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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,765 records · Page 98
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Margins associated with loss of assured safety for systems with multiple weak links and strong links

Representations for margins associated with loss of assured safety (LOAS) for weak link (WL)/strong link (SL) systems involving multiple time-dependent failure modes are developed. Additionally, the following topics are described: (i) defining properties for WLs and SLs, (ii) background on cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) for link failure time, link property value at link failure, and time at which LOAS occurs, (iii) CDFs for failure time margins defined by (time at which SL system fails) - (time at which WL system fails), (iv) CDFs for SL system property values at LOAS, (v) CDFs for WL/SL property value margins defined by (property value at which SL system fails) - (property value at which WL system fails), and (vi) CDFs for SL property value margins defined by (property value of failing SL at time of SL system failure) - (property value of this SL at time of WL system failure). Included in this presentation is a demonstration of a verification strategy based on defining and approximating the indicated margin results with (i) procedures based on formal integral representations and associated quadrature approximations and (ii) procedures based on algorithms for sampling-based approximations.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Determine Oxidation State of Transition Metals in Molten Salt Corrosion using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

This work utilizes electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to identify oxidation state of alloying elements in Ni-based alloys after exposure to molten chloride salt systems. Pure Ni and Ni 20Cr model alloy were corroded in molten ZnCl2 and KCl-MgCl2 under argon atmosphere at various temperatures. Oxidation states of Cr (Cr3+) and Ni (Ni2+) in the molten salt after corrosion were determined by monitoring changes in the L2,3 edges of corresponding EELS spectra. Oxidation state mapping technique using principal component analysis and multiple linear least squares fitting in HyperSpy Python package was developed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Isotope-Resolved Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in a Monochromated Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

The development and implementation of high-stability monochromators in state-of-the-art aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopes has enabled materials characterization with an energy resolution as good as 3 meV. This allows the vibrational modes, which would otherwise be obscured by the energy spread of the electron beam, to be probed with very high precision in molecular materials. Since the vibrational energies depend on the weight of the atomic nuclei, vibrational spectroscopy can distinguish isotopes whose only difference lies in their neutron content. This opens up isotopic analysis and mapping in transmission electron microscopy as two important new research areas. In this paper, we review the monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) instrumentation, discuss optimal methods for probing beam-sensitive materials without destroying them, and review key nanoscale isotope-resolved results.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2016

Modulation of PEDOT:PSS pH for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells with reduced potential loss and enhanced stability

Inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) using PEDOT:PSS as the hole-transporting layer (HTL) is one of the most widely adopted device structures thus far due to its facile processability and good compatibility for high throughput manufacturing processes. However, most of the PEDOT:PSS-based CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 PVSCs reported to date suffered an inferior open-circuit voltage (V OC ) (0.88-0.95 V) compared to that (1.05-1.12 V) obtained for common CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 PVSCs, revealing a severe potential loss issue. Herein, we describe a simple method to alleviate this problem by tuning the pH value of PEDOT:PSS with a mild base, imidazole. Accompanied by the pH modulation, the blended imidazole concurrently tailors the surface texture and electronic properties of PEDOT:PSS to promote the quality and crystallization of the perovskite film deposited on top of it and enable better energy-level alignment at this corresponding interface. Consequently, the PVSC using this modified PEDOT:PSS HTL yields an enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.7% with an enlarged V OC of 1.06 V and improved long-term stability. Lastly, these outperform the pristine device showing a PCE of 12.7% with a much smaller V OC of 0.88 V and unsatisfactory environmental stability.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Importance of Ambipolar Electric Field in Driving Ion Loss From Mars: Results From a Multifluid MHD Model With the Electron Pressure Equation Included

The multi-fluid (MF) magnetohydrodynamic model of Mars is improved by solving an additional electron pressure equation. Through the electron pressure equation, the electron temperature is calculated based on the effects from various electron-related heating and cooling processes (e.g., photo-electron heating, electron-neutral collision, and electron-ion collision), and thus, the improved model can calculate the electron temperature and the electron pressure force terms self-consistently. Model results of a typical case using the MF with electron pressure equation included model are compared in detail to identical cases using the MF and multi-species models to identify the effect of the improved physics. Here, we find that when the electron pressure equation is included, the general interaction patterns are similar to those with no electron pressure equation. However, the MF with electron pressure equation included model predicts that the electron temperature is much larger than the ion temperature in the ionosphere, consistent with both Viking and Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations. Using our numerical model, we also examined in detail the relative importance of different forces in the plasma interaction region. All three models are also applied to a MAVEN event study using identical input conditions; overall, the improved model matches best with MAVEN observations. All of the simulation cases are examined in terms of the total ion loss, and the results show that the inclusion of the electron pressure equation increases the escape rates by 50–110% in total mass, depending on solar condition and strong crustal field orientation, clearly demonstrating the importance of the ambipolar electric field in facilitating ion escape.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Determination of the maximum energy loss for electron stopping power calculations and its effect on backscattering electron yield in Monte-Carlo simulations applying continuous slowing-down approximation

The maximum energy loss for electron stopping power calculations by the full Penn algorithm within the dielectric formalism is determined with taking into account the contribution of electron and plasmon excitations. Use of these calculated electron stopping powers in Monte Carlo simulations applying continuous slowing down approximation gives the backscattering electron yields in much better agreement with experimental data than previous other theoretical results. The muffin-tin model is used to describe the electron elastic scattering by atom bound in solids with taking into account the exchange correlation and polarization effect.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Energy loss rate of a charged particle in HgTe/(HgTe, CdTe) quantum wells

The energy loss rate (ELR) of a charged particle in a HgTe/(HgTe, CdTe) quantum well is investigated. We consider scattering of a charged particle by the bulk insulating states in this type of topological insulator. It is found that the ELR characteristics due to the intraband excitation have a linear energy dependence while those due to interband excitation depend on the energy exponentially. An interesting quantitative result is that for a large range of the incident energy, the mean inelastic scattering rate is around a few terahertz.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Characterization of InGaN/GaN quantum well growth using monochromated valence electron energy loss spectroscopy

The early stages of InGaN/GaN quantum well growth for In-reduced conditions have been investigated for varying thickness and composition of the wells. The structures were studied by monochromated scanning transmission electron microscopy–valence electron energy loss spectroscopy spectrum imaging at high spatial resolution. It is found that beyond a critical well thickness and composition, quantum dots (width >20 nm) are formed inside the well. These are buried by compositionally graded InGaN, which is formed as GaN is grown while residual In is incorporated into the growing structure. It is proposed that these dots act as carrier localization centers inside the quantum wells.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Extensions of ion orbit loss theory

Theoretical refinements to an existing model for the loss of ions by drifting across the last closed flux surface are presented.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Microstructure of highly strained BiFeO{sub 3} thin films: Transmission electron microscopy and electron-energy loss spectroscopy studies

Microstructure and electronic structure of highly strained bismuth ferrite (BiFeO{sub 3}) thin films grown on lanthanum aluminate substrates are studied using high-resolution transmission and scanning transmission electron microscopies and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Monoclinic and tetragonal phases were observed in films grown at different temperatures, and a mix of both phases was detected in a film grown at intermediate temperature. In this film, a smooth transition of the microstructure was found between the monoclinic and the tetragonal phases. A considerable increase in the c-axis parameters was observed in both phases compared with the rhombohedral bulk phase. The off-center displacement of iron (Fe) ions was increased in the monoclinic phase as compared with the tetragonal phase. EEL spectra show different electronic structures in the monoclinic and the tetragonal phases. These experimental observations are well consistent with the results of theoretical first-principle calculations performed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Alternating current loss reduction for rectangular busbars by covering their edges with low permeable magnetic caps

A method to reduce ac conductive losses in a thin rectangular busbar made of copper is presented. The method is based on a technique, which makes the distribution of the ac current in the cross section of a busbar flatter. Edges of a thin busbar are covered with low permeability magnetic thin layers as caps. The magnetic cap makes the impedance experienced by the current flowing near the edge comparatively larger so that currents cannot get crowded near the edges of a busbar. This method is numerically verified.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Quantitative analysis of electron energy loss spectra and modelling of optical properties of multilayer systems for extreme ultraviolet radiation regime

Ruthenium capped multilayer coatings for use in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation regime have manifold applications in science and industry. Although the Ru cap shall protect the reflecting multilayers, the surface of the heterostructures suffers from contamination issues and surface degradation. In order to get a better understanding of the effects of these impurities on the optical parameters, reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS) measurements of contaminated and H cleaned Ru multilayer coatings were taken at various primary electron beam energies. Experiments conducted at low primary beam energies between 100 eV and 1000 eV are very surface sensitive due to the short inelastic mean free path of the electrons in this energy range. Therefore, influences of the surface condition on the above mentioned characteristics can be appraised. In this paper, it can be shown that carbon and oxide impurities on the mirror surface decrease the transmission of the Ru cap by about 0.75% and the overall reflectance of the device is impaired as the main share of the non-transmitted EUV light is absorbed in the contamination layer.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Modeling ellipsometry and electron energy loss spectroscopy of graphene

Recent studies of electronic excitations in graphene by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) have revealed massive high-frequency peaks assigned to the π and σ+π plasmons [1], which were semi-quantitatively modeled with a two-dimensional, two-fluid hydrodynamic (HD) model [2]. On the other hand, Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE) of graphene covers the region of nearly constant absorbance due to graphene’s universal optical conductivity at infrared frequencies, which is not clearly resolved by EELS, and goes up to cover the π-plasmon peak at ultraviolet frequencies [3]. To attempt to model both the SE and EELS, we amend the HD model by including a low-frequency contribution of graphene’s inter-band transitions, while monitoring the fulfillment of the f-sum rule [4] up to frequencies that cover excitations of all valence electrons.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Energy loss rate in disordered quantum well

We report the effect of dynamically screened deformation potential on the electron energy loss rate in disordered semiconductor quantum well. Interaction of confined electrons with bulk acoustic phonons has been considered in the deformation coupling. The study concludes that the dynamically screened deformation potential coupling plays a significant role as it substantially affects the power dependency of electron relaxation on temperature and mean free path.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Energy loss in spark gap switches

The paper reports on numerical study of the energy loss in spark gap switches. The operation of the switches is analyzed using the Braginsky model which allows calculation of the time dependence of the spark channel resistance. The Braginsky equation is solved simultaneously with generator circuit equations for different load types. Based on the numerical solutions, expressions which determine both the energy released in a spark gap switch and the switching time are derived.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electronic and optical properties of Fe, Pd, and Ti studied by reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy

We have studied the electronic and optical properties of Fe, Pd, and Ti by reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy (REELS). REELS spectra recorded for primary energies in the range from 300 eV to 10 keV were corrected for multiple inelastically scattered electrons to determine the effective inelastic-scattering cross section. The dielectric functions and optical properties were determined by comparing the experimental inelastic-electron scattering cross section with a simulated cross section calculated within the semi-classical dielectric response model in which the only input is Im(−1/ε) by using the QUEELS-ε(k,ω)-REELS software package. The complex dielectric functions ε(k,ω), in the 0–100 eV energy range, for Fe, Pd, and Ti were determined from the derived Im(−1/ε) by Kramers-Kronig transformation and then the refractive index n and extinction coefficient k. The validity of the applied model was previously tested and found to give consistent results when applied to REELS spectra at energies between 300 and 1000 eV taken at widely different experimental geometries. In the present paper, we provide, for the first time, a further test on its validity and find that the model also gives consistent results when applied to REELS spectra in the full range of primary electron energies from 300 eV to 10000 eV. This gives confidence in the validity of the applied method.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Surface loss probability of atomic hydrogen for different electrode cover materials investigated in H₂-Ar low-pressure plasmas

In an inductively coupled H₂-Ar plasma at a total pressure of 1.5 Pa, the influence of the electrode cover material on selected line intensities of H, H₂, and Ar are determined by optical emission spectroscopy and actinometry for the electrode cover materials stainless steel, copper, tungsten, Macor{sup ®}, and aluminum. Hydrogen dissociation degrees for the considered conditions are determined experimentally from the measured emission intensity ratios. The surface loss probability β{sub H} of atomic hydrogen is correlated with the measured line intensities, and β{sub H} values are determined for the considered materials. Without the knowledge of the atomic hydrogen temperature, β{sub H} cannot be determined exactly. However, ratios of β{sub H} values for different surface materials are in first order approximation independent of the atomic hydrogen temperature. Our results show that β{sub H} of copper is equal to the value of stainless steel, β{sub H} of Macor{sup ®} and tungsten is about 2 times smaller and β{sub H} of aluminum about 5 times smaller compared with stainless steel. The latter ratio is in reasonable agreement with literature. The influence of the atomic hydrogen temperature T{sub H} on the absolute value is thoroughly discussed. For our assumption of T{sub H}=600 K, we determine a β{sub H} for stainless steel of 0.39±0.13.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electron energy loss spectroscopy of gold nanoparticles on graphene

Plasmon excitation decay by absorption, scattering, and hot electron transfer has been distinguished from effects induced by incident photons for gold nanoparticles on graphene monolayer using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Gold nano-ellipses were evaporated onto lithographed graphene, which was transferred onto a silicon nitride transmission electron microscopy grid. Plasmon decay from lithographed nanoparticles measured with EELS was compared in the absence and presence of the graphene monolayer. Measured decay values compared favorably with estimated radiative and non-radiative contributions to decay in the absence of graphene. Graphene significantly enhanced low-energy plasmon decay, increasing mode width 38%, but did not affect higher energy plasmon or dark mode decay. This decay beyond expected radiative and non-radiative mechanisms was attributed to hot electron transfer, and had quantum efficiency of 20%, consistent with previous reports.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗