Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel and ethanol co-production from lipid-producing sugarcane: Biodiesel and Ethanol Co-Production from Lipid-Producing Sugarcane
Biodiesel production from vegetable oils has progressively increased over the past two decades. However, due to the low amounts of oil produced per hectare from temperate oilseed crops (e.g. soybean), the opportunities for further increasing biodiesel production are limited. Genetically modified lipid-producing sugarcane (lipid-cane) possesses great potential for producing biodiesel as an alternative feedstock because of sugarcane’s much higher productivity compared with soybean. In this study, techno-economic models were developed for biodiesel and ethanol coproduction from lipid-cane, assuming 2, 5, 10, or 20% lipid concentration in the harvested stem (dry mass basis). The models were compared with a conventional soybean biodiesel process model to assess lipid-cane’s competiveness. In the lipid-cane process model, the extracted lipids were used to produce biodiesel by transesterifi cation, and the remaining sugar was used to produce ethanol by fermentation. The results showed that the biodiesel production cost from lipid-cane decreased from $0.89/L to $0.59 /L as the lipid content increased from 2 to 20%; this cost was lower than that obtained for soybeans ($1.08/L). The ethanol production costs from lipid-cane were between $0.40/L and $0.46/L. The internal rate of return (IRR) for the soybean biodiesel process was 15.0%, and the IRR for the lipid-cane process went from 13.7 to 24.0% as the lipid content increased from 2 to 20%. Because of its high productivity, lipid-cane with 20% lipid content can produce 6700 L of biodiesel from each hectare of land, whereas soybean can only produce approximately 500 L of biodiesel from each hectare of land. This would indicate that continued efforts to achieve lipid-producing sugarcane could make large-scale replacement of fossil-fuel-derived diesel without unrealistic demands on land area.
Impact of Biodiesel Impurities on the Performance and Durability of DOC, DPF and SCR Technologies
It is estimated that operating continuously on a B20 fuel containing the current allowable ASTM specification limits for metal impurities in biodiesel could result in a doubling of ash exposure relative to lube-oil derived ash. The purpose of this study was to determine if a fuel containing metals at the ASTM limits could cause adverse impacts on the performance and durability of diesel emission control systems. An accelerated durability test method was developed to determine the potential impact of these biodiesel impurities. The test program included engine testing with multiple DPF substrate types as well as DOC and SCR catalysts. The results showed no significant degradation in the thermo-mechanical properties of cordierite, aluminum titanate, or silicon carbide DPFs after exposure to 150,000 mile equivalent biodiesel ash and thermal aging. However, exposure of a cordierite DPF to 435,000 mile equivalent aging resulted in a 69% decrease in the thermal shock resistance parameter. It is estimated that the additional ash from 150,000 miles of biodiesel use would also result in a moderate increases in exhaust backpressure for a DPF. A decrease in DOC activity was seen after exposure to 150,000 mile equivalent aging, resulting in higher HC slip and a reduction in NO{sub 2} formation. The metal-zeolite SCR catalyst experienced a slight loss in activity after exposure to 435,000 mile equivalent aging. This catalyst, placed downstream of the DPF, showed a 5% reduction in overall NOx conversion activity over the HDDT test cycle.
2009 National Biodiesel Foundation Biodiesel Infrastructure Project [Final Report]
The National Biodiesel Foundation (NBF) worked with industry partners to displace nearly 10 millions of gallons of petroleum-based diesel with biodiesel by installing or modifying terminals throughout the United States (US). The original grant was to install seven terminals, but with DOE’s approval and using existing grant funds, the project provided funds for an additional terminal. The primary goal of this project was to displace 86 million gallons of petroleum based diesel with biodiesel by installing seven terminals. Although the project installed eight terminals, it only resulted in displacing approximately 9.7 million gallon. However, the project (through the Harms Oil installation) enabled the state of Minnesota to increase its biodiesel mandate from 5% to 10%, increase biodiesel demand at other MN terminals by an addition 25 million. Further, this state mandate will grow demand to 120 million gallons annually by 2018, if the state’s biodiesel mandate is fully enforced. None of this would have been possible without the Harm’s Oil terminal funded under this grant.
A review of chromatographic characterization techniques for biodiesel and biodiesel blends.
This review surveys chromatographic technology that has been applied to the characterization of biodiesel and its blends. Typically, biodiesel consists of fatty acid methyl esters produced by transesterification of plant or animal derived triacylglycerols. Primary attention is given to the determination of trace impurities in biodiesel, such as methanol, glycerol, mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols, and sterol glucosides. The determination of the fatty acid methyl esters, trace impurities in biodiesel, and the determination of the biodiesel content of commercial blends of biodiesel in conventional diesel are also addressed.
Production of biodiesel from vegetable oils; Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites vegetales
One of the major impacts that humans have had on the world is the consequence of the use of natural resources of the planet, whose purpose has been the energy supply for economic and technological development. This economic development has caused an increase in the demand for goods and services in industrialized countries, and in turn has led to an increase in per capita consumption of energy worldwide. For this reason, it is very important to develop new energy alternatives to reduce the actual dependence on petroleum and, at the same time, reduce the impact of emissions of greenhouse gases to the environment. An alternative to using fossil fuels is biodiesel, which is biodegradable, eco-friendly, and represents an economical source of energy. Biodiesel may be produced by the transesterification reaction of new or used vegetable oils (for example sunflower, corn, or olive oil) with a short chain alcohol (methanol) in the presence of a catalyst (NaOH). In the present work we have synthesized biodiesel from these three types of vegetable oils that have been subsequently characterized. Different chemical tests have been used to ensure the quality of the biodiesel obtained. The results indicate that sunflower oil provided better efficiency biodiesel, followed by corn and olive oils. CO 2 emissions that could affect the environment were, in all cases, less than 4.1%.
Investigations of the Impact of Biodiesel Metal Contaminants on Emissions Control Devices
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel with the potential to displace a portion of petroleum use. However, as with any alternative fuel, in order to be a viable choice it must be compatible with the emissions control devices. The finished biodiesel product can contain up to 5 ppm Na+K and 5 ppm Ca+Mg, and these metal impurities can lead to durability issues with the devices used to control emissions in diesel vehicles. Significant work has been performed to understand how the presence of these metals impacts each individual component of diesel emissions control systems, and this chapter summarizes the findings of these research efforts.
Research to Address Technical Barriers to Expanded Markets for Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends (CRADA Final Report)
NREL and the Clean Fuels Alliance America (CFAA) will work cooperatively to assess the effects of biodiesel blends on the performance of modern diesel engines. This work will include research to understand the impact of biodiesel blends on the operation and durability of particle filters and NO x control sorbents/catalysts, to quantify the effect on emission control systems performance, and to understand effects on engine component durability. This research was performed at NREL Renewable Fuels and Lubricants (REFUEL) laboratory (an engine testing laboratory) as well as at third party labs paid directly by CFAA with NREL as part of the project management team. Also, research to develop appropriate ASTM standards for biodiesel quality and stability was conducted in NREL’s bench scale fuel chemistry laboratory. The cooperative project involved laboratory testing and research at NREL using biodiesel from a variety of sources and in collaboration with a broad range of other stakeholders. In addition, NREL will work with NBB to set up an Industrial Steering Committee to design the scope for the various tasks and to provide technical oversight to these projects. NREL and NBB will cooperatively communicate the study results to as broad an audience as possible. This research benefits the public by expanding markets for a domestically produced low-carbon intensity fuel for use in diesel engines.
Reactivity of a Carbon-Supported Single-Site Molybdenum Dioxo Catalyst for Biodiesel Synthesis
A single-site molybdenum dioxo catalyst, (O c ) 2 Mo(=O)2@C, was prepared via direct grafting of MoO 2 Cl 2 (dme) (dme = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) on high-surface-area activated carbon. The physicochemical and chemical properties of this catalyst were fully characterized by N 2 physisorption, ICP-AES/OES, PXRD, STEM, XPS, XAS, temperature-programmed reduction with H 2 (TPR-H 2 ), and temperature-programmed NH 3 desorption (TPD-NH 3 ). The single-site nature of the Mo species is corroborated by XPS and TPR-H2 data, and it exhibits the lowest reported MoO x T max of reduction reported to date, suggesting a highly reactive Mo VI center. (O c ) 2 Mo(=O) 2 @C catalyzes the transesterification of a variety of esters and triglycerides with ethanol, exhibiting high activity at moderate temperatures (60–90 °C) and with negligible deactivation. (O c ) 2 Mo(=O) 2 @C is resistant to water and can be recycled at least three times with no loss of activity. The transesterification reaction is determined experimentally to be first order in [ethanol] and first order in [Mo] with ΔH ‡ = 10.5(8) kcal mol –1 and ΔS ‡ = –32(2) eu. Here, the low energy of activation is consistent with the moderate conditions needed to achieve rapid turnover. This highly active carbon-supported single-site molybdenum dioxo species is thus an efficient, robust, and low-cost catalyst with significant potential for transesterification processes.
Storage Stability of 50% Biodiesel Blends and Neat Biodiesel Produced in North America
This study investigated aging of two petroleum diesel, seven B100, three B20 blends, and 14 B50 blends representing the full range of fuels in the North American market for 12-weeks at 43 degrees Celsius under the ASTM D4625 accelerated aging protocol. Twelve-weeks under D4625 aging represents approximately 12 months of storage time in clean, dry conditions. Samples were taken every two weeks for measurement of Rancimat induction period (IP), peroxide content, and TAN; and total insoluble were measured at the end of the 12-week test.
Effect of Saturated Monoglyceride Polymorphism on Low-Temperature Performance of Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends
No abstract prepared.
In-Nozzle Flow and Spray Characteristics for Mineral Diesel, Karanja, and Jatropha Biodiesels
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ACCURATE BOND ENERGIES OF BIODIESEL METHYL ESTERS FROM MULTIREFERENCE AVERAGED COUPLED-PAIR FUNCTIONAL CALCULATIONS
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Effect of Low-Level Impurities on Low-Temperature Performance Properties of Biodiesel
Abstract not provided
High performance biodiesel: Integrating fusel alcohol/fatty acid upgrading strategies for novel biodiesel fuels.
Abstract not provided.