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At least 1,765 records · Page 98
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DOE OSTI2023

Improved measurements of nonlinear integrable optics at IOTA

Nonlinear integrable optics (NIO) are a promising novel approach at improving the stability of high intensity beams. Implementations of NIO based on specialized magnetic elements are being tested at the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) at Fermilab. One method of verifying proper implementation of these solutions is by measuring the analytic invariants predicted by theory. The initial measurements of nonlinear invariants were performed during IOTA run in 2019/20, however the covid-19 pandemic prevented the full-scale experimental program from being completed. Several important improvements were implemented in IOTA for the 2022/23 run, including the operation at higher beam energy of 150 MeV, improved optics control, and chromaticity correction. This report presents on the improved calibrations of the NIO for nonlinear invariant measurements.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hadron Monitor Calibration System for NuMI

NuMI (Neutrinos at Main Injector) beamline at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory provides neutrinos to various neutrino experiments. The hadron monitor consisting of a 5 by 5 array of ionization chambers is part of the diagnostics for the beamline. In order to calibrate the hadron monitor, a gamma source is needed. We present the status and progress of the development of the calibration system for the hadron monitor. The system based on Raspberry Pi controlled CNC system, motors, and position sensors would allow us to place the gamma source precisely to calibrate the signal gain of individual pixels. The ultimate outcome of the study is a prototype of the calibration system.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Installation, commissioning, and testing of the HB650 CM at PIP2IT

The Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) is a major upgrade to the Fermilab accelerator complex, featuring a new 800-MeV Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) linear accelerator (LINAC) powering the accelerator complex to provide the world’s most intense high-energy neutrino beam. This paper describes the conversion of the PIP-II Injector Test Facility (PIP2IT) cryogenic system into a test stand for PIP-II High-Beta 650 MHz (HB650) cryomodules at Fermilab’s Cryomodule Test Facility (CMTF). A description of the associated mechanical, electrical, and controls modifications necessary for testing HB650 cryomodules are provided. The cooldown and warmup requirements, procedures and associated controls logic is described.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Small-Scale Recycling of Irradiated Uranium and Transuranic Elements (Np, Pu) Using 3D-Printed Centrifugal Contactors

Niowave’s technology employs super-conducting linear accelerators to induce fission on low-enriched uranium targets followed by subsequent radiochemical processing to purify 99 Mo as well as a number of other fission products. Argonne’s Radiochemistry group (CFCT), in partnership with Niowave and UNLV, will be managing the TCF project to develop a closed-cycle loop for Niowave’s uranium targets. The roles of the DOE national laboratory partner will be to 1) develop a basic chemical understanding of the separations and purifications required to meet industry standards, 2) initiate the additive manufacturing (AM) of the centrifugal contactors, 3) develop a process flowsheet using Argonne computer codes.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

An X-ray Intensity Operations Monitor (AXIOM) (Final LDRD Project Report)

The Saturn accelerator has historically lacked the capability to measure time-resolved spectra for its 3-ring bremsstrahlung x-ray source. This project aimed to create a spectrometer called AXIOM to provide this capability. The project had three major development pillars: hardware, simulation, and unfold code. The hardware consists of a ring of 24 detectors around an existing x-ray pinhole camera. The diagnostic was fielded on two shots at Saturn and over 100 shots at the TriMeV accelerator at Idaho Accelerator Center. A new Saturn x-ray environment simulation was created using measured data to validate. This simulation allows for timeresolved spectra computation to compare the experimental results. The AXIOM-Unfold code is a new parametric unfold code using modern global optimizers and uncertainty quantification. The code was written in Python, uses Gitlab version control and issue tracking, and has been developed with long term code support and maintenance in mind.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Simulated Lorentz Force Detuning Compensation With A Double Lever Tuner On A Dressed ILC/1.3 GHZ Cavity At Room Temperature

Pulsed SRF linacs with high accelerating gradients experience large frequency shifts caused by Lorentz force detuning (LFD). A piezoelectric actuator with a resonance control algorithm can maintain the cavity frequency at the nominal level, thus reducing the RF power. This study uses a double lever tuner with a piezoelectric actuator for compensation and another piezoelectric actuator to simulate the effects of the Lorentz force pulse. A double lever tuner has an advantage by increasing the stiffness of the cavity-tuner system, thus reducing the impact of LFD. The tests are conducted at room temperature and with a dressed 1.3 GHz 9-cell cavity.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Synchronous High-frequency Distributed Readout For Edge Processing At The Fermilab Main Injector And Recycler

The Main Injector (MI) was commissioned using data acquisition systems developed for the Fermilab Main Ring in the 1980s. New VME-based instrumentation was commissioned in 2006 for beam loss monitors (BLM)[2], which provided a more systematic study of the machine and improved displays of routine operation. However, current projects are demanding more data and at a faster rate from this aging hardware. One such project, Real-time Edge AI for Distributed Systems (READS), requires the high-frequency, low-latency collection of synchronized BLM readings from around the approximately two-mile accelerator complex. Significant work has been done to develop new hardware to monitor the VME backplane and broadcast BLM measurements over Ethernet, while not disrupting the existing operations critical functions of the BLM system. This paper will detail the design, implementation, and testing of this parallel data pathway.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

The eRHIC spin rotator and the beam optics of the 400 MeV transfer line to RCS

The 400 MeV LINAC 1 of the proposed eRHIC collider 1 is the first acceleration stage of the 18 GeV electron accelerator. The second acceleration stage of the electron accelerator is the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS), which can increase the energy of the electron bunches to 18 GeV and subsequently extract transfer and inject the 18 GeV electron bunches into the 18 GeV electron Storage Ring (SR) to collide with the hadron bunches of the existing (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)) accelerator. This paper describes the beam optics of the transfer line between the 400 MeV LINAC and the RCS accelerator (LtRCS). The function of the LtRCS line is twofold, first to transfer the electron beam from the exit of the 400 MeV LINAC to the injection point of the RCS 1 and second to rotate the stable spin direction of the polarized electrons from the longitudinal direction to the vertical. A detailed description of the constraints to be satisfied by the LtRCS transfer line will be given. Finally, a section will also be devoted to discuss the spin rotator 2 .

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

High Dynamic Voltage Range Studies of Piezoelectric Multilayer Actuators at Low Temperatures

Piezo actuators are used for resonance control in superconducting linacs. In high accelerating gradients linacs, such as those operated in a pulsed mode, the piezos require a large operating voltage. This is due to the Lorentz forced detuning which causes a large frequency shift and is compensated with an active piezo-tuning system. In this high dynamic voltage range the piezo is expected to warm up drastically due to it being in an insulated vacuum. This study characterizes the dielectric properties (capacitance, dielectric losses), the piezo stroke (from geophone), and thermal properties such as heating. Results obtained in the temperature range of 20K to 300K will be presented and discussed.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Multiphysics Simulation of the Thermal Response of a Nanofibrous Target in a High-Intensity Beam

Nanofibrous structures are of high interest to the fields of engineering and materials science, and investigation of their properties as well as discovery of novel applications for them both constitute lively areas of research. A very promising application of nanofiber mats lies in the field of accelerator technology: beam targets made from nanofiber mats offer a solution to the problem of advancing the "intensity frontier"–-the limit on the beam intensities that can be realized in fixed target experiments and neutrino production facilities. However, testing has shown that the survivability of these nanofiber targets depends strongly on their manufacturing parameters, such as the packing density of fibers. In this work, we will use multiphysics simulations to perform a thermal study on how nanofiber targets react to high intensity beams, so that the dependency of the targets’ lifetime on their construction parameters can be better understood.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Bayesian optimization algorithms for accelerator physics

Accelerator physics relies on numerical algorithms to solve optimization problems in online accelerator control and tasks such as experimental design and model calibration in simulations. The effectiveness of optimization algorithms in discovering ideal solutions for complex challenges with limited resources often determines the problem complexity these methods can address. The accelerator physics community has recognized the advantages of Bayesian optimization algorithms, which leverage statistical surrogate models of objective functions to effectively address complex optimization challenges, especially in the presence of noise during accelerator operation and in resource-intensive physics simulations. In this review article, we offer a conceptual overview of applying Bayesian optimization techniques toward solving optimization problems in accelerator physics. We begin by providing a straightforward explanation of the essential components that make up Bayesian optimization techniques. We then give an overview of current and previous work applying and modifying these techniques to solve accelerator physics challenges. Finally, we explore practical implementation strategies for Bayesian optimization algorithms to maximize their performance, enabling users to effectively address complex optimization challenges in real-time beam control and accelerator design. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

In-Kind Contributions: The PIP-II Project at Fermilab

The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) Project is the first U.S. accelerator project that has significant contributions from international partners. A project management framework was created to fully integrate and make consistent across all partners the design, development, and delivery of In-Kind Contributions (IKC) into PIP-II. This framework consists of planning documentation, procedures, and communication and assessment processes to control schedule, risk, quality, and technical integration over the lifetime of the project. The purpose of this paper is to present the PIP-II IKC model put in place to properly integrate the IKC deliverables into the PIP-II Linac and share experience and lessons learned from its early implementation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Design of a PIP-II Era Mu2e Experiment

We propose a design of an upgraded Mu2e experiment for the future Fermilab PIP-II era based on the muon collider front end. The consensus is that such an upgrade should provide a factor of 10 increase in the rate of stopping muons in the experimental target. The current Mu2e design is optimized for 8 kW of protons at 8 GeV. The PIP-II upgrade project is a 250-meter-long CW linac capable of accelerating a 2-mA proton beam to a kinetic energy of 800 MeV (total power 1.6 MW). This would significantly improve the Fermilab proton source to enable next-generation intensity frontier experiments. But using this 800 MeV beam poses challenges to the Mu2E experiment. Bright muon beams generated from sources designed for muon collider and neutrino factory facilities have been shown to generate two orders of magnitude more muons per proton than the current Mu2e production target and solenoid. In contrast to the current Mu2e, the muon collider design has forward-production of muons from the target.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Design of the PIP-II 650 MHz Low Beta Cryomodule

The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) that will be installed at Fermilab is the first U.S. accelerator project that will have significant contributions from international partners. CEA joined the international collaboration in 2018, and is responsible of the 650 MHz low-beta section made of 9 cryomodules, with the design of the cryostat (i.e the cryomodule without the cavities, the power couplers and the frequency tuning systems) and the manufacturing of its components, the assembly and tests of the pre-production cryomodule and the 9 series ones. This paper will present the design of the 650 MHz low-beta cryomodule.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

LLRF System for the Fermilab PIP-II Superconducting LINAC

PIP-II is an 800 MEV superconducting linac that is in the initial acceleration chain for the Fermilab accelerator complex. The RF system consists of a warm front-end with an ion source, RFQ and buncher cavities along with 25 superconducting cryo-modules comprised of five different acceleration \(\beta\). The LLRF system for the LINAC has to provide field and resonance control for a total of 125 RF cavities.The LLRF system design is in the final design review phase and will enter the production phase next year. The PIP-II project is an international collaboration with various partner labs contributing subsystems. The LLRF system design for the PIP-II Linac is presented and the specification requirements and system performance in various stages of testing are described in this paper.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Mechanical Comparison of Short Models of Nb$_3$ Sn Low-$\beta$ Quadrupole for the Hi-Lumi LHC

MQXF is the Nb 3 Sn Low-β quadrupole magnet that the HL-LHC project is planning to install in the LHC interaction regions in 2026 to increase the LHC integrated luminosity. The magnet will be fabricated in two different lengths: 4.2 m for MQXFA, built in the US by the Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP), and 7.15 m for MQXFB, fabricated by CERN. In order to qualify the magnet design and characterize its performance with different conductors, cable geometries and pre-load configurations, five short model magnets, called MQXFS, were fabricated, assembled and tested. We compare the mechanical behavior of short model magnets using experimental data and new numerical models that take into account the measured coil sizes as a function of position.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

A 15-Mev/nucleon Iso-Cyclotron for Security and Radioisotope Production

Cargo inspection systems exploit the broad bremsstrahlung spectrum from a 6-10 MeV, low-duty cycle electron accelerator which in the presence of significant backgrounds presents challenges in image and material identification. An alternative approach is to use ions which can excite nuclear states either directly, or through generation of secondary high-energy signature gammas produced from nuclear interactions in a target. RadiaBeam is designing a compact sector isocyclotron 1.25 m in radius, with high-gradient cavities to accelerate multi-ion species up to 15-20 MeV/u with large turn-to turn, centimeter-level separation for low-loss extraction without lossy foil stripping. A strong-focusing radial field profile will be optimized in a separated-sector format for control over machine tune simultaneous with isochronous orbist requirements for high-current (~0.5 milliamp) operation. Innovation in injection will be introduced to replace the high-loss central region. Non-security applications of the cyclotron include medical isotope production, ion radiobiology, as well as material science research and ion instrumentation development.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Experimental Studies of Single Invariant Quasi-Integrable Nonlinear Optics at IOTA

The Integrable Optics Test Accelerator is a research electron and proton storage ring recently commissioned at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology facility. Its research program is focused on testing novel techniques for improving beam stability and quality, notably the concept of non-linear integrable optics. In this paper, we report on run 1 results of experimental studies of a quasi-integrable transverse focusing system with one invariant of motion, a Henon-Heiles type system implemented with octupole magnets. Good agreement with simulations is demonstrated on key parameters of achievable tune spread, dynamic aperture, and invariant conservation. We also outline current simulation and hardware improvement efforts for run 2, planned for fall of 2019.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗