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A Bornean Peat Swamp Forest is a Net Source of Carbon Dioxide to the Atmosphere
Tropical peat forests are a globally important reservoir of carbon, but little is known about CO2 exchange on an annual basis. We measured CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and tropical peat swamp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia using the eddy covariance technique over 4 years from 2011 to 2014. The CO2 fluxes varied between seasons and years. A small carbon uptake took place during the rainy season at the beginning of 2011, while a substantial net efflux of >600 g C/m2 occurred over a 2 month period in the middle of the dry season. Conversely, the peat ecosystem was a source of carbon during both the dry and rainy seasons in subsequent years and more carbon was lost during the rainy season relative to the dry season. Our results demonstrate that the forest was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere during every year of measurement with annual efflux ranging from 183 to 632 g C m−2 year−1, noting that annual flux values were sensitive to gap filling methodology. This is in contrast to the typical view of tropical peat forests which must have acted as net C sinks over time scales of centuries to millennia to create the peat deposits. Path analyses revealed that the gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) were primarily affected by vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Results suggest that future increases in VPD could further reduce the C sink strength and result in additional net CO2 losses from this tropical peat swamp forest in the absence of plant acclimation to such changes in atmospheric dryness.
A constellation architecture for monitoring carbon dioxide and methane from space
UNKNOWN
Effects of Spaceflight Relevant Carbon Dioxide Levels on Pathogenesis Related Microbial Characteristics
BACKGROUND Multiple stressors in the spaceflight environment have the potential to alter microbial pathogenesis and virulence characteristics, including microgravity, radiation, and hostile/confined conditions. This combination of factors may lead to a stacking of risks, potentially creating unexpected increase in the risk of infectious disease. One understudied variable is the higher CO2 atmospheric concentration. The current Spaceflight Maximum Allowance Concentration (SMAC) for 24-hour average CO2 is 0.4% (3 mm Hg). These elevated ambient CO2 levels aboard the ISS could potentially influence the diversity and phenotypic responses of the resident microbial communities from both the spacecraft environment (air, surface, water) and crewmembers (gut, nasal, skin microbiomes). METHODS For these studies, we will evaluate the response of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes, which are opportunistic pathogens that are of medical significance and have been or are likely to be found aboard spacecraft. These microorganisms will be cultured in both spaceflight analog and control conditions at CO2levels representing terrestrial atmospheric concentration of 0.04% (0.3 mmHg), ISS elevated concentration of 0.4% (3 mm Hg), and an unexpected elevated concentration of 1 % (7.6 mmHg) to represent a worst case scenario. DISCUSSION Overwhelming evidence from studies performed in food microbiology, marine biology and terrestrial environmental biology suggest altered gene expression, selective bacterial inhibition, increased growth and diversity, and increased antibiotic resistance of bacterial communities individually and in biofilm formation when exposed to increased levels of CO2. While many of these findings are based on levels of CO2 higher than would be found during spaceflight exploration missions, the potential for subtle changes in CO2 levels to exacerbate infectious disease risks warrants an evaluation of pathogen responses to spaceflight CO2 conditions. Our study will provide answers to spaceflight relevant atmospheric conditions, as described in the Risk of Adverse Health Effects Due to Host-Microorganism Interaction (GapMicro 103).
The Rise of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Delaware Basin
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