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At least 1,783 records · Page 99

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NASA NTRS1973

The environmental heat flux routine, version 4 (EHFR-4) and Multiple Reflections Routine (MRR), volume 1

The environmental heat flux routine version 4, (EHFR-4) is a generalized computer program which calculates the steady state and/or transient thermal environments experienced by a space system during lunar surface, deep space, or thermal vacuum chamber operation. The specific environments possible for EHFR analysis include: lunar plain, lunar crater, combined lunar plain and crater, lunar plain in the region of spacecraft surfaces, intervehicular, deep space in the region of spacecraft surfaces, and thermal vacuum chamber generation. The EHFR was used for Extra Vehicular Mobility Unit environment analysis of the Apollo 11-17 missions, EMU manned and unmanned thermal vacuum qualification testing, and EMU-LRV interface environmental analyses.

Dietz, J. B.↗

NASA NTRS1973

The Arctic data buoy. A system for environmental monitoring in the Arctic

An automated data buoy system for environmental monitoring in the Arctic was developed. The buoy is designed to operate for a minimum of 1 year providing position and environmental data through polar-orbiting satellite telecommunications. It can be deployed by a two or three man crew using a small aircraft. It is capable of operating in both free-floating and frozen-in situations. An experimental unit successfully completed a 5-month test at Fletcher's Ice Island (T-3) during the winter of 1971-72 and six units were deployed in the Arctic during the spring of 1972. Results to data have demonstrated the utility of the basic design, the effectiveness of the satellite communications, and the feasibility of deploying and operating a large array of such buoy systems in the Arctic Ocean.

Haugen, D. P.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Investigation of environmental indices from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite

The author has identified the following significant results. Land use change, water quality, and air quality indices have been calculated from analysis of ERTS-1 multispectral scanning imagery and computer compatible tapes. Specifications have been developed and discussed for an ERTS-1 environmental monitoring system which help to serve the information needs of environmental managers at the Federal, state, regional, and local level. General conclusions of the investigation are that ERTS-1 data is very useful in land use mapping and updating to 10-15 categories, and can provide an overall measure of air and water turbidity; however, more and better ground truth and possibly additional spacecraft sensors will be required if specific air and water pollutants are to be quantified from satellite data.

Greeley, R. S.↗

NASA NTRS1974

An economic assessment of STOL aircraft potential including terminal area environmental considerations, volume 1

The results of an economic and environmental study of short haul airline systems using short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft are presented. The STOL system characteristics were optimized for maximum patronage at a specified return on investment, while maintaining noise impact compatibility with the terminal area. Supporting studies of aircraft air pollution and hub airport congestion relief were also performed. The STOL concept specified for this study was an Augmentor Wing turbofan aircraft having a field length capability of 2,000 ft. and an effective perceived noise level of 95 EPNdB at 500 ft. sideline distance. An economic and environmental assessment of the defined STOL system and a summary of the methodology, STOL system characteristics and arena characteristics are provided.

Solomon, H. L.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Charting environmental pollution

It is found that areas affected by different noxious agents are within the limits traced for high noise level areas; consequently, it is suggested that high noise pressure levels should be used as the primary indication of environmental pollution. A complex methodology is reported for charting environmental pollution due to physical, chemical and biological noxious agents on the scale of an industrial district.

Halpert, E.↗

NASA NTRS1974

An operational application of ERTS-1 imagery to the environmental inventory process

A discussion is presented of how The Engineer Agency for Resources Inventories utilized ERTS remotely sensed imagery as a/supplement to airphotos and collateral data for an environmental impact study of the Atchafalaya Basin for the New Orleans engineer district. This single overall inventory permitted a systematic approach and substantial economy for a number of engineering projects for which environmental impact statements would be required. The study area covered approximately 25,000 square miles and included all or part of 36 parishes in Louisiana and 8 counties in Mississippi. It was concluded that as a supplementary source, used in conjunction with airphotos, ERTS had proven itself as a significant means of economy. As a primary source, the Engineer Agency is not yet ready to accept ERTS for their own particular applications.

Oneal, J. D.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Application of ERTS imagery in estimating the environmental impact of a freeway through the Knysna area of South Africa

In the coastal areas north-east and south-west of Knysna, South Africa lie natural forests, lakes and lagoons highly regarded by many for their aesthetic and ecological richness. A freeway construction project has given rise to fears of the degradation or destruction of these natural features. The possibility was investigated of using ERTS imagery to estimate the environmental impact of the freeway and found that: (1) All threatened features could readily be identified on the imagery. (2) It was possible within a short time to provide an area estimate of damage to indigenous forest. (3) In several important respects the imagery has advantages over maps and aerial photos for this type of work. (4) The imagery will enable monitoring of the actual environmental impact of the freeway when completed.

Williamson, D. T.↗

NASA NTRS1974

MSFC Skylab thermal and environmental control system mission evaluation

An evaluation of the performance of the Skylab thermal and environmental control system is presented. Actual performance is compared to design and functional requirements and anomalies and discrepancies and their resolution are discussed. The thermal and environmental control systems performed their intended role. Based on the experience gained in design, development and flight, recommendations are provided which may be beneficial to future system designs.

Hopson, G. D.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Environmental application of remote sensing methods to coastal zone land use and marine resource management. Appendix F: User's guide for advection, convection prototype

A user's manual is provided for the environmental computer model proposed for the Richmond-Cape Henry Environmental Laboratory (RICHEL) application project for coastal zone land use investigations and marine resources management. The model was developed around the hydrologic cycle and includes two data bases consisting of climate and land use variables. The main program is described, along with control parameters to be set and pertinent subroutines.

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NASA NTRS1973

Environmental test report for the WX-32335 SEC camera tube

The environmental testing activity on the WX-32335 was carried out to determine if this tube type could withstand the environmental requirements established for the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) camera tube (WX-32224). The results of the tests led to the following conclusions: (1) The WX-32335 as processed with a CsTe photocathode surface can withstand the temperature extremes established for the IUE camera tube without damage to the photocathode surface or without introducing background signal in the tube after one hour of dark integration. (2) The WX-32335 built with a WX-32224 type target support structure can withstand the sinusoidal vibration requirements established for the IUE camera tube. (3) Although the vibration test of the WX-32335 type tubes built with the flat target ring structure could not be completed, there was no indication that these tubes could not withstand the sinusoidal vibration requirements established for the IUE camera tube.

Malanoski, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1974

The Representative Shuttle Environmental Control System

The Representative Shuttle Environmental Control System (RSECS) program was conceived to provide NASA with a prototype system representative of the Shuttle Environmental Control System (ECS). Discussed are the RSECS program objectives, predicated on updating and adding to the early system as required to retain its usefulness during the Shuttle ECS development and qualification effort. Ultimately, RSECS will be replaced with a flight-designed system using either refurbished development or qualification equipment to provide NASA with a flight simulation capability during the Shuttle missions. The RSECS air revitalization subsystem and the waste management support subsystem are being tested. A water coolant subsystem and a freon coolant subsystem are in the development and planning phases.

Brose, H. F.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Assessment of possible environmental effects of space shuttle operations

The potential of shuttle operations to contribute to atmospheric pollution is investigated. Presented in this interim report are results of the study to date on rocket exhaust inventory, exhaust interactions, dispersion of the ground cloud, detection and measurement of hydrochloric acid and aluminum oxide, environmental effects of hydrochloric acid and aluminum oxide, stratospheric effects of shuttle effluents, and mesospheric and ionospheric effects of orbiter reentry. The results indicate space shuttle operation will not result in adverse environmental effects if appropriate launch constraints are met.

Cicerone, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Regional environmental analysis and management: New techniques for current problems

Advances in data acquisition and processing procedures for regional environmental analysis are discussed. Automated and semi-automated techniques employing Earth Resources Technology Satellite data and conventional data sources are presented. Experiences are summarized. The ERTS computer compatible tapes provide a very complete and flexible record of earth resources data and represent a viable medium to enhance regional environmental analysis research.

Honea, R. B.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Skylab program payload integration. Skylab film environmental effects

The effects of the Skylab environments on the 22 types of film used for data recording on Skylab were evaluated. Environmental histories and sensitometric curves for 114 rolls of film used for this evaluation are presented. Photographic parameters evaluated in detail were film fogging of black and white films, changes in maximum density of color film, latent image fading, and changes in film sensitivity. Other photographic and film physical anomalies such as electrostatic exposure, emulsion cracking, and reciprocity failure were also documented. Results based upon comparison of film sensitometric data for flight film with ground control film and ground test film are presented independently for each film type. The study showed that photographic film fulfilled the requirements of the Skylab applications in which it was used. Environmental film degradation, although present on almost every roll, did not preclude recording sufficient data to meet experiment requirements for all film, except film type SC-5. Specific conclusions are provided in the areas of further analyses, tests, and developments.

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NASA NTRS1974

Mechanical environmental test program for the Communications Technology Satellite

This paper describes the spacecraft and subsystem level mechanical environmental test program which was developed for the Communications Technology Satellite (CTS). At the spacecraft level it includes sine and random vibration, static loading, centrifuge loading, pyrotechnic and separation shock simulation and (tentatively) acoustics. At the subsystem level it entails the same type of environmental exposure as applicable. Matrices of system and subsystem tests are presented showing type, level and hardware status for each major test.

Buckingham, R.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Exploiting environmental torques for attitude control and determination of spin stabilized satellites

Design techniques are presented which exploit environmental torques for attitude control and determination of spin stabilized satellites. The techniques are applicable to satellite missions where the dominant environmental torques are well understood and lend themselves to accurate analytical modeling. The techniques were applied to the Particles and Fields subsatellites of the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecraft and the flight results show good agreement with the attitude determination estimates obtained.

Gluck, R.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Environmental quality

The potential use of space systems to help determine the current state of air, water, and land environments was examined; the effects of man's activities on these parameters were also examined. Data are limited to pollutants introduced into the major environmental media, environmental changes manifested by such pollutants, and the effectiveness of abatement and control methods. Data also cover land quality as related to land use and public health.

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NASA NTRS1976

Investigation of environmental perturbations on passive asymmetric satellite

The effects of environmental perturbations on the attitude of a slow tumbling earth-oriented satellite are investigated. The environmental perturbations considered were aerodynamic drag, gravity-gradient, solar radiation pressure, and magnetic torques. The Euler attitude equations were solved numerically for the Skylab spacecraft. Results are presented for both torque-free motion and for cases in which aerodynamic and gravity-gradient torques are acting in a slow tumble mode. Simulations show gravity-gradient effects on satellite momentum to be cyclic and to increase the precession rate of the angular momentum vector about the radius vector. This also tends to align the minor axis along the radius vector. Aerodynamic drag initially decreases angular momentum, slowly precesses the momentum vector about the radius vector, and finally drives the satellite into an unstable mode. Combined gravity-gradient and aerodynamic torques reduce angular momentum and energy, and induce a steady precession rate of the momentum vector about the radius vector.

Tate, V.↗