Laser propagation through atmospheric turbulence
Atmospheric turbulence effects on gas laser communication system
Fitzmaurice, M. W.↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “Atmospheric turbulence”
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Wave equations and computational models for sonic boom propagation through a turbulent atmosphere
The improved simulation of sonic boom propagation through the real atmosphere requires greater understanding of how the transient acoustic pulses popularly termed sonic booms are affected by atmospheric turbulence. A nonlinear partial differential equation that can be used to simulate the effects of smaller-scale atmospheric turbulence on sonic boom waveforms is described. The equation is first order in the time derivative and involves an extension of geometrical acoustics to include diffraction phenomena. Various terms in the equation are explained in physical terms. Such terms include those representing convection at the wave speed, diffraction, molecular relaxation, classical dissipation, and nonlinear steepening. The atmospheric turbulence enters through an effective sound speed, which varies with all three spatial coordinates, and which is the sum of the local sound speed and the component of the turbulent flow velocity projected along a central ray that connects the aircraft trajectory with the listener.
Pierce, Allan D.↗
Analytical investigation of fan tone noise due to ingested atmospheric turbulence
The atmospheric turbulence involved in the fan noise generation is evaluated with an existing model for the atmospheric turbulence and an extended version of an existing model concerned with the effects of a flow contraction on convected turbulence. Fan tone noise due to ingested atmospheric turbulence is evaluated with existing fan noise models. The results indicate that the difference in fan narrowband noise due to atmospheric turbulence between static and flight landing approach conditions is in the order of 30 dB. It is concluded that fan noise due to atmospheric turbulence is insignificant in flight conditions for the fans used in the current high bypass ratio engines. The difference in fan narrowband noise between the two conditions is primarily due to the low intensity of the turbulence involved in fan noise generation in flight conditions. Fan noise due to atmospheric turbulence in static conditions should be reduced below the flight fan broadband noise levels which is best achieved with a reduction in the intensity of the fan inflow turbulence. Such a reduction can be obtained with the use of an inflow control device, low wind velocities, small surface roughness in the test stand environment, and large engine axis height above the ground. Peak sound power levels for fan tone noise due to ingested turbulence occur for transverse integral scales in the order of 25% of the rotor blade spacing in the fan tip region.
Ganz, U. W.↗
The velocity probability density of upper atmospheric turbulence.
Upper atmospheric turbulence velocity probability density investigated in 90 to 110 km region
ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE↗
Imaging of objects viewed through a turbulent atmosphere
Imaging techniques for objects viewed through atmospheric turbulence analyzed by Fourier transform and signal processing
Moldon, J. C.↗
Efficient optical communication in a turbulent atmosphere
Efficient optical communication in atmospheric turbulence
Halme, S. J.↗
Propagation of acoustic-gravity waves in a turbulent atmosphere
Atmospheric turbulence effects on acoustic-gravity waves propagation, deriving dispersion relation for phase velocity and propagation constants
Liu, C. H.↗
Analysis of the multiple scattering of shock waves by a turbulent atmosphere
Atmospheric turbulence effects on sonic boom shock wave scattering
Cole, W. J.↗
Communication theory for the turbulent atmosphere
Atmospheric turbulence effects reduction in optical communication by statistical communication theory, considering digital system and waveform estimation
Halme, S. J.↗
Performance of wind turbines in a turbulent atmosphere
The effect of atmospheric turbulence on the power fluctuations of large wind turbines was studied. The significance of spatial non-uniformities of the wind is emphasized. The turbulent wind with correlation in time and space is simulated on the computer by Shinozukas method. The wind turbulence is modelled according to the Davenport spectrum with an exponential spatial correlation function. The rotor aerodynamics is modelled by simple blade element theory. Comparison of the spectrum of power output signal between 1-D and 3-D turbulence, shows the significant power fluctuations centered around the blade passage frequency.
Sundar, R. M.↗
Direct numerical simulations of activation and deactivation in turbulent atmospheric clouds
Significant knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of turbulence–cloud–aerosol interactions in the Earth's atmosphere, and direct numerical simulation (DNS) has increasingly become an indispensable tool to fill such critical knowledge gaps. Here, this study is an extension of our previous DNS model [Gao et al., J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 123(4), 2194–2214 (2018)], with a focus on the activation of aerosol particles into cloud droplets and deactivation of cloud droplets into aerosol particles in a microscale cloud environment. The effects of turbulence intensity, particle curvature, and solute, as well as the initial distributions of the aerosol particles (monodisperse or polydisperse) are investigated. The governing equations for the flow of air, temperature, and water vapor mixing ratio are solved numerically in the Eulerian fashion, assuming homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. The dynamics of the aerosol and cloud particles are calculated with the Lagrangian particle tracking method. The results show that the deviations of the thermodynamic variables from their respective means are significantly reduced, the activation process appears to be delayed, and the deactivation process occurs more rapidly, as the turbulence intensity is increased. The inclusion of particle curvature and solute effects, as well as polydispersity, tends to retard the activation of aerosols into cloud droplets. It is also observed that fluctuations in supersaturation broaden the spread of particle radii, and the broadening is followed by a narrowing as turbulent homogenization reduces thermodynamic fluctuations over time.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Laser beam propagation in atmospheric turbulence
The optical effects of atmospheric turbulence on the propagation of low power laser beams are reviewed in this paper. The optical effects are produced by the temperature fluctuations which result in fluctuations of the refractive index of air. The commonly-used models of index-of-refraction fluctuations are presented. Laser beams experience fluctuations of beam size, beam position, and intensity distribution within the beam due to refractive turbulence. Some of the observed effects are qualitatively explained by treating the turbulent atmosphere as a collection of moving gaseous lenses of various sizes. Analytical results and experimental verifications of the variance, covariance and probability distribution of intensity fluctuations in weak turbulence are presented. For stronger turbulence, a saturation of the optical scintillations is observed. The saturation of scintillations involves a progressive break-up of the beam into multiple patches; the beam loses some of its lateral coherence. Heterodyne systems operating in a turbulent atmosphere experience a loss of heterodyne signal due to the destruction of coherence.
Murty, S. S. R.↗
Some issues on modeling atmospheric turbulence experienced by helicopter rotor blades
The atmospheric turbulence velocities seen by nonrotating aircraft components and rotating blades can be substantially different. The differences are due to the spatial motion of the rotor blades, which move fore and aft through the gust waves. Body-fixed atmospheric turbulence refers to the actual atmospheric turbulence experienced by a point fixed on a nonrotating aircraft component such as the aircraft's center of gravity or the rotor hub, while blade-fixed atmospheric turbulence refers to the atmospheric turbulence experienced by an element of the rotating rotor blade. An example is presented, which, though overly simplified, shows important differences between blade- and body-fixed rotorcraft atmospheric turbulence models. All of the information necessary to develop the dynamic equations describing the atmospheric turbulence velocity field experienced by an aircraft is contained in the atmospheric turbulence velocity correlation matrix. It is for this reason that a generalized formulation of the correlation matrix describing atmospheric turbulence that a rotating blade encounters is developed. From this correlation matrix, earlier treated cases restricted to a rotor flying straight and level directly into the mean wind can be recovered as special cases.
Costello, Mark↗
Noise produced by turbulent flow into a rotor: Theory manual for atmospheric turbulence prediction and mean flow and turbulence contraction prediction
Prediction of helicopter main rotor noise due to ingestion of atmospheric turbulence was analyzed. The analysis combines several different models that describe the fluid mechanics of the turbulence and the ingestion process. Two models, atmospheric turbulence, and mean flow and turbulence contraction were covered. The third model, covered in a separate report, describes the rotor acoustic mode. The method incorporates the atmospheric turbulence model and a rapid distortion turbulence contraction description to determine the statistics of the anisotropic turbulence at the rotor plane. The analytical basis for a module was provided which was incorporated in NASA's ROTONET helicopter noise prediction program. The mean flow and turbulence statistics associated with the atmospheric boundary layer were modeled including effects of atmospheric stability length, wind speed, and altitude. The turbulence distortion process is modeled as a deformation of vortex filaments (which represent the turbulence field) by a mean flow field due to the rotor inflow.
Simonich, J. C.↗
Studies of atmospheric turbulence
Statistical theory of atmospheric turbulence
ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE↗
Atmospheric Turbulence Modeling for Aero Vehicles: Fractional Order Fits
Atmospheric turbulence models are necessary for the design of both inlet/engine and flight controls, as well as for studying coupling between the propulsion and the vehicle structural dynamics for supersonic vehicles. Models based on the Kolmogorov spectrum have been previously utilized to model atmospheric turbulence. In this paper, a more accurate model is developed in its representative fractional order form, typical of atmospheric disturbances. This is accomplished by first scaling the Kolmogorov spectral to convert them into finite energy von Karman forms and then by deriving an explicit fractional circuit-filter type analog for this model. This circuit model is utilized to develop a generalized formulation in frequency domain to approximate the fractional order with the products of first order transfer functions, which enables accurate time domain simulations. The objective of this work is as follows. Given the parameters describing the conditions of atmospheric disturbances, and utilizing the derived formulations, directly compute the transfer function poles and zeros describing these disturbances for acoustic velocity, temperature, pressure, and density. Time domain simulations of representative atmospheric turbulence can then be developed by utilizing these computed transfer functions together with the disturbance frequencies of interest.
Atmospheric Turbulence Modeling↗
Atmospheric Turbulence Modeling for Aero Vehicles: Fractional Order Fits
Atmospheric turbulence models are necessary for the design of both inlet/engine and flight controls, as well as for studying coupling between the propulsion and the vehicle structural dynamics for supersonic vehicles. Models based on the Kolmogorov spectrum have been previously utilized to model atmospheric turbulence. In this paper, a more accurate model is developed in its representative fractional order form, typical of atmospheric disturbances. This is accomplished by first scaling the Kolmogorov spectral to convert them into finite energy von Karman forms and then by deriving an explicit fractional circuit-filter type analog for this model. This circuit model is utilized to develop a generalized formulation in frequency domain to approximate the fractional order with the products of first order transfer functions, which enables accurate time domain simulations. The objective of this work is as follows. Given the parameters describing the conditions of atmospheric disturbances, and utilizing the derived formulations, directly compute the transfer function poles and zeros describing these disturbances for acoustic velocity, temperature, pressure, and density. Time domain simulations of representative atmospheric turbulence can then be developed by utilizing these computed transfer functions together with the disturbance frequencies of interest.
Kopasakis, George↗
A study of key features of the RAE atmospheric turbulence model
A complex atmospheric turbulence model for use in aircraft simulation is analyzed in terms of its temporal, spectral, and statistical characteristics. First, a direct comparison was made between cases of the RAE model and the more conventional Dryden turbulence model. Next the control parameters of the RAE model were systematically varied and the effects noted. The RAE model was found to possess a high degree of flexibility in its characteristics, but the individual control parameters are cross-coupled in terms of their effect on various measures of intensity, bandwidth, and probability distribution.
Jewell, W. F.↗