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At least 1,765 records · Page 98
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DOE OSTI2024

Generalized symmetries, gravity, and the swampland

Generalized global symmetries are a common feature of many quantum field theories decoupled from gravity. By contrast, in quantum gravity/the Swampland program, it is widely expected that all global symmetries are either gauged or broken, and this breaking is in turn related to the expected completeness of the spectrum of charged states in quantum gravity. We investigate the fate of such symmetries in the context of 7D and 5D vacua realized by compact Calabi-Yau spaces with localized singularities in M theory. We explicitly show how gravitational backgrounds support additional dynamical degrees of freedom which trivialize (i.e., “break”) the higher symmetries of the local geometric models. Local compatibility conditions across these different sectors lead to gluing conditions for gauging higher-form and (in the 5D case) higher-group symmetries. This also leads to a preferred global structure of the gauge group and higher-form gauge symmetries. In cases based on a genus-one fibered Calabi-Yau space, we also get an F-theory model in one higher dimension with corresponding constraints on the global form of the gauge group. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2024

Equivalence of EFTs and timelike extra dimensions

A flat 3-brane probing a five-dimensional anti–de Sitter space has the same symmetries and symmetry breaking pattern as one probing a five-dimensional de Sitter space with two time directions. Despite the seemingly different physical setups, we show that the effective field theory of the brane bending mode is identical in both cases. In particular, despite “wrong” signs in the Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) action for the two-time de Sitter case, the theories have the same S -matrix. This is consistent with the expectation that effective field theories are determined solely by their degrees of freedom and pattern of symmetry breaking, even in the case of spacetime symmetries. We comment further on the equivalence between the Weyl/dilaton and DBI representations of the EFT of broken conformal symmetry. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2024

Search for long-lived particles using displaced vertices and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at s = 13 TeV

A search for the production of long-lived particles in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC is presented. The search is based on data collected by the CMS experiment in 2016–2018, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 137 fb − 1 . This search is designed to be sensitive to long-lived particles with mean proper decay lengths between 0.1 and 1000 mm, whose decay products produce a final state with at least one displaced vertex and missing transverse momentum. A machine learning algorithm, which improves the background rejection power by more than an order of magnitude, is applied to improve the sensitivity. The observation is consistent with the standard model background prediction, and the results are used to constrain split supersymmetry (SUSY) and gauge-mediated SUSY breaking models with different gluino mean proper decay lengths and masses. This search is the first CMS search that shows sensitivity to hadronically decaying long-lived particles from signals with mass differences between the gluino and neutralino below 100 GeV. It sets the most stringent limits to date for split-SUSY models and gauge-mediated SUSY breaking models with gluino proper decay length less than 6 mm. © 2024 CERN, for the CMS Collaboration 2024 CERN

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Axion cogenesis without isocurvature perturbations

Axion rotations can simultaneously explain the dark matter abundance and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe by kinetic misalignment and axiogenesis. We consider a scenario in which the Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking field is as large as the Planck scale during inflation and the axion rotation is initiated by the inflaton-induced potential immediately after the end of inflation. This is a realization of the cogenesis scenario that is free of problems with domain walls and isocurvature perturbations thanks to large explicit Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking at the Planck scale during inflation. The baryon asymmetry can be more efficiently produced by leptoaxiogenesis, in which case the axion mass is predicted to be larger than O⁡(0.1) meV. We also discuss a UV complete model in supersymmetric theories.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

CMB lensing and Ly⁢ α forest cross bispectrum from DESI’s first-year quasar sample

The squeezed cross-bispectrum B κ,Ly α between the gravitational lensing in the cosmic microwave background and the 1D Ly α forest power spectrum can constrain bias parameters and break degeneracies between σ8 and other cosmological parameters. We detect B κ,Ly ⁢α with 4.8⁢σ significance at an effective redshift z eff =2.4 using Planck PR3 lensing map and over 280,000 quasar spectra from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument’s first-year data. We test our measurement against metal contamination and foregrounds such as Galactic extinction and clusters of galaxies by deprojecting the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. Finally, we compare our results to a tree-level perturbation theory calculation and find reasonable agreement between the model and measurement.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Toward UV models of kinetic mixing and portal matter. VI. A more complex dark matter sector?

Portal matter (PM), having both Standard Model (SM) and dark sector charges, can induce kinetic mixing between the 𝑈⁢(1) 𝐷 dark photon and the SM gauge fields at the 1-loop level offering an attractive mechanism by which light (≲1 GeV) thermal dark matter (DM) can interact with visible matter and obtain its observed relic density. In doing so, if the DM is fermionic, the CMB and other astrophysical observations inform us that it must be Majorana/pseudo-Dirac in nature to avoid velocity/temperature-independent 𝑠-wave annihilation to SM final states. How does this idea fit into a more UV-complete picture also including the SM interactions? There are some reasons to believe that at least a first step along this path may not lie too far away in energy due to the renormalization group equations running of the dark gauge coupling, which for a significant range of parameters, becomes nonperturbative at/before the ∼10’s of TeV energy range. This implies that 𝑈⁢(1) 𝐷 must become embedded in an asymptotically free, non-Abelian group, 𝐺 𝐷 , before this can occur. The breaking of this larger group then produces the masses for the PM and the additional gauge fields associated with 𝐺 𝐷 then can lead to new interactions between the SM and the dark sector. Following several bottom-up approaches, we have examined a set of distinctive and testable phenomenological features associated with this general setup, based upon a number of simplifying assumptions. Clearly, it behooves us to explore the impact of these specific assumptions on these predictions for the array of possible experimental tests of this class of models. In most past analyses it has been assumed that DM is a vectorlike, complex singlet under the group 𝐺 𝐷 . If this assumption is relaxed, the dark sector must be augmented by additional fermion(s) and the associated scalar fields needed to break the gauge symmetries while generating the needed Majorana-like mass terms for the DM. In this paper, we analyze the simplest extension of this kind wherein the DM lies in a vectorlike doublet of 𝐺 𝐷 , which we take to have the structure 𝑆⁢𝑈⁢(2) 𝐼 ×𝑈⁢(1) 𝑌 𝐼 as in earlier work, leading to new phenomenological implications. We find, for example, that given the current LHC search constraints on the masses of heavy gauge bosons, the production of these new dark states with large rates is unlikely to occur at colliders unless they are produced singly in 𝑔⁡𝑔 fusion or their pair production cross sections are resonantly enhanced. Here, we also find that an additional mechanism arises to generate hierarchal neutrino masses in such a setup.

Extensions of Higgs sector↗
DOE OSTI2024

Bootstrapping gauge theories

We consider asymptotically free gauge theories with gauge group S U ( N c ) and N f quarks with mass m q ≪ Λ QCD that undergo chiral symmetry breaking and confinement. We propose a bootstrap method to compute the S matrix of the pseudo-Goldstone bosons (pions) that dominate the low-energy physics. For the important case of N c = 3 , N f = 2 , a numerical implementation of the method gives the phase shifts of the S 0 , P 1 and S 2 waves in good agreement with experimental results. The method incorporates gauge theory information ( N c , N f , m q , Λ QCD ) by using the form-factor bootstrap recently proposed by Karateev, Kuhn and Penedones together with a finite energy version of the Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov (SVZ) sum rules. At low energy we impose constraints from chiral symmetry breaking. The only low-energy numerical inputs are the pion mass m π and the quark and gluon condensates. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

He, Yifei (ORCID:0000000213666157)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dark matter catalyzed baryon destruction

WIMP-type dark matter may have additional interactions that break baryon number, leading to induced nucleon decays which are subject to direct experimental constraints from proton decay experiments. In this work, we analyze the possibility of continuous baryon destruction, deriving strong limits from the dark matter accumulating inside old neutron stars, as such a process leads to excess heat generation. We construct the simplest particle dark matter model that breaks the baryon and lepton numbers separately but conserves B - L. Virtual exchange by DM particles in this model results in dinucleon decay via nn → $n\overline{v}$ and np → ne⁺ processes.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Estimating the energy threshold of phonon-mediated superconducting qubit detectors operated in an energy-relaxation sensing scheme

In recent years, the lack of a conclusive detection of weakly interacting massive particle dark matter at the 10 GeV/c 2 mass scale and above has encouraged development of low-threshold detector technology aimed at probing lighter dark matter candidates. Detectors based on Cooper-pair-breaking sensors have emerged as a promising avenue for this detection due to the low (meV-scale) energy required for breaking a Cooper pair in most superconductors. Among them, devices based on superconducting qubits are interesting candidates for sensing due to their observed sensitivity to broken Cooper pairs. Here, we have developed an end-to-end G 4 CMP -based simulation framework and have used it to evaluate performance metrics of qubit-based devices operating in a gate-based “energy relaxation” readout scheme, akin to those used in recent studies of qubit sensitivity to ionizing radiation. We find that for this readout scheme, the qubit acts as a phonon sensor with an energy threshold ranging down to ≃ 0.4 eV for near-term performance parameters.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

3 𝑃 0 model revisited

We revisit the phenomenological 3 𝑃 0 model for the decay of quarkonium ($Q\bar{Q}$) into two open flavor mesons ($\bar{𝔐}⁢𝔐$). We take the heavy-quark limit and derive a transition rate between $Q\bar{Q}$ and $\bar{𝔐}⁢𝔐$ to be compared with the one calculated in studies of string breaking using lattice QCD. This comparison allows us to fit the creation amplitude of a light quark-antiquark pair in the 3 𝑃 0 model to the string-breaking transition rate in QCD.

lifetimes & widths↗
DOE OSTI2016

Natural generalized mirage mediation

We present that in the supersymmetric scenario known as mirage mediation (MM), the soft SUSY breaking terms receive comparable anomaly-mediation and moduli-mediation contributions leading to the phenomenon of mirage unification. The simplest MM SUSY breaking models which are consistent with the measured Higgs mass and sparticle mass constraints are strongly disfavoured by fine-tuning considerations. However, while MM makes robust predictions for gaugino masses, the scalar sector is quite sensitive to specific mechanisms for moduli stabilization and potential uplifting. We suggest here a broader setup of generalized mirage mediation (GMM), where heretofore discrete parameters are allowed as continuous to better parametrize these other schemes. We find that natural SUSY spectra consistent with both the measured value of m h as well as LHC lower bounds on superpartner masses are then possible. We explicitly show that models generated from natural GMM may be beyond the reach of even high-luminosity LHC searches. In such a case, the proposed International Linear e + e - Collider (ILC) will be required for natural SUSY discovery via higgsino pair production reactions. We also outline prospects for detection of higgsino-like WIMPs from natural GMM.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2017

NLO perturbativity bounds on quartic couplings in renormalizable theories with Φ 4 -like scalar sectors

The apparent breakdown of unitarity in low order perturbation theory is often is used to place bounds on the parameters of a theory. In this work we give an algorithm for approximately computing the next-to-leading order (NLO) perturbativity bounds on the quartic couplings of a renormalizable theory whose scalar sector is Φ 4 -like. And by this we mean theories where either there are no cubic scalar interactions, or the cubic couplings are related to the quartic couplings through spontaneous symmetry breaking. Furthermore, the quantity that tests where perturbation theory breaks down itself can be written as a perturbative series, and having the NLO terms allows one to test how well the series converges. We also present a simple example to illustrate the effect of considering these bounds at different orders in perturbation theory. For example, there is a noticeable difference in the viable parameter when the square of the NLO piece is included versus when it is not.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2017

High-scale supersymmetry, the Higgs boson mass, and gauge unification

Suppressing naturalness concerns, we discuss the compatibility requirements of high-scale supersymmetry breaking with the Higgs boson mass constraint and gauge coupling unification. We find that to accommodate superpartner masses significantly greater than the electroweak scale, one must introduce large nondegeneracy factors. These factors are enumerated for the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, and implications for the allowed forms of supersymmetry breaking are discussed. We find that superpartner masses of arbitrarily high values are allowed for suitable values of tan β and the nondegeneracy factors. Here, we also compute the large, but viable, threshold corrections that would be necessary at the unification scale for exact gauge coupling unification. Whether or not high-scale supersymmetry can be realized in this context is highly sensitive to the precise value of the top quark Yukawa coupling, highlighting the importance of future improvements in the top quark mass measurement.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Toward an effective field theory approach to reheating

We investigate whether effective field theory (EFT) approaches, which have been useful in examining inflation and dark energy, can also be used to establish a systematic approach to inflationary reheating. We consider two methods. First, we extend Weinberg’s background EFT to the end of inflation and reheating. We establish when parametric resonance and decay of the inflaton occurs, but also find intrinsic theoretical limitations, which make it difficult to capture some reheating models. This motivates us to next consider Cheung et al.’s EFT approach, which instead focuses on perturbations and the symmetry breaking induced by the cosmological background. Adapting the latter approach to reheating implies some new and important differences compared to the EFT of inflation. In particular, there are new hierarchical scales, and we must account for inflaton oscillations during reheating, which lead to discrete symmetry breaking. Guided by the fundamental symmetries, we construct the EFT of reheating, and as an example of its usefulness we establish a new class of reheating models and the corresponding predictions for gravity wave observations. In this paper we primarily focus on the first stages of preheating. We conclude by discussing challenges for the approach and future directions. This paper builds on ideas first proposed in the paper [O. Ozsoy, G. Sengor, K. Sinha, and S. Watson, arXiv:1507.06651.].

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Pion and kaon valence quark distribution functions from Dyson-Schwinger equations

Using realistic quark propagators and meson Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes based on the Dyson-Schwinger equations, we calculate the pion and kaon's valence parton distribution functions (PDF) through the modified impulse approximation. The PDFs we obtained at hadronic scale have the purely valence characteristic and exhibit both dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and SU(3) flavor symmetry breaking effects. A new calculation technique is introduced to determine the valence PDFs with precision. Through next-to-leading order (NLO) evolution, our result is compared with pion and kaon valence PDF data at experimental scale. Good agreement is found in the case of pion, while deviation emerges for kaon. We point out this situation can potentially be resolved by incorporating gluon contributions into the mesons if the pion hosts more gluons than kaon nonperturbatively.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Mass sensitivity of the three-flavor chiral phase transition

The mass sensitivity of the chiral phase transition of QCD with and without axial U A (1)-symmetry breaking at vanishing and finite quark chemical potential is investigated. To focus on the low-energy sector of QCD, a quark-meson model with three dynamical quark flavors is employed. Non-perturbative quantum fluctuations are taken into account with the functional renormalization group. The inherent ambiguities in fixing the low-energy model parameters away from the physical mass point and their consequences for spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking are discussed in detail and a heuristic parameter fixing scheme motivated by chiral perturbation theory is proposed. The influence of vacuum and thermal fluctuations of quarks and mesons on the order of the chiral phase transition is additionally assessed with a mean-field analysis.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗