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Results for “SALTS”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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MOLTEN SALT FUEL CELLS: Diversity and convergence, cycles and recycling
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Flux upcycling of spent NMC 111 to nickel-rich NMC cathodes in reciprocal ternary molten salts
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Online ion mobility spectrometry of nanoparticle formation by non-thermal plasma conversion of metal salts in liquid aerosol droplets
The synthesis of nanoparticles by reaction of liquid aerosol droplets containing precursors in a flow-through, atmospheric-pressure, non-thermal plasma offers a continuous, scalable, substrate- and stabilizer-free approach for direct deposition into liquids or onto soft substrates. However, the combination of multiphase and non-equilibrium chemistry makes the process complicated and poorly understood. Here, we present ion mobility spectrometry measurements of liquid water droplets containing silver nitrate passing through an atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge reactor that allows us to monitor silver nanoparticle formation online for the first time. Mobility diameter distributions were obtained with the plasma on and off, and exhibited a shift, which was related to the degree of conversion of silver nitrate. The silver nanoparticles were also collected and characterized by UV–visible absorbance spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy to support the online measurements. Importantly, negligible conversion was found when the water was removed by a diffusion dryer, suggesting that the key reducing species are in the liquid phase, such as solvated electrons. Finally, the study demonstrates how ion mobility spectrometry measurements can be applied to provide insight into this approach to nanoparticle synthesis.
Electrically conductive hot mix asphalt mixtures for salt-free snow/ice-melting pavements heated with direct electric energy: A comparison between utilizing carbon-based aggregate and fiber
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High-efficiency carbon dioxide capture using an algal amino acid salt solution
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Distribution and disturbances of ditches across salt marshes of the Northeast U.S. with implications for management and restoration
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Fundamental understanding of high-capacity lithium-excess cathodes with disordered rock salt structu
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Microstructural characterization of the CGB graphite grade from the molten salt reactor experiment
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Environmentally-assisted cracking of electropolished 316L stainless steel in molten FLiNaK salt
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Metallothermic reduction of Cerium Chloride in molten Salt using Li, Na, and Ca Metal
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Electrochemical chlor-iron process for iron production from iron oxide and salt water
The iron and steel industry accounts for ~8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Electrochemical reduction of iron ore to metal for electric arc furnaces can enable sustainable steel production, but existing electrochemical processes require expensive capital or electrolytes. Here we report a low-temperature, electrochemical cell that consumes low-cost and abundant iron oxide and aqueous sodium chloride, while co-producing sodium hydroxide and chlorine. Industrially relevant current densities and Faradaic efficiencies for iron production were demonstrated, with 94% selectivity to iron metal at an applied current density of 200 mA cm –2 . Freestanding films of phase-pure iron were formed after 4h of continuous, stable electrolysis. The process can lead to levelized costs of iron that are competitive with iron produced in fossil-fuel-powered blast furnaces, and the co-produced sodium hydroxide can be used for CO 2 capture from the air or ocean, creating a net-negative-emission process.
Assessment of mixed-cation molten salt electrolytes for Li-based liquid metal batteries
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Operando FTIR investigation of salt dynamics in Li-ion batteries during fast charging
Li-ion batteries, when charged at fast-charging rates ($>$2C), suffer from reduced lifetimes and can undergo catastrophic failure. During high-rate charging, Li-ions are unable to rapidly transport through high-loading electrodes ($>$4 mAh cm −2 ). This results in unequal charge distributions, potentials, and utilization of the active material, which can lead to Li plating. Li-ion concentration polarization, in which Li-ions deplete in the anode and accumulate in the cathode during charging, precedes Li plating. An operando FTIR-ATR graphite/NMC cell developed in this research captured Li-ion concentration polarization in real-time. During fast charging, decreases in Li-ion concentration ($>$95%) were measured at the back of the anode. This is the first verification of complete Li-ion depletion within the anode at high C-rates. The measurements also showed graphite stage transition. A P2D model was developed for comparison to the operando measurements. The measurements agreed with the model in some cases, but disparities existed at high C-rates and loadings. In the experiment, the Li-ion concentration often failed to recover to 1.2 M until several hours after charging, whereas the model Li-ion concentration rapidly recovered. The contrast between the model and experiment results indicates that further investigation is required to improve understanding of Li-ion concentration dynamics during fast charging.
Identification of gas-forming spoilage bacteria in chili sauce and its control using nisin and salt
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