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At least 1,783 records · Page 99

Thermal and Catalytic Decomposition of 2-Hydroxyethylhydrazine and 2-Hydroxyethylhydrazinium Nitrate Ionic Liquid

To develop chemical kinetics models for the combustion of ionic liquid-based monopropellants, identification of the elementary steps in the thermal and catalytic decomposition of components such as 2-hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate (HEHN) is needed but is currently not well understood. The first decomposition step in protic ionic liquids such as HEHN is typically the proton transfer from the cation to the anion, resulting in the formation of 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine (HEH) and HNO 3 . In the first part of this investigation, the high-temperature thermal decomposition of HEH is probed with flash pyrolysis (<1400 K) and vacuum ultraviolet (10.45 eV) photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (VUV-PI-TOFMS). Next, the investigation into the thermal and catalytic decomposition of HEHN includes two mass spectrometric techniques: (1) tunable VUV-PI-TOFMS (7.4-15 eV) and (2) ambient ionization mass spectrometry utilizing both plasma and laser ionization techniques whereby HEHN is introduced onto a heated inert or iridium catalytic surface and the products are probed. The products can be identified by their masses, their ionization energies, and their collision-induced fragmentation patterns. Further, formation of product species indicates that catalytic surface recombination is an important reaction process in the decomposition mechanism of HEHN. The products and their possible elementary reaction mechanisms are discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Optical Imaging of Laser-Driven Fast Electron Weibel-like Filamentation in Overcritical Density Plasma

We report on the measurement of filamented transport of laser-generated fast electron beams in near-critical density plasma. A relativistic intensity long-wave-infrared laser irradiated a hydrodynamically shaped helium gas flow at an electron density n e ≃ 10 25 m − 3 , generating a large flux of fast electrons that propagated beyond the critical surface. The beam-to-background electron density ratio was sufficiently high to drive growth of Weibel-like filamentation, which was measured by optical probing to extend up to 800 μ m with radii ∼ 10 μ m . Particle-in-cell simulations reproduce the main features of the filamentation generation, suggesting that collisionless processes are dominant in these interactions. Expansion of the filaments after formation infers a fast electron heated plasma temperature ∼ 400 eV in the overcritical density plasma. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Novel technology of non-contact real-time radiation damage sensors for high power targets.

This report summarizes the contributions of an intern participating in the Community College Internship (CCI) program at Fermilab, focusing on the development of a novel, non-contact, real-time radiation damage sensor technology. The core objective is to create a reliable sensor capable of measuring radiation-induced degradation on high-power targets without physical contact. The experiment involves using a Class 3B supercontinuum laser directed toward a single material sample placed within a vacuum test chamber. The laser beam reflects off the sample's surface, with changes in reflectivity, indicative of radiation damage, measured by a spectrometer positioned at the chamber’s output port. The intern’s primary responsibilities included designing an interlock system to ensure laser operational safety, developing a camera-based monitoring system using Raspberry Pi devices, and creating structural supports using 3D modeling and printing techniques. Components for the interlock and camera systems were successfully designed and ordered, with preliminary 3D models printed and refined through iterative testing. Challenges encountered in the 3D printing process, such as fragile initial prototypes and difficult support removal, were overcome by adjusting printer settings and incorporating design enhancements like chamfered edges. Future activities, pending component delivery, involve installing and configuring the interlock and camera systems, as well as further improving the structural supports. Overall, the internship significantly enhanced the intern’s technical proficiency in hardware design, software integration, and advanced 3D printing, contributing directly to Fermilab’s operational safety standards and experimental effectiveness in high-energy physics research.

Pumarino Meza, Rafael [Unlisted; Fermilab]↗

Analytical model of low and high ablation regimes in carbon arcs

Graphite ablation by an electric arc or a laser/solar flux is widely used for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials. Previously, it was observed in multiple arc experiments that the ablation rate is a strong nonlinear function of the arc current and it drastically increases at some threshold current. As such, we developed an analytical model explaining this transition in the rate of ablation by an electric arc or a laser/solar flux. The model not only explains the observations but can also accurately predict the experimentally observed ablation rates. The model takes into account redeposition of carbon back to the ablated surface, which is the key process responsible for the observed effects.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Single particle trace element analysis of uranium oxide standards with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to analyze over 1000 individual particles of uranium oxide trace element standard CRM124. Intra-granular analysis showed elemental concentrations were consistent across different surface locations on each uranium grain. However, inter-granular comparison revealed large heterogeneity between different grains of the same sample. By comparing the distribution of elemental concentrations across the particle populations, we were able to correctly identify a manufacturing process involving wet chemistry, rather than a dry mixing of two powders to give an overall chemical average. In conclusion, this demonstrates the utility of LIBS as a large-scale single particle analysis tool for nuclear forensics.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

The Path to Enlightenment: Progress and Opportunities in High Efficiency Halide Perovskite Light-Emitting Devices

Besides the flourishment in photovoltaics, halide perovskites hold great promise to compete with leading contenders among solution-processed emitters, such as organics and semiconductor colloidal nanocrystals, in the field of light emission. Halide perovskites exhibit outstanding optoelectronic properties, including high photoluminescence quantum yields, facile bandgap tunability, narrow emission line widths, and respectable carrier mobilities, promoting them to thrive in versatile light-emitting applications such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, X-ray scintillators, and circularly polarized light sources. Herein, we discuss the underlying physics of light emission in state-of-the-art perovskite light-emitting devices and focus on promising strategies for further improvement of device performance.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sensors Fabricated by Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing for High-Frequency Dynamic Strain Measurements

This article demonstrates high-frequency dynamic strain measurements using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors embedded in metal parts. Using an ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) process, FBGs inscribed in polyimide coated optical fibers were embedded in aluminum parts. An electromagnetic shaker was used to exert dynamic events on the embedded FBG sensors with frequencies from 1 to 10 kHz. The high-speed interrogation of FBG sensors was accomplished using a tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and a high-speed interrogation system sampling at 120 kHz. The strain response measured by the FBG sensors was compared with real-time measurements using a laser velocimeter. A finite-element analysis (FEA) was performed to simulate responses to both static strain and high-frequency dynamic strain. In conclusion, results show that strains as small as 2.5$με$ can be resolved at frequencies up to 10 kHz.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Report on Progress of correlation of in-situ and ex-situ data and the use of artificial intelligence to predict defects

The Transformational Challenge Reactor (TCR) program is leveraging additive manufacturing (AM) technologies to fabricate nuclear components which will be assembled into a fully functional microreactor core. Compared with traditional manufacturing technologies, AM technologies allow (1) real-time observation of the manufacturing process at a much higher resolution using in-situ monitoring technologies to capture the sensor signatures that scientifically describe each event occurring over time and space and (2) validation of the manufacturing process quality using domain-informed data analytics techniques as a potential qualification and certification methodology for the final component. This report provides an update on the program work on in-situ and ex-situ data correlation and associated data analytics results. Examples are provided to illustrate progress with respect to laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), binder jetting, computed tomography (CT) reconstruction, and mechanical testing. Elements of the Digital Thread and data management infrastructure are discussed in the main document, and an extensive supplemental appendix is provided detailing the Digital Platform, as well as its implementation and subcomponents. In conclusion, the path forward for the next fiscal year is also discussed.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Advanced Fabrication Techniques of Metal Hydrides for Science and Technology Applications (Full Technical Report)

Lithium Hydride (LiH) atomic properties make it an excellent candidate for thermal energy storage, hydrogen storage, and nuclear reactor technology. High Energy Density (HED) experiments on LiH at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) can also provide critical Equation of State (EOS) and Hugoniot data. Density requirements for LiH vary per application and therefore physical and structural requirements for LiH are non-uniform. Historical production of LiH relies on casting processes that are limited by density and grain-size control, which leads to unfavorable machinable characteristics. LiH manufacturing is further hindered due to its chemical reactivity and propensity to readily react with moisture. This work aimed at exploring advanced fabrication techniques for LiH such as 1) uniaxial powder pressing methods and 2) laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing. Uniaxial powder compaction offers advantageous tailorable mechanical and physical properties via density control, and L-PBF can produce net-shaped complex parts with unique microstructure. Uniaxial pressing proved successful in readily producing LiH with density control.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Thermophysical properties of high-density, sintered monoliths of yttrium dihydride in the range 373–773 K

Yttrium dihydride is a promising nuclear reactor moderator for high-temperature, thermal micro-reactors due to its ability to retain hydrogen to high temperatures while having a relatively low impact on neutron economy. However, it is difficult to fabricate yttrium dihydride in high-density, near net-shape monoliths for moderator applications due to challenges associated with the hydrogen absorption process. Here, high-density monoliths of yttrium dihydride were prepared by powder metallurgical methods. The lattice strain and thermal expansion coefficient were measured using neutron diffraction of powders of directly-hydrided yttrium, while the molar heat capacity and thermal diffusivity of sintered yttrium dihydride were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and laser flash analysis (LFA), respectively. The molar heat capacity of yttrium dihydride was also calculated using density functional theory (DFT) for comparison. These parameters were used to then calculate the thermal conductivity and resistivity of yttrium dihydride as a function of temperature. The thermophysical properties of materials produced by both methods were observed to be consistent with the values from literature for yttrium dihydride. Due to the novelty of producing yttrium dihydride by powder metallurgical methods, this result indicated that the sintered monoliths were of high quality and that powder metallurgy is a viable method for large-scale production of yttrium dihydride monoliths for nuclear reactor moderator applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Linking microstructure to creep behavior in vertically and horizontally built LPBF Haynes 282 compared with wrought material via θ -projection

Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) has emerged as a promising route for fabricating intricate geometries in high-performance alloys. Haynes 282 (H282) is a strong candidate for applications such as heat exchangers or engines due to its excellent creep strength and thermal stability; however, the long-term creep behavior of LPBF-processed H282 remains poorly understood. In this study, the θ -projection method is used to analyze and extrapolate the creep behavior of vertically built LPBF, horizontally built LPBF, compared to wrought H282 tested at 816 °C. Vertically built LPBF H282 exhibits the lowest minimum creep rate (MCR), while the horizontally built condition shows a higher MCR comparable to that of wrought H282. Despite these differences, both LPBF conditions exhibit significantly shorter rupture life and reduced rupture strain than the wrought material, with the most severe degradation observed in the horizontal builds, consistent with an earlier onset of tertiary creep and accelerated strain-rate evolution. Microstructural characterization reveals that both LPBF and wrought H282 exhibit abundant twin-related boundary character; however, their grain boundary topologies differ markedly. The wrought alloy contains a higher fraction of low-angle grain boundaries and continuous twin lamellae, whereas the LPBF microstructure is characterized by a suppressed low-angle boundary population and fragmented twin-related boundaries embedded within irregular high-angle grain boundary networks. Fractographic analysis further reveals predominantly intergranular cracking in LPBF H282, accompanied by grain-boundary-decorated carbides, Al 2 O 3 inclusions, and high-aspect-ratio pores. These results demonstrate that grain boundary topology, rather than minimum creep rate alone, plays a critical role in governing creep damage accumulation and rupture behavior in LPBF and wrought H282.

Creep↗

Pixel response characterization of the ARCADIA fully depleted MAPS

Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) achieved widespread use in several scientific applications, thanks to their properties, such as low material budget and high granularity. The ARCADIA INFN project developed a Fully-Depleted MAPS (FD-MAPS), using a modified LFoundry 110 nm CIS process. This work presents the first laboratory characterization of the ARCADIA MD3 prototype. Measurements include threshold uniformity studies using both test-pulse injection and a 55 Fe source, as well as threshold and noise calibration achieved thanks to monochromatic X-ray sources. Ultimately, charge-collection efficiency is evaluated using an infrared laser setup.

Particle tracking detectors↗

Ultrafast formation of a transient two-dimensional diamondlike structure in twisted bilayer graphene

Due to the absence of matching carbon atoms at honeycomb centers with carbon atoms in adjacent graphene sheets, theorists predicted that a sliding process is needed to form AA, AB', or ABC stacking when directly converting graphite into sp 3 bonded diamond. Here, using twisted bilayer graphene, which naturally provides AA and AB' stacking configurations, we report the ultrafast formation of a transient two-dimensional diamondlike structure (which is not observed in aligned graphene) under femtosecond laser irradiation. This photoinduced phase transition is evidenced by the appearance of bond lengths of 1.94 and 3.14 Å in the time-dependent differential pair distribution function using MeV ultrafast electron diffraction. Molecular dynamics and first-principles calculation indicate that sp 3 bonds nucleate at AA and AB' stacked areas in a moiré pattern. This work sheds light on the direct graphite-to-diamond transformation mechanism, which has not been fully understood for more than 60 years.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Pore2Chip: All-in-one python tool for soil microstructure analysis and micromodel design

The Pore2Chip Python package is designed to create 2D micromodels using extracted data from 3D X-ray computed tomography (XCT) images. This package helps analyze soil structure and function, allowing for the investigation of hydro-biogeochemical processes that impact mineral extraction and reactivity, oxygen concentrations, and nutrient availability in disturbed or managed soils. Key metrics encompass pore size distributions, pore throat size distributions, and connectivity (pore coordination numbers). The final output is a 2D scalable SVG design representing a core or aggregate. Designs can be fabricated with methods such as laser etching, 3D printing, and photolithography.

lab-on-chip↗

Unified Software Architecture for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Data Management and Processing: FY 2023 Multidimensional Data Correlation Platform

This report details the various digital manufacturing activities ongoing at ORNL as part of the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies (AMMT) program. The AMMT program is exploring a data-driven approach to demonstrate the use of AM for the fabrication of components for nuclear applications, with the goal of providing a greater understanding of manufacturing quality outcomes that would pave the way toward the development of standards for certification and qualification. The objective of this work package is to establish a digital manufacturing discipline common to all participants of the AMMT program to improve the performance, reliability, and lifetime of nuclear components. As part of this effort, we will develop a unified software architecture for AMMT data management and processing, deploy the digital platform across AMMT participants’ facilities, and generate pedigreed datasets in a common format across multiple labs and facilities. To this end, the MDDC work package has focused on three activities during FY23. First, the MDF Digital Tool was overhauled to better serve the needs of the AMMT program. Next, multiple laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) systems at the MDF were upgraded to a common sensor package for collecting comparable in situ data across machines. Finally, various improvements relevant to the AMMT program were implemented in the ORNL-developed software tool, Peregrine. This report marks the completion of FY23 milestone M3CR-22OR0403051: Report Describing the Architecture of the Digital Platform to Support AMMT Activities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Single-shot X-ray absorption spectroscopy at X-ray free electron lasers

X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) is a widely used X-ray diagnostic method for studying electronic and structural properties of matter. At first glance, the relatively narrow bandwidth and the highly fluctuating spectral structure of X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFEL) sources seem to require accumulation over many shots to achieve high data quality. To date the best approach to implementing XAS at XFEL facilities has been using monochromators to scan the photon energy across the desired spectral range. While this is possible for easily reproducible samples such as liquids, it is incompatible with many important systems. Here, we demonstrate collection of single-shot XAS spectra over 10s of eV using an XFEL source, with error bars of only a few percent. We additionally show how to extend this technique over wider spectral ranges towards Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure measurements, by concatenating a few tens of single-shot measurements. Our results pave the way for future XAS studies at XFELs, in particular those in the femtosecond regime. This advance is envisioned to be especially important for many transient processes that can only be initiated at lower repetition rates, for difficult to reproduce excitation conditions, or for rare samples, such as those encountered in high-energy density physics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Aerosol jet printed 3 omega sensors for thermal conductivity measurement

The 3 omega (3ω) method is a trusted technique for measuring thermal conductivity—a fundamental material property of critical importance in a broad range of applications. However, traditional 3ω sensor processing requires some form of physical vapor deposition, such as metal evaporation or sputtering. These 3ω sensor deposition techniques limit the materials and sample sizes applicable to the 3ω method. This work demonstrates an aerosol jet printing method to directly print silver 3ω sensors that yield accurate temperature-dependent measurement up to 300 °C on materials with thermal conductivity ranging from 1 to 150 W/m K. The interrelationship between printed sensor geometry, sensor thermal stability, and applicability to the 3ω method is examined. Thermal conductivity measurement with 3ω sensors conventionally sintered at 300 °C agrees to independent laser flash measurement within 4% from room temperature to 150 °C. An unconventional rapid high-temperature sintering method is shown to produce sensors that agree within 3% of the laser flash measurements from room temperature to 300 °C. The rapid sintering profiles also reduced the sensor–substrate thermal boundary resistance of the printed sensors by as much as 88%. The direct printing of 3ω sensors creates opportunities for measurement of thermal transport properties in applications previously inapplicable to the 3ω method.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

A novel additive manufacturing compression overmolding process for hybrid metal polymer composite structures

Metal polymer composites combining low density, high strength composites with highly ductile and tough metals have gained traction over the last few decades as lightweight and high-performance materials for industrial applications. However, the mechanical properties are limited by the interfacial bonding strength between metals and polymers achieved through adhesives, welding, and surface treatment processes. In this paper, a novel manufacturing process combining additive manufacturing and compression molding to obtain hybrid metal polymer composites with enhanced mechanical properties is presented. Additive manufacturing enabled deposition of polymeric material with fibers in a predetermined pattern to form tailored charge or preform for compression molding. Here, a grade 300 maraging steel triangular lattice is first fabricated using AddUp FormUp350 laser powder bed system and compression overmolded with additively manufactured long carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide-6,6 (40% wt. CF/PA66) preform. The fabricated hybrid metal polymer composites showed high stiffness and tensile strength. The stiffness and failure characteristics determined from the uniaxial tensile tests were correlated to a finite element model within 20% deviation. Fractographic analyses was performed using microscopy to investigate failure mechanisms of the hybrid structures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗