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DOE OSTI2015

Design of a telemetry system based on wireless power transmission for physiological parameter monitoring

An implanted telemetry system for experimental animals with or without anaesthesia can be used to continuously monitor physiological parameters. This system is significant not only in the study of organisms but also in the evaluation of drug efficacy, artificial organs, and auxiliary devices. The system is composed of a miniature electronic capsule, a wireless power transmission module, a data-recording device, and a processing module. An electrocardiograph, a temperature sensor, and a pressure sensor are integrated in the miniature electronic capsule, in which the signals are transmitted in vitro by wireless communication after filtering, amplification, and A/D sampling. To overcome the power shortage of batteries, a wireless power transmission module based on electromagnetic induction was designed. The transmitting coil of a rectangular-section solenoid and a 3D receiving coil are proposed according to stability and safety constraints. Experiments show that at least 150 mW of power could pick up on the load in a volume of Φ10.5 mm × 11 mm, with a transmission efficiency of 2.56%. Vivisection experiments verified the feasibility of the integrated radio-telemetry system.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2015

Constraints on the off-shell Higgs boson signal strength in the high-mass ZZ and WW final states with the ATLAS detector

The measurements of the ZZ and WW final states in the mass range above the $2m_Z$ and $2m_W$ thresholds provide a unique opportunity to measure the off-shell coupling strength of the Higgs boson. This paper presents constraints on the off-shell Higgs boson event yields normalised to the Standard Model prediction (signal strength) in the $ZZ \rightarrow 4\ell $, $ZZ\rightarrow 2\ell 2\nu $ and $WW\rightarrow e\nu \mu \nu $ final states. The result is based on pp collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb$^{-1}$ at a collision energy of $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV. Using the $CL_s$ method, the observed 95 $\%$ confidence level (CL) upper limit on the off-shell signal strength is in the range 5.1–8.6, with an expected range of 6.7–11.0. In each case the range is determined by varying the unknown $gg\rightarrow ZZ$ and $gg\rightarrow WW$ background K-factor from higher-order quantum chromodynamics corrections between half and twice the value of the known signal K-factor. Assuming the relevant Higgs boson couplings are independent of the energy scale of the Higgs boson production, a combination with the on-shell measurements yields an observed (expected) 95 $\%$ CL upper limit on $\Gamma _H/\Gamma _H^{\mathrm {SM}}$ in the range 4.5–7.5 (6.5–11.2) using the same variations of the background K-factor. Assuming that the unknown $gg\rightarrow VV$ background K-factor is equal to the signal K-factor, this translates into an observed (expected) 95 $\%$ CL upper limit on the Higgs boson total width of 22.7 (33.0) MeV.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

NASA NTRS1984

Sensitivities of projected 1980 photovoltaic system costs to major system cost drivers

The sensitivity of projected 1990 photovoltaic (PV) system costs to major system cost drivers was examined. It includes: (1) module costs and module efficiencies; (2) area related balance of system (BOS) costs; (3) inverter costs and efficiencies; and (4) module marketing and distribution markups and system integration fees. Recent PV system cost experiences and the high costs of electricity from the systems are reviewed. The 1990 system costs are projected for five classes of PV systems, including four ground mounted 5-MWp systems and one residential 5-kWp system. System cost projections are derived by first projecting costs and efficiencies for all subsystems and components. Sensitivity analyses reveal that reductions in module cost and engineering and system integration fees seem to have the greatest potential for contributing to system cost reduction. Although module cost is clearly the prime candidate for fruitful PV research and development activities, engineering and system integration fees seem to be more amenable to reduction through appropriate choice of system size and market strategy. Increases in inverter and module efficiency yield significant benefits, especially for systems with high area related costs.

Zimmerman, L. W.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Design and Operation of Energy Systems with Large Amounts of Variable Generation: IEA Wind TCP Task 25 (Final Summary Report)

This report summarizes findings on wind integration from the 17 countries or sponsors participating in the International Energy Agency Wind Technology Collaboration Program (IEA Wind TCP) Task 25 from 2006-2020. Both real experience and studies are reported. Many wind integration studies incorporate solar energy, and most of the results discussed here are valid for other variable renewables in addition to wind. The national case studies address several impacts of wind power on electric power systems. In this report, they are grouped under long-term planning issues and short-term operational impacts. Long-term planning issues include grid planning and capacity adequacy. Short-term operational impacts include reliability, stability, reserves, and maximizing the value of wind in operational timescales (balancing related issues). The first section presents the variability and uncertainty of power system-wide wind power, and the last section presents recent studies toward 100% shares of renewables. The appendix provides a summary of ongoing research in the national projects contributing to Task 25 for 2021-2024. The design and operation of power and energy systems is an evolving field. As ambitious targets toward net-zero carbon energy systems are announced globally, many scenarios are being made regarding how to reach these future decarbonized energy systems, most of them involving large amounts of variable renewables, mainly wind and solar energy. The secure operation of power systems is increasingly challenging, and the impacts of variable renewables, new electrification loads together with increased distribution system resources will lead to somewhat different challenges for different systems. Tools and methods to study future power and energy systems also need to evolve, and both short-term operational aspects (such as power system stability) and long-term aspects (such as resource adequacy) will probably see new paradigms of operation and design. The experience of operating and planning systems with large amounts of variable generation is accumulating, and research to tackle the challenges of inverter-based, nonsynchronous generation is on the way. Energy transition and digitalization also bring new flexibility opportunities, both short and long term.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

NASA NTRS1997

Wrist Camera Orientation for Effective Telerobotic Orbital Replaceable Unit (ORU) Changeout

The Hydraulic Manipulator Testbed (HMTB) is the kinematic replica of the Flight Telerobotic Servicer (FTS). One use of the HMTB is to evaluate advanced control techniques for accomplishing robotic maintenance tasks on board the Space Station. Most maintenance tasks involve the direct manipulation of the robot by a human operator when high-quality visual feedback is important for precise control. An experiment was conducted in the Systems Integration Branch at the Langley Research Center to compare several configurations of the manipulator wrist camera for providing visual feedback during an Orbital Replaceable Unit changeout task. Several variables were considered such as wrist camera angle, camera focal length, target location, lighting. Each study participant performed the maintenance task by using eight combinations of the variables based on a Latin square design. The results of this experiment and conclusions based on data collected are presented.

Jones, Sharon Monica↗

DOE OSTI2023

Porting numerical integration codes from CUDA to oneAPI: a case study

We present our experience in porting optimized CUDA implementations to oneAPI. We focus on the use case of numerical integration, particularly the CUDA implementations of PAGANI and $m$-Cubes. We faced several challenges that caused performance degradation in the oneAPI ports. These include differences in utilized registers per thread, compiler optimizations, and mappings of CUDA library calls to oneAPI equivalents. After addressing those challenges, we tested both the PAGANI and m-Cubes integrators on numerous integrands of various characteristics. To evaluate the quality of the ports, we collected performance metrics of the CUDA and oneAPI implementations on the Nvidia V100 GPU. We found that the oneAPI ports often achieve comparable performance to the CUDA versions, and that they are at most 10% slower.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2026

A tale of two extremes: Temperature sensitivity of carbon loss from cool and hot soils

Soils represent the largest terrestrial carbon (C) pool, and the flux of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from soils to the atmosphere is ~ 6-10 times more than anthropogenic emissions. Understanding responses of soil CO 2 emissions to warming is crucial for evaluating feedback to ongoing environmental changes. The relationship between microbial respiration and temperature is typically modeled using a Q 10 function. Generally, observations of the apparent Q 10 of soil respiration are higher for cold vs. warm ecosystems, reflecting expected biophysical controls of Arrhenius kinetics. However, results from two field warming experiments in the tropics contradict this expectation, both observing extraordinarily high soil respiration responses to in situ warming. Our overall objective for the proposed work is to reduce uncertainty in temperature sensitivity of soil C loss by systematically synthesizing underlying mechanisms related to soil C turnover and stabilization. We are evaluating the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in ecosystems across temperature extremes (e.g., arctic/boreal and tropical systems) by integrating data collected from field warming experiments with machine learning and biogeochemical models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1988

Analysis of contamination data recorded by the IECM camera/photometer

The Camera/Photometer was one of the ten instruments comprising the Induced Environment Contamination Monitor (IECM) developed to monitor the contamination about the Space Shuttle Orbiter during early missions. This experiment consisted of two motion picture cameras, integrating photometers, and associated electronics enclosed in pressurized canisters and separated by 40 cm in order to make stereoscopic observation of particulates. The objectives of the experiment were to record the occurrence of particulates and to determine their velocities, sizes and origins, as well as to measure the background brightness due to unresolved particles. Particle tracks were detected on over 1800 data frames recorded during continuous operations throughout STS-2, -3, -4, and -9. This report discusses the analysis techniques employed in reducing subsequent results, with an emphasis placed on particle size and velocity data. It also describes the operation of the overall experiment and some of the results obtained.

Clifton, K. Stuart↗

NASA NTRS1997

Damping Experiment of Spinning Composite Plates with Embedded Viscoelastic Material

One way to increase gas turbine engine blade reliability and durability is to reduce blade vibration. It is well known that vibration reduction can be achieved by adding damping to metal and composite blade-disk systems. This experiment was done to investigate the use of integral viscoelastic damping treatments to reduce vibration of rotating composite fan blades. It is part of a joint research effort with NASA LeRC and the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Previous vibration bench test results obtained at UCSD show that plates with embedded viscoelastic material had over ten times greater damping than similar untreated plates; and this was without a noticeable change in blade stiffness. The objectives of this experiment, were to verify the structural integrity of composite plates with viscoelastic material embedded between composite layers while under large steady forces from spinning, and to measure the damping and natural frequency variation with rotational speed.

Mehmed, Oral↗

NASA NTRS2018

The Path Towards High-Contrast Imaging with the VLTI: The Hi-5 Project

The development of high-contrast capabilities has long been recognized as one of the top priorities for the VLTI (Very Large Telescope Interferometer). As of today, the VLTI routinely achieves contrasts of a few 103 in the near-infrared with PIONIER (Precision Integrated-Optics Near-infrared Imaging ExpeRiment) (H band) and GRAVITY (K band). Nulling interferometers in the northern hemisphere and non-redundant aperture masking experiments have, however, demonstrated that contrasts of at least a few 10 (sup -3) are within reach using specific beam combination and data acquisition techniques. In this paper, we explore the possibility to reach similar or higher contrasts on the VLTI. After reviewing the state-of-the-art in high-contrast infrared interferometry, we discuss key features that made the success of other high-contrast interferometric instruments (e.g., integrated optics, nulling, closure phase, and statistical data reduction) and address possible avenues to improve the contrast of the VLTI by at least one order of magnitude. In particular, we discuss the possibility to use integrated optics, proven in the near-infrared, in the thermal near-infrared (L and M bands, 3-5 microns), a sweet spot to image and characterize young extra-solar planetary systems. Finally, we address the science cases of a high-contrast VLTI imaging instrument and focus particularly on exoplanet science (young exoplanets, planet formation, and exozodiacal disks), stellar physics (fundamental parameters and multiplicity), and extragalactic astrophysics (active galactic nuclei and fundamental constants). Synergies and scientific preparation for other potential future instruments such as the Planet Formation Imager are also briefly discussed. This project is called Hi-5 for High-contrast Interferometry up to 5 microns.

PIONIER (H band)↗

DOE OSTI2017

Greening the Grid: Pathways to Integrate 175 Gigawatts of Renewable Energy into India’s Electric Grid, Vol. I. National Study. Executive Summary

The use of renewable energy (RE) sources, primarily wind and solar generation, is poised to grow significantly within the Indian power system. The Government of India has established an installed capacity target of 175 gigawatts (GW) RE by 2022 that includes 60 GW of wind and 100 GW of solar, up from current capacities of 29 GW wind and 9 GW solar. India’s contribution to global efforts on climate mitigation extends this ambition to 40% non-fossil-based generation capacity by 2030. Global experience demonstrates that power systems can integrate wind and solar at this scale; however, evidence-based planning is important to achieve wind and solar integration at least cost. The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the operation of India’s power grid with 175 GW of RE in order to identify potential cost and operational concerns and actions needed to efficiently integrate this level of wind and solar generation.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2014

Generalization of Abel's mechanical problem: The extended isochronicity condition and the superposition principle

This paper presents a simple but nontrivial generalization of Abel's mechanical problem, based on the extended isochronicity condition and the superposition principle. There are two primary aims. The first one is to reveal the linear relation between the transit-time T and the travel-length X hidden behind the isochronicity problem that is usually discussed in terms of the nonlinear equation of motion (d{sup 2}X)/(dt{sup 2}) +(dU)/(dX) =0 with U(X) being an unknown potential. Second, the isochronicity condition is extended for the possible Abel-transform approach to designing the isochronous trajectories of charged particles in spectrometers and/or accelerators for time-resolving experiments. Our approach is based on the integral formula for the oscillatory motion by Landau and Lifshitz [Mechanics (Pergamon, Oxford, 1976), pp. 27–29]. The same formula is used to treat the non-periodic motion that is driven by U(X). Specifically, this unknown potential is determined by the (linear) Abel transform X(U) ∝ A[T(E)], where X(U) is the inverse function of U(X), A=(1/√(π))∫{sub 0}{sup E}dU/√(E−U) is the so-called Abel operator, and T(E) is the prescribed transit-time for a particle with energy E to spend in the region of interest. Based on this Abel-transform approach, we have introduced the extended isochronicity condition: typically, τ = T{sub A}(E) + T{sub N}(E) where τ is a constant period, T{sub A}(E) is the transit-time in the Abel type [A-type] region spanning X > 0 and T{sub N}(E) is that in the Non-Abel type [N-type] region covering X < 0. As for the A-type region in X > 0, the unknown inverse function X{sub A}(U) is determined from T{sub A}(E) via the Abel-transform relation X{sub A}(U) ∝ A[T{sub A}(E)]. In contrast, the N-type region in X < 0 does not ensure this linear relation: the region is covered with a predetermined potential U{sub N}(X) of some arbitrary choice, not necessarily obeying the Abel-transform relation. In discussing the isochronicity problem, there has been no attempt of N-type regions that are practically of full use for the charged-particle spectrometers and/or accelerators. In this Abel-transform approach, the superposition principle simplifies the derivation of X{sub A}(U) satisfying the extended isochronicity condition. Although the extended isochronicity condition inevitably discards the low-energy particles, there is no problem for handling accelerated particles because they do not involve the small-amplitude oscillations around the potential minimum. We present analytic examples of X{sub A}(U) that are instructive. In Appendix B, Urabe's criterion is interpreted in the time domain, using the Abel-transform approach.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2017

Fragmentation Prediction for a Brittle Ceramic: An Integrated Two-Scale Model Approach

A new implementation of a multi-scale fragmentation model is introduced that combines existing independent macro and micro-scale models into a single material model within the Library of Advanced Materials for Engineering (LAME) that can be used directly by the finite element structural mechanics code SIERRA/SM, developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The implementation not only joins existing independent fragmentation models into a single framework, but also enables further development by virtue of being integrated into SIERRA/SM. Integration with a finite element structural mechanics code for a true two-way coupling of the fragmentation models that were previously independent. Hereafter, the prior implementation will be referred to as the sequentially applied fragmentation model. In contrast, the newly developed model will be called the integrated two-scale model. The sequentially applied fragmentation model consists of two independent models applied sequentially to account for the macro-scale and microscale fragmentation. The macro-scale fragmentation behavior is calculated using an elastic gradient damage explicit material model developed to model fracture in brittle materials. The micro-scale fragmentation model is an implementation of the 1D cohesive-zone model developed by Zhou, et al. The micro-scale model is implemented by post-processing the macro-scale data that provides initial conditions for the 1D analysis. The micro-scale model is necessary to predict the resulting fragment size distribution at length scales inaccessible to the finite element based macro-scale model. The full range of fragmentation behavior is then predicted by combining the results from the two independent models. The sequentially applied fragmentation model was used to predict the fragments that result from impact loading of a brittle material, which in that case was a ceramic cylinder of commercial UO{sub 2} nuclear fuel. Understanding the fragmentation behavior of such materials is important for evaluating the risk of airborne particulate release under impact loading scenarios. This work will verify the implementation of the integrated two-scale model using the same experiment modeled by the existing sequentially applied model. The purpose of this manuscript is to introduce the new integrated two-scale fragmentation model and validate the implementation against the existing sequentially applied model for a specific case of impact loading of a brittle material. This validation case will not fully utilize the benefits of having the model integrated into the finite element code as a material model. Rather, this study will demonstrate consistency between the two fragmentation models to ensure that the success of the sequentially applied model will be duplicated by the integrated two-scale approach. Once validated, further development of the model can be made by utilizing the integration into the finite element code to create a fully two-way coupled fragmentation model that will be extended to include higher fidelity models.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Using containers to speed up development, to run integration tests and to teach about distributed systems

GlideinWMS is a workload manager provisioning resources for many experiments including CMS and DUNE. The software is distributed both as native packages and specialized production containers. Following an approach used in other communities like web development we built our workspaces, system-like containers to ease development and testing. Developers can change the source tree or check out a different branch and quickly reconfigure the services to see the effect of their changes. In this paper, we’ll talk about what differentiates workspaces from other containers. We’ll describe our base system composed of three containers. A one-node cluster including a compute element and a batch system. A GlideinWMS Factory controlling pilot jobs. And a scheduler and Frontend, to submit jobs and provision resources. Additional containers can be used for optional components. This system can easily run on a laptop and we’ll share our evaluation of different container runtimes, with an eye for ease of use and performance. Finally, we’ll talk about our experience as developers and with students. The GlideinWMS workspaces are easily integrated with IDEs like VS Code, simplifying debugging and allowing development and testing of the system also when offline. They simplified the training and onboarding of new team members and Summer interns. And they were useful in workshops where students could have first-hand experience with the mechanisms and components that, in production, run millions of jobs.

Mambelli, Marco↗

DOE OSTI2025

Using Containers to Speed Up Development, to Run Integration Tests and to Teach About Distributed Systems

GlideinWMS is a workload manager provisioning resources for many experiments, including CMS and DUNE. The software is distributed both as native packages and specialized production containers. Following an approach used in other communities like web development, we built our workspaces, system-like containers to ease development and testing. Developers can change the source tree or check out a different branch and quickly reconfigure the services to see the effect of their changes. In this paper, we will talk about what differentiates workspaces from other containers. We will describe our base system, composed of three containers: a one-node cluster including a compute element and a batch system, a GlideinWMS Factory controlling pilot jobs, and a scheduler and Frontend to submit jobs and provision resources. Additional containers can be used for optional components. This system can easily run on a laptop, and we will share our evaluation of different container runtimes, with an eye for ease of use and performance. Finally, we will talk about our experience as developers and with students. The GlideinWMS workspaces are easily integrated with IDEs like VS Code, simplifying debugging and allowing development and testing of the system even when offline. They simplified the training and onboarding of new team members and summer interns. And they were useful in workshops where students could have first-hand experience with the mechanisms and components that, in production, run millions of jobs.

Mambelli, Marco [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000294892681↗

NASA NTRS2007

The Naturalistic Flight Deck System: An Integrated System Concept for Improved Single-Pilot Operations

This paper reviews current and emerging operational experiences, technologies, and human-machine interaction theories to develop an integrated flight system concept designed to increase the safety, reliability, and performance of single-pilot operations in an increasingly accommodating but stringent national airspace system. This concept, know as the Naturalistic Flight Deck (NFD), uses a form of human-centered automation known as complementary-automation (or complemation) to structure the relationship between the human operator and the aircraft as independent, collaborative agents having complimentary capabilities. The human provides commonsense knowledge, general intelligence, and creative thinking, while the machine contributes specialized intelligence and control, extreme vigilance, resistance to fatigue, and encyclopedic memory. To support the development of the NFD, an initial Concept of Operations has been created and selected normal and non-normal scenarios are presented in this document.

Schutte, Paul C.↗

NASA NTRS1990

An overview of the Spacelab program

A detailed review is presented of Spacelab experiments, equipment, methodologies, and aims emphasizing the 16 dedicated missions for Space Shuttle flights. Extensive illustrations of experimental set-ups and payload configurations are given showing the Space Shuttle payload bay. Among the experiments described are: (1) the Astro-1 UV and X-ray astronomy mission; (2) the Spacelab Life Science-1 mission for human activity in space; (3) the International Microgravity Laboratory-1 for materials and biological studies; (4) the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science to study solar effects on the earth; and (5) the Space Radar Laboratory for mapping the earth. Spacelab ground support is discussed and shown to be important for the planning, integration, and flight activities of the experiment programs.

Benson, Robert H.↗

DOE OSTI2026

NGEE Arctic Integrated Modeling (IM3): Improved snow-vegetation interaction

This data product represents the integration of new code capability for arctic tundra snow-vegetation-terrain interactions into the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM), through the E3SM Land Model (ELM) component. This code integration is the result of collaborative effort between the NGEE Arctic project and the E3SM project. The NGEE Arctic project developed a total of six Integrated Modeling (IM) modules informed by observations and experiments. New ELM capability represented by this data product (IM3) falls into three categories: 1) Downscaling from gridcell to topographic unit level when working through the existing coupler bypass code. 2) Four new parameters (taper, stocking, bendresist, and vegshape) have been added to ELM to allow for flexible definition of snow-vegetation interactions. 3) Vegshape and bendresist parameters are used to calculate the fraction of leaf area and/or stem area buried by snow for a given snow depth. This data record consists of a single document (pdf format) that describes the theoretical basis for the snow-vegetation-terrain interactions added to ELM, and describes the modifications made to the ELM code. The Methods section of this metadata record includes a link to the public E3SM code repository where the exact code modifications as integrated in E3SM can be accessed. The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska. Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

Thornton, Peter E [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000247595158)↗