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At least 1,783 records · Page 99

A technique to calibrate polarimetric radar images using only image parameters and trihedral corner reflectors

The technique described uses the radar return from natural targets and at least one trihedral corner reflector to calibrate compressed polarimetric radar data for relative amplitude, relative phase, absolute amplitude, and system crosstalk. The crosstalk method is based on the theoretical result that, for natural targets with azimuthal symmetry, the copolarized and cross-polarized components of the scattering matrix are uncorrelated. This method does not require any external calibration targets to be deployed. Since compressed data are used, it is necessary to model the transmitting and receiving systems as reciprocal. The method is used to estimate the crosstalk parameters of the NASA/JPL aircraft for different types of terrain and for two frequencies. For the C-band systems the crosstalk is less than -20 dB for all ranges in the images. The crosstalk of the L-band system is a function of range, however, and may be as poor as -10 dB in the near range, leading to a noticeable distortion of the polarization signatures.

Van Zyl, Jakob J.↗

Assessment of the global monthly mean surface insolation estimated from satellite measurements using global energy balance archive data

Global sets of surface radiation budget (SRB) have been obtained from satellite programs. These satellite-based estimates need validation with ground-truth observations. This study validates the estimates of monthly mean surface insolation contained in two satellite-based SRB datasets with the surface measurements made at worldwide radiation stations from the Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA). One dataset was developed from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) using the algorithm of Li et al. (ERBE/SRB), and the other from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) using the algorithm of Pinker and Laszlo and that of Staylor (GEWEX/SRB). Since the ERBE/SRB data contain the surface net solar radiation only, the values of surface insolation were derived by making use of the surface albedo data contained GEWEX/SRB product. The resulting surface insolation has a bias error near zero and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) between 8 and 28 W/sq m. The RMSE is mainly associated with poor representation of surface observations within a grid cell. When the number of surface observations are sufficient, the random error is estimated to be about 5 W/sq m with present satellite-based estimates. In addition to demonstrating the strength of the retrieving method, the small random error demonstrates how well the ERBE derives from the monthly mean fluxes at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). A larger scatter is found for the comparison of transmissivity than for that of insolation. Month to month comparison of insolation reveals a weak seasonal trend in bias error with an amplitude of about 3 W/sq m. As for the insolation data from the GEWEX/SRB, larger bias errors of 5-10 W/sq m are evident with stronger seasonal trends and almost identical RMSEs.

Li, Zhanqing↗

Comparison of Pre- and Post-Flight Estimations of Pitch Damping Coefficients for Unguided Entry Vehicles

Introduction: Pre-flight predictions of pitch damping coefficient (𝐶!!+𝐶!"̇)curves are used in entry simulations to determine flight readiness and if any dynamic remediation strategies are required. Accurate characterization of these pitch damping coefficient curves is crucial for mission success. Historically, pre-flight estimations of these curves are derived experimentally either via ballistic range testing or with 1-degree-of-freedom (DOF) free-or forced-oscillation wind tunnel testing. Methodology:With post-flight best-estimated trajectories, a fitting procedure as described in Karlgaard, et. al. [1] is used to compare pre-and post-flight pitch damping coefficients. This technique relies on an assumed analytical form of the trajectory, a limited 3-DOF representation described in Schoenenbergerand Queen [2], which results in anEuler-Cauchy solution form.This solution assumes constant density,thus limited amplitude multi-peak windows of the trajectory are considered to populate the pitch damping-amplitudes pace. Fig. 1 shows preliminary estimations of the pitch damping coefficients estimated using the post-flight best estimated trajectoryfor MER B, using a3-amplitude-peak window. Important to note is that the Euler-Cauchy solution also assumes planar motion, thus coning or 𝛽contribution is not included. Further,the estimated post-flight pitch damping approximations and the pre-flight predictions shown are effective representations of pitch damping, or the integrated effect of the pitch damping coefficient over one pitch cycle at the corresponding cycle’s peak amplitude. Effective pitch damping coefficient curves provide more intuitive insights about where the vehicle is stable and permits readily processed comparisons between data-sets. It is important to note that most pitch damping curves, such as those reported in aerodatabases and utilized in flight mechanics trajectory simulations, are represented in instantaneous angle-of-attack space distinct from what is presented in Fig 1. The extracted post-flight pitch damping coefficient points show a wide range of values across a narrow band of amplitudes (Fig.1a), albeit centered on the published pre-flight approximation. This also applies to the prediction as a function of Mach in Fig1b, where the post-flight scatter points are centered around the pre-flight predictions, but the pre-flight predictions notably lack data aboveMach 5.Further tuning of the technique, such as changing the number of peaks considered in each stencil, resolving density in higher resolution, and employing more accurate fitting procedures (beyond scipy.curve_fit()), will be performed. PosterFocus:This study will apply this reconstruction method to the as-flown trajectories for the following unguided entry vehicles: MER A, MER B, IRVE3, Phoenix, Insight, Pathfinder, and SIAD. The pitch damping coefficient will be derived from these trajectories and compared with the pre-flight predictions. Comparing across different missions, entry environments, and vehicle geometries can inform where our pre-flight testing methodologies accurately capture the flight dynamics. Results will provide valuable insight into the accuracy of pre-flight predicted pitch damping curves. Beyond that, this method can shed light on how accurate these curves need to be, which can inform uncertainty ranges applied to pre-flight curves for other missions.

pitch damping coefficient↗

Generic character of charge and spin density waves in superconducting cuprates

Charge density waves (CDWs) have been observed in nearly all families of copper-oxide superconductors. But the behavior of these phases across different families has been perplexing. In La-based cuprates, the CDW wavevector is an increasing function of doping, exhibiting the so-called Yamada behavior, while in Y- and Bi-based materials the behavior is the opposite. Here, we report a combined resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSXS) and neutron scattering study of charge and spin density waves in isotopically enriched La 1.8–x Eu 0.2 Sr x CuO 4 over a range of doping 0.07 ≤ x ≤ 0.20. In this work, we find that the CDW amplitude is temperature independent and develops well above experimentally accessible temperatures. Further, the CDW wavevector shows a nonmonotonic temperature dependence, exhibiting Yamada behavior at low temperature with a sudden change occurring near the spin ordering temperature. We describe these observations using a Landau–Ginzburg theory for an incommensurate CDW in a metallic system with a finite charge compressibility and spin-CDW coupling. Extrapolating to high temperature, where the CDW amplitude is small and spin order is absent, our analysis predicts a decreasing wavevector with doping, similar to Y and Bi cuprates. Our study suggests that CDW order in all families of cuprates forms by a common mechanism.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Mechanisms for pressure-induced crystal-crystal transition, amorphization, and devitrification of SnI{sub 4}

The pressure-induced amorphization and subsequent recrystallization of SnI{sub 4} have been investigated using first principles molecular dynamics calculations together with high-pressure {sup 119}Sn nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering measurements. Above ∼8 GPa, we observe a transformation from an ambient crystalline phase to an intermediate crystal structure and a subsequent recrystallization into a cubic phase at ∼64 GPa. The crystalline-to-amorphous transition was identified on the basis of elastic compatibility criteria. The measured tin vibrational density of states shows large amplitude librations of SnI{sub 4} under ambient conditions. Although high pressure structures of SnI{sub 4} were thought to be determined by random packing of equal-sized spheres, we detected electron charge transfer in each phase. This charge transfer results in a crystal structure packing determined by larger than expected iodine atoms.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

The 5:1 Neptune Resonance as probed by CFEPS: Dynamics and population

The Canada–France Ecliptic Plane Survey discovered four trans-Neptunian objects with semimajor axes near the 5:1 resonance, revealing a large and previously undetected intrinsic population. Three of these objects are currently resonant with Neptune, and the fourth is consistent with being an object that escaped the resonance at some point in the past. The non-resonant object may be representative of a detached population that is stable at slightly lower semimajor axes than the 5:1 resonance. We generated clones of these objects by resampling the astrometric uncertainty and examined their behavior over a 4.5 Gyr numerical simulation. The majority of the clones of the three resonant objects (>90%) spend a total of 10{sup 7} years in resonance during their 4.5 Gyr integrations; most clones experience multiple periods of resonance capture. Our dynamical integrations reveal an exchange between the 5:1 resonance, the scattering objects, and other large semimajor axis resonances, especially the 4:1, 6:1, and 7:1 resonances. The multiple capture events and relatively short resonance lifetimes after capture suggest that these objects are captured scattering objects that stick in the 5:1 resonance. These 5:1 resonators may be representative of a temporary population, requiring regular contributions from a source population. We examined the dynamical characteristics (inclination, eccentricity, resonant island, libration amplitude) of the detected objects and their clones in order to provide an empirical model of the orbit structure of the 5:1 resonance. This resonance is dynamically hot and includes primarily symmetric librators. Given our orbit model, the intrinsic population necessary for the detection of these three objects in the 5:1 resonance is 1900{sub −1400}{sup +3300} (95% confidence) objects with H{sub g} < 8 and e>0.5.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Fluid dynamic studies on scattering aerosol and its generation for application as tracer particles in supersonic flow measurements utilizing laser Doppler velocimeter

An experimental study on the particle-fluid interactions of scattering aerosols was performed using monodisperse aerosols of different particle sizes for the application of laser Doppler velocimeters in subsonic turbulence measurements. Particle response was measured by subjecting the particles to an acoustically excited oscillatory fluid velocity field and by comparing the ratio of particle velocity amplitude to the fluid velocity amplitude as a function of particle size and the frequency of oscillation. Particle velocity was measured by using a differential laser Doppler velocimeter. The test aerosols were fairly monodisperse with a mean diameter that could be controlled over the size range from 0.1 to 1.0 micron. Experimental results on the generation of a fairly monodisperse aerosol of solid particles and liquid droplets and on the aerosol response in the frequency range 100 Hz to 100 kHz are presented. It is indicated that a unit density spherical scatterer of 0.3 micron-diameter would be an optimum choice as tracer particles for subsonic air turbulence measurements.

Mazumder, M. K.↗

Single-shot X-ray phase-contrast imaging using two-dimensional gratings

We developed a two-dimensional gratings-based X-ray interferometer that requires only a single exposure for clinical radiography. The interferometer consisted of a checkerboard phase grating for {pi} phase modulation and a latticed amplitude grating. Using a synchrotron radiation source, the phase grating modulates the X-rays and generates a self-image, transformed to a moire fringe by the amplitude grating. To allow use of a conventional X-ray tube, the latticed source grating was installed downstream from the X-ray tube. Differential phase-contrast and scattering images in two orthogonal directions were obtained by Fourier analysis of the single moire fringe image and an absorption image. Results show that characteristic features of soft tissue in two orthogonal directions were clearly shown in the differential phase-contrast images.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Turbidity very near the critical point of methanol-cyclohexane mixtures

The turbidity of a critical mixture of methanol and cyclohexane has been measured extremely close to the consolute point. The data span the reduced-temperature range between 10 to the -7th and 10 to the -3d, which is two decades closer to Tc than previous measurements. In this temperature range, the turbidity varies approximately as 1nt, as expected from the integrated form for Ornstein-Zernike scattering. A thin cell (200-micron optical path) with a very small volume (0.08 ml) was used to avoid multiple scattering. A carefully controlled temperature history was used to mix the sample and to minimize the effects of critical wetting layers. The data are consistent with a correlation-length amplitude of 3.9 plus or minus 1.0 A, in agreement with the value 3.5 A calculated from two-scale-factor universality and heat-capacity data from the literature.

Kopelman, R. B.↗

Surface texture characterization by angular distributions of scattered light

Work at the National Bureau of Standards to develop an on-line optical measurement device and attendant algorithms for automated optical scattering measurements of machined metal surfaces are described. The surfaces could be milled, ground or lapped, and the system is intended to categorize the resulting surface characteristics. The optical device consists of a He-Ne laser which is shone on a surface. The scattered light is captured by a semicircular array of 87 detector elements rotated over the scanned area. The light signals are processed through a digital voltmeter and then an A/D converter. The signals are then stored for later comparisons with optical scattering data obtained by optical instruments used with stylus instruments for characterizing surface topographies. A theoretical model has been defined which relates light scattering and the characteristics of the surface roughness. Initial experimental results with a sinusoidal surface have indicated that although the system can follow the trend of the roughness, the roughness amplitude is as yet uncertainly defined and the computations require excessive time.

Gilsinn, D. E.↗

The electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability in the Io torus

The electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves which are expected to exist in the Jovian magnetosphere are investigated. The temperature anisotropy generated by the inward radial diffusion of hot ions gives rise to an instability of L mode waves in the off-equatorial region of the Io torus. The resulting pitch angle scattering has been suggested as the cause for the precipitation of ions into the loss cone and auroral excitation. The linear wave dispersion is first examined, and the nonlinear wave amplitude for the saturated state is studied. Two estimates of the wave saturation level are checked by performing an electromagnetic hybrid simulation. Estimated nonlinear saturation amplitudes are compared with those resulting from linear amplification in a finite length. The result shows that the waves in the Jovian magnetosphere produced by the hot protons are mostly in a linear regime.

Machida, S.↗

Modelling asteroid brightness variations. II - The interpretability of light curves and phase curves

Light curves and phase curves have been computed for various asteroid models using the Lumme-Bowell (1981) scattering law. The effects of the scattering parameters on light curves were found to be almost negligible for homogeneous surfaces. The effects on phase curves were more distinct, but changing any of the scattering parameters affects the phase curves in a very similar way, making it impossible to find a unique set of parameter values corresponding to a given phase curve. Light curve amplitudes, on the other hand, depend very strongly on body shape. At least in the case of a triaxial ellipsoid it is possible to determine the axial ratios. Some observed irregularities of light curves can also be modelled easily, but the uniqueness of such models is far from obvious.

Karttunen, H.↗

Microstructure of the IMF turbulences at 2.5 AU

A detailed analysis of small period (15-900 sec) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulences of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has been made using Pioneer-11 high time resolution data (0.75 sec) inside a Corotating Interaction Region (CIR) at a heliocentric distance of 2.5 AU in 1973. The methods used are the hodogram analysis, the minimum variance matrix analysis and the cohenrence analysis. The minimum variance analysis gives evidence of linear polarized wave modes. Coherence analysis has shown that the field fluctuations are dominated by the magnetosonic fast modes with periods 15 sec to 15 min. However, it is also shown that some small amplitude Alfven waves are present in the trailing edge of this region with characteristic periods (15-200 sec). The observed wave modes are locally generated and possibly attributed to the scattering of Alfven waves energy into random magnetosonic waves.

Mavromichalaki, H.↗

Voyager Photometry of Saturn's A Ring

Saturn's A Ring samples a wide range of dynamical environments, from the relatively unperturbed, optically thick inner region to the outer part of the ring, which contains numerous density waves. We analyze Voyager images of the A Ring to determine how the reflectivity of different radial regions varies with lighting and viewing geometry. We model our data with a classical radiative transfer code that includes the illumination of the rings by the Sun and Saturn. The particles in the inner and mid-A Ring have Bond albedos near 0.5 and are more backscattering than satellites of comparable albedo. The region outside the Encke Gap becomes progressively less backscattering with increasing radius. Particle properties change abruptly outside the Keeler Gap; particles here have an albedo near 0.6 and a Lambert-like phase function. In contrast with previous suggestions, the abundance of free, submicrometer "dust" is small throughout the entire A Ring; this conclusion holds even in the outermost A Ring, which is strongly perturbed by density waves. Models derived from low-phase data, assuming only macroscopic particles, correctly predict the highphase reflectivity of the outer A Ring and individual strong density waves in the mid-A Ring. However, the inner and mid-A Ring are typically darker at high phase by a factor of two than our models predict. This discrepancy may be due to the reduced multiple scattering from a layer in which the particles are more closely packed. We have also studied the quadrupole azimuthal brightness asymmetry of the A Ring. The asymmetry has a full amplitude of 35% in the mid-A Ring in low-phase Voyager 2 images. We present results on its behavior and possible implications for the structure of the rings. Finally, we compare our results with studies using other data sets to synthesize our current understanding of the nature of the A Ring.

Dones, Luke↗

Analytic expression for epithermal neutron spectra amplitudes as a function of water content

The epithermal portion of an equilibrium neutron spectrum in a planetary body is a function of the water content of its material. The neutrons are produced at high energies but are moderated by elastic and inelastic scattering until they either are captured by surrounding nuclei or escape. We have derived an expression that explicitly shows the dependance of epithermal neutron spectra on water content. Additionally, we compared its predictions to calculations done by Boltzman transport code for infinite media for silicon, oxygen, and a possible lunar composition, and we have obtained very good agreement.

Drake, Darrell↗

Transverse Momentum-Dependent Parton Distributions From Lattice QCD

Starting from a definition of transverse momentum-dependent parton distributions for semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering and the Drell-Yan process, given in terms of matrix elements of a quark bilocal operator containing a staple-shaped Wilson connection, a scheme to determine such observables in lattice QCD is developed and explored. Parametrizing the aforementioned matrix elements in terms of invariant amplitudes permits a simple transformation of the problem to a Lorentz frame suited for the lattice calculation. Results for the Sivers and Boer-Mulders transverse momentum shifts are presented, focusing in particular on their dependence on the staple extent and the Collins-Soper evolution parameter.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Scalar-Pseudoscalar scattering and pseudoscalar resonances

The interactions between the f{sub 0}(980) and a{sub 0}(980) scalar resonances and the lightest pseudoscalar mesons are studied. We first obtain the interacting kernels, without including any ad hoc free parameter, because the lightest scalar resonances are dynamically generated. These kernels are unitarized, giving the final amplitudes, which generate pseudoscalar resonances, associated with the K(1460), {pi}(1300), {pi}(1800), {eta}(1475) and X(1835). We also consider the exotic channels with I = 3/2 and I{sup G} = 1{sup +} quantum numbers. The former could be also resonant in agreement with a previous prediction.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Nonlinear damping of a finite amplitude whistler wave due to modified two stream instability

A two-dimensional, fully kinetic, particle-in-cell simulation is used to investigate the nonlinear development of a parallel propagating finite amplitude whistler wave (parent wave) with a wavelength longer than an ion inertial length. The cross field current of the parent wave generates short-scale whistler waves propagating highly oblique directions to the ambient magnetic field through the modified two-stream instability (MTSI) which scatters electrons and ions parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field, respectively. The parent wave is largely damped during a time comparable to the wave period. The MTSI-driven damping process is proposed as a cause of nonlinear dissipation of kinetic turbulence in the solar wind.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗