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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1975

A description of hardware and mission planning for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

The Apollo-Soyuz Test Program (ASTP) is scheduled for flight in July 1975. This paper will describe briefly the mission planning and hardware associated with the program. Of interest are modifications to the basic Apollo and Soyuz vehicles as well as the newly developed docking module and docking system. Joint aspects of the mission profile are explained. Science objectives and corresponding experiments are described. Utilization of the ATS-6 Satellite for relay of TV, voice, and data to the ground is also a topic. The paper concludes with a discussion of the joint flight control interface.

Littleton, F. C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Apollo-Soyuz test project - The American-Soviet space enterprise

The preflight mission plan of the Apollo-Soyuz project is summarized, and the scientific experiments planned for the flight are described. Emphasis is on coupling procedures and docking modules. Experiments discussed comprise astronomical studies, geophysical studies, bioscientific studies, and application-oriented studies. The unique gravity-free space environment will provide favorable conditions for uniform materials construction. In addition, biological electrophoresis investigations in a perturbation-free medium will have substantial scientific contributions to make.

Von Puttkamer, J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Mission profile of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

A brief overview is presented of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. The mission objectives are summarized, and the mission profile is described. Other topics discussed include the reasons why the U.S. built the docking module, Soviet expenditures, use of the ATS-6 relay satellite to improve communications and television coverage, crew training, and safety aspects of the Soyuz spacecraft. It is noted that technology transfer has been minimal and that joint U.S.-Soviet space exploration may be a result of the project.

Lee, C. M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project: Preliminary Science Report

This document summarizes the experimental concepts and preliminary analyses (as of December 1975) for each of the 28 scientific experiments conducted during the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project from July 15 to 24, 1975. The scientific topics are X- ray and extreme ultraviolet astronomy, solar astronomy, gamma- ray detectors, Earth studies (including the upper atmosphere, meteorological phenomena, hydrology, oceanography, geology, desert studies, and gravity field studies), microbiology, heavy cosmic particle interaction with live cells, vestibular system studies, and materials processing (including high-temperature and ambient-temperature processing of industrial materials and electrophoretic processing of biological materials) .

Orbital science↗
NASA NTRS1975

Doppler measurements of the ionosphere on the occasion of the Apollo-Soyuz test project. Part 2: Inversion of differential and rotating Doppler shifts

The preparation of the analytical approach and of the related software used in the inversion of the differential and rotating Doppler data obtained from the ionospheric experiment of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) is discussed. These data were collected in space-to-space paths (between the ASTP Docking Module (DM) and the Apollo Command Service Module and in space-to-ground paths (between the DM and ground). The Doppler links operated at 162 and 324 MHz and have an accuracy better than 3 MHz over 10-sec integration time. The inversion approach was tested with dummy data obtained with a computer simulation. It was found that a measurement accuracy of 1 to 10% in the value of the horizontal electron density gradient at 221-km altitude can be achieved, in space-to-space paths. For space-to-ground paths near the orbital plane, possible effects of the horizontal gradients on the received differential Doppler shifts were identified. It was possible to reduce the gradient-associated errors in the inversion that leads to the columnar electron content by approximately one-half. Accuracies of 5 to 10% in columnar electron content are achievable, with this gradient-compensation technique.

Gay, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Description of the docking module ECS for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

The role of the Docking Module ECS (Environmental Control System) to be used on the Apollo-Soyuz Test mission is to provide a means for crewmen to transfer safely between the Apollo and Soyuz vehicles in a shirtsleeve environment. This paper describes the Docking Module ECS and includes the philosophy and rationale used in evaluating and selecting the capabilities that are required to satisfy the Docking Module's airlock function: (1) adjusting the pressure and composition of the atmosphere to effect crew transfer and (2) providing a shirtsleeve environment during transfer operations. An analytical evaluation is given of the environmental parameters (including CO2 level, humidity, and temperature) during a normal transfer timeline.

Guy, W. W.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

In May 1972, President Nixon and Chairman Kosygin signed an agreement which included the approval of the Apollo/Soyuz Test Project. The primary technical objective of the program is to test the requirements and solutions for the compatibility of systems for docking future manned spacecraft of the U.S. and the USSR. The program includes the flight test of a compatible rendezvous system and of a compatible docking system. Details concerning the equipment to be used are discussed along with the operational schedule. Attention is also given to a number of experiments which are to be conducted in space.

Slayton, D. K.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Apollo-Soyuz test project photographic film processing and sensitometric summary

The Photographic Technology Division at the NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center processed original photographic films exposed in flight during the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). Integrated with processing of the original films were strict sensitometric controls and certification procedures established prior to the flight. Information relative to the processing of the 54 rolls of original ASTP flight film and sensitometric data pertinent to each of these rolls of film is presented.

Lockwood, H. E.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Apollo-Soyuz test project docking system

The United States and Soviet Union in July 1975 successfully completed a joint space mission utilizing each country's spacecraft and the compatible docking system designed and fabricated by each country. The compatible docking system is described, along with the extensive research, development, and testing leading up to the successful mission. It also describes the formulation and implementation of methods for breaking the language barrier, bridging the extensive distances for communication and travel, and adjusting to each country's different culture during the three-year development program.

Swan, W. L., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1973

ASTP ranging system mathematical model

A mathematical model is presented of the VHF ranging system to analyze the performance of the Apollo-Soyuz test project (ASTP). The system was adapted for use in the ASTP. The ranging system mathematical model is presented in block diagram form, and a brief description of the overall model is also included. A procedure for implementing the math model is presented along with a discussion of the validation of the math model and the overall summary and conclusions of the study effort. Detailed appendices of the five study tasks are presented: early late gate model development, unlock probability development, system error model development, probability of acquisition and model development, and math model validation testing.

Ellis, M. R.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Annual ADP planning document

The Category A computer systems at KSC (Al and A2) which perform scientific and business/administrative operations are described. This data division is responsible for scientific requirements supporting Saturn, Atlas/Centaur, Titan/Centaur, Titan III, and Delta vehicles, and includes realtime functions, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), and the Space Shuttle. The work is performed chiefly on the GEL-635 (Al) system located in the Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF). The Al system can perform computations and process data in three modes: (1) real-time critical mode; (2) real-time batch mode; and (3) batch mode. The Division's IBM-360/50 (A2) system, also at the CIF, performs business/administrative data processing such as personnel, procurement, reliability, financial management and payroll, real-time inventory management, GSE accounting, preventive maintenance, and integrated launch vehicle modification status.

Mogilevsky, M.↗
NASA NTRS1974

United States manned spacecraft reliability experience

Attention is given to the reliability controls in manned spacecraft programs, taking into account the project Mercury, the Gemini program, the Apollo program, the Skylab program, and the Apollo-Soyuz test project. Reliability controls used in these programs are related to reliability management, parts and materials control, failure mode and effects analysis, reliability quantitative analysis, problem reporting and corrective action control, test control, limited-life control, and milestone reviews. A summary is presented of the major reliability tasks and innovations being used on the Space Shuttle program. Examples of these innovations include improved management techniques and an early identification of specific certification tests.

Kleinknecht, K. S.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Helical channel multiplier package design for space instrumentation

The package considered is intended for the channel electron multiplier (CEM) detectors which are to be used for the extreme ultraviolet telescope and helium glow detector instruments of the Apollo-Soyuz test project. In the package design selected, the cone of the CEM is supported at the front end by a silicone rubber ring which is molded in place and self-bonded to both the cone and the housing wall. The helix is supported and insulated from the housing by a fiber glass sleeve which is bonded to the inside of the housing.

Hoshiko, H. H.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The international age in space

International cooperation in space programs is discussed. Early international efforts, such as the establishment of tracking station networks and utilization of communications and weather satellites, are outlined, and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project and the Spacelab-Shuttle project are cited as major cooperative ventures. The ATS-6, Helios, and ERTS projects - which demonstrate the importance of international ties to the space program - are detailed.

Frutkin, A. W.↗
NASA NTRS1975

ASTP Onboard Voice Transcription

The transcription is presented of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project voice communications as recorded on the command module data storage equipment. Data from this recorder are telemetered (dumped) to Space Tracking and Data Network sites for retransmission to the Johnson Space Center. The transcript is divided into three columns -- time, speaker, and text. The Greenwich mean time column consists of three two-digit numbers representing hours, minutes, and seconds (e.g., 22 34 14) for the Julian dates shown at the top of the page on which a new day begins. The speaker column indicates the source of a transmission; the text column contains the verbatim transcript of the communications.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1975

ASTP Technical Air-To-Ground Voice Transcription

The transcription of the technical air-to-ground voice communication of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission was presented. The transcript was divided into three columns giving, respectively, the time, speaker, and text. All times are expressed in Greenwich mean time for the appropriate Julian dates. The speaker column indicates the source of transmission; the text column contains the verbatim transcript of the communications. Special symbols were used to report garbling, pauses or self-interruptions, interruptions by other speakers or abrupt terminations, emphasized words, obliterations, and material translated from Russian.

Source record↗