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NASA NTRS1973

Two-inch Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) multispectral three camera subsystem

A return beam vidicon multispectral three camera subsystem was developed and built as one of the two principal sensor payloads for the ERTS-A and -B missions. The performance of the cameras on ERTS-1 has been excellent, meeting or exceeding all expectations, especially in the area of geometric fidelity and stability. The three cameras are coaligned in the spacecraft to view the same square ground scene but in different spectral bands. When the separate images are processed and superimposed in their respective colors, they provide a single false color image containing the radiometric and cartographic information required for the ERTS system. The three spectral regions covered by the RBV subsystem are the blue-green red, and the near infrared. The three cameras are exposed simultaneously to facilitate registration of the three separate images into the final color composite.

Weinstein, O.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Geologic landform analysis in the central Piedmont of Virginia and North Carolina, 1

The author has identified the following significant results. ERTS-1 imagery in the central Piedmont of Va. and N.C. reveals some geologic structures in the Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic terrain as well as structure in the younger Triassic deposits. A major synform five miles wide and more than 20 miles long has been identified in the metamorphic rocks north of Danville, Va. Structures in the metavolcanic Carolina slate belt are also identifiable near the confluence of the Dan and Staunton Rivers. Cleared land and other cultural features tend to coincide with topographic reflection of geologic units, thus enhancing the ERTS-1 resolution of some geologic structures. In other cases pseudostructures may be identified when regular geometric configurations of culture bear little or no relation to underlying geologic units. Interpreting geologic structure in the nearly flat and deeply weather Piedmont is a severe test of ERTS-1 imagery resolution. Doubling the resolution and providing stereoscopic overlap would increase the geologic usefulness of these photographs many fold.

Glover, L., III↗

NASA NTRS1973

Phenology satellite experiment

The detection of a phenological event (the brown wave-vegetation senescence) for specific forest and crop types using ERTS-1 imagery is described. Data handling techniques included computer analysis and photo interpretation procedures. Computer analysis of ERTS-1 multispectral scanner digital tapes in all bands was used to give the relative changes of spectral reflectance with time of forests and specified crops. These data were obtained for a number of the study's twenty-four sites located within four north-south corridors across the United States. Analysis of ground observation photography and ERTS-1 imagery for sites in the Appalachian Corridor and Mississippi Valley Corridor indicates that the recession of vegetation development can be detected very well. Tentative conclusions are that specific phenological events such as crop maturity or leaf fall can be mapped for specific sites and possibly for entire regions.

Dethier, B. E.↗

NASA NTRS1973

An evaluation of space acquired data as a tool for management to wildlife habitat in Alaska

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife ERTS experiment in Alaska attempts to yield information useful for three primary functions in the State. They are: (1) to test the feasibility of using ERTS data, in conjunction with aircraft acquired multispectral photography, to develop effective stratified sampling techniques, (2) to provide near real time assessment and evaluation of the quantity, quality, and distribution of waterfowl breeding habitat through frequent ERTS measurements of hydrologic, phenological and vegetational parameters, and (3) to provide basic mapping of vegetation and terrain in certain remote areas of the State for which little or no biological data now exist.

Vantries, B. J.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Land resources survey for the state of Michigan

The usefulness of ERTS-1 satellite imagery as an information source for a statewide inventory of Michigan's land resources is documented. The project is currently relying on photointerpretation of MSS photography and computed processed results. The first task completed was a 1:500,000 scale land use map of the state in four classes: urban, forest, water, and agriculture and other. This map was constructed from existing (pre-ERTS-1) information sources including federal, state and county maps, and aerial photography. An ERTS color IR photomosaic for the entire state will also be constructed at a scale of 1:250,000. The Institute is currently working on tape processed data that will include both recognition data as well as a UTM coordinate addressing capability so that the final tape can be inputed directly into computerized land use and transportation corridor analysis models.

Sellman, B.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Keynote Address

The keynote address of the conference on the significant results obtained by ERTS-1 is presented. The application of ERTS-1 imagery to the mapping of the state of California is stressed. Actions taken by the state executive branch in response to ERTS-1 data are discussed. The continued program and funding aspects of data utilization in developing California resources are reported.

Reinecke, E.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Agriculture, Forestry and Rangeland Resources

The application of ERTS-1 imagery for providing information on agriculture, forestry, and rangeland resources is described. The use of the ERTS-1 system for stratification and sampling estimates of relatively small areas is discussed. Examples of maps to improve resource definition for land use planning, resource allocation, and resource development are provided. Inventories of various crops, as determined by photointerpretation of ERTS imagery are submitted in tabular form.

Poulton, C. E.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Mineral resources, geologic structure, and landform surveys

The use of ERTS-1 imagery for mineral resources, geologic structure, and landform surveys is discussed. Four categories of ERTS imagery application are defined and explained. The types of information obtained by the various multispectral band scanners are analyzed. Samples of land use maps and tectoning and metallogenic models are developed. It is stated that the most striking features visible on ERTS imagery are regional lineaments, or linear patterns in the topography, which reflect major fracture zones extending upward from the basement of the earth.

Lattman, L. H.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Survey of the seasonal snow cover in Alaska

The author has identified the following significant results. The object of this project is to describe freeze-up and breakup patterns of seasonal snow and ice covers in Alaska. During the reporting period, concentration has been on: (1) collection of ground-based data at various places in the north-south transect across Alaska; (2) using the ERTS-1 data together with observations from air and ground to describe the snow cover characteristics on the Arctic Slop during Winter and during the breakup period. Analysis has shown that the ERTS-1 data provides information on break-up pattern including development of runoff over extensive watersheds, areas of low albedo and early snows retreat before the start of the main ablation period, and the extent of large snow drifts and aufeis and aufeis remains after the main ablation period. The ERTS-1 data can also be used to monitor manmade effects on the breakup in the Prudhoe Bay oil exploration area.

Weller, G. E.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Identification, definition and mapping of terrestrial ecosystems in interior Alaska

The author has identified the following significant results. The primary objective is to identify and analyze vegetation types in as great of detail as possible on ERTS-1 imagery and to classify and delineate them through mapping. This is basic to the identification, definition, and mapping of ecosystems. Major conclusions are: (1) the ERTS-1 system is useful for regional scale studies of broadly defined Alaskan vegetation types; (2) the resolution and spectral capabilities of ERTS-1 MSS imagery in photographic formats is adequate for certain phytecenologic purposes; and (3) preparation of an improved State vegetation map will be feasible.

Anderson, J. H.↗

NASA NTRS1973

To assess the value of satellite photographs in the resource evaluation on a national scale

The author has identified the following significant results. Some observations have been made on ERTS-1 color imagery and comparison of imagery. Results of geophysical work are correlated with ERTS-1 imagery and new lineaments are postuated in the northern Kalahari Desert. ERTS-1 imagery reveals complex structural trends in the Basement Complex in the Selebi-Pikwe area.

Hepworth, J. V.↗

NASA NTRS1973

An analysis of Milwaukee county land use

The identification and classification of urban and suburban phenomena through analysis of remotely-acquired sensor data can provide information of great potential value to many regional analysts. Such classifications, particularly those using spectral data obtained from satellites such as the first Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) orbited by NASA, allow rapid frequent and accurate general land use inventories that are of value in many types of spatial analyses. In this study, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin was classified into several broad land use categories on the basis of computer analysis of four bands of ERTS spectral data (ERTS Frame Number E1017-16093). Categories identified were: (1) road-central business district, (2) grass (green vegetation), (3) suburban, (4) wooded suburb, (5) heavy industry, (6) inner city, and (7) water. Overall, 90 percent accuracy was attained in classification of these urban land use categories.

Todd, W. J.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Dynamics of suspended sediment plumes in Lake Ontario

The author has identified the following significant results. Enhancement of ERTS-1 imagery yielded excellent quality 35-mm color slides and prints of several prominent turbidity plumes in Lake Ontario. Selected ERTS-1 frames of the Welland Canal and Genesee River plumes will be used to develop time-lapse sequences showing the impact of wind stress on each plume. Unusually high lake levels during the spring resulted in extensive beach erosion along the entire Lake Ontario shoreline. The resulting high concentrations of suspended matter generated highly turbid (up to 420 JTU) nearshore conditions that appeared milky white in the imagery obtained April 12 and 29th, 1973. During the shipping season, both the Welland Canal and a diversion channel at Port Dalhousie, Ontario, produced readily identifiable turbidity plumes in Lake Ontario. However, in the winter neither plume was visible in the ERTS-1 imagery suggesting sharply lower sediment discharge into Lake Ontario from these sources.

Pluhowski, E. J.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Interpretation of land use and stream order, Pawnee River Basin, Kansas

The author has identified the following significant results. Land use and stream orders were mapped from ERTS-1 imagery covering the Pawnee River Basin. Total area of the basin, irrigated dry land crop area, and rangeland area were determined. The stream order of the basin was calculated by the Strahler method and provided more detail than is available on the comparable 1:250,000 sheets. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of using ERTS-1 imagery to map stream networks in greater detail than is required for 1:250,000 scale. The utility of ERTS-1 has also been demonstrated for mapping and mensuration of data relating to performance of ground cover types and the extent of irrigation.

Morain, S. A.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Identification of Geostructures of continental crust, particularly as they relate to mineral-resource evaluation

The author has identified the following significant results. Analysis of lineated lakes in the Umiat, Alaska area and comparison with known geology, gravity, and magnetic data in the the area suggest concealed structures exist at depth, possibly at or near basement, which may represent targets for petroleum exploration. Compilation of reconnaissance geologic data on 1:250,000 scale enlargements of ERTS-1 images near Corwin reveal structural and stratigraphic anomalies that suggest the Cretaceous sequence is less thick than supposed and is repeated in a series of plates superimposed by flat thrust faults. The structural style differs from that in coeval strata to the northeast, across the northwest-trending linear zone separating differing tectonic styles in older strata noted earlier. The regional extension of a fault known locally in the McCarthy area has been recognized; this fault appears to form the boundary of a significant terrane of mid-Paleozoic metamorphic rocks. ERTS-1 images are being used operationally, at 1:1,000,000 scale in the compilation of regional geologic maps, and at 1:250,000 scale in field mapping in the Brooks Range, in the study of faults in seismically active southern Alaska, in field-checking interpretations previously made from ERTS-1 imagery, and orthophoto base maps for geologic maps.

Gryc, G.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Dynamics of Playa Lakes in the Texas High Plains

The author has identified the following significant results. This project is designed to correlate ERTS-1 satellite imagery signatures with the water balance ecosystem and geology of select playa lake basins in West Texas. The principal work consisted of monitoring the weather instruments, the measurement of water levels and water depths examination of MSS imagery, and measurement of water and mud areas by use of ESIAC (Electronic Satellite Image Analysis Console) at Stanford Research Center, Menlo Park, California. A cost/benefit analysis, comparing the use of ERTS-1 data to more conventionally secured data, revealed that use of ERTS-1 data for such a survey reduces cost from $2.00 to $0.03/square mile.

Reeves, C. C., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Remote sensing of ocean currents

The author has identified the following significant results. Fourteen field experiments in support of the NOAA investigation of ocean color boundary determination using ERTS-1 data have been conducted since June 1972. The boundary between coastal waters and the Loop Current has been detected by ERTS-1 as a result of sea state changes as well as color differences. Computer enchancement of MSS data are revealing many features not shown in the NDPF product. Analysis of the 24 channel MSS data shows that a thermal IR channel is required on an ERTS MSS to distinguish between atmospheric and sea state effects. Cloud cover analysis suggests the need for daily coverage of this type sensor for routinely useful oceanographic applications.

Maul, G. A.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Sea, ice and surface water circulation, Alaskan continental shelf

The author has identified the following significant results. ERTS-1 imagery has been extremely useful in understanding the tidal water movements in a large estuary such as Cook Inlet. As more imagery obtained during various tidal stages become available it appears that complex and fast changing micro-circulation patterns develop in various regions of Cook Inlet during each advancing and receding tide. More ERTS-1 synoptic imagery is needed to fully understand the effect of the approach of tidal front on the water movements in the various regions through the estuary. The conventional onboard ship data gathered during various cruises although revealed the overall circulation pattern in Cook Inlet but failed to show micro-subgyres which develop in various regions during each tide which are discernible on ther ERTS-1 imagery. Suspended load distribution in the Bering Sea during summer varies significantly. In areas of phytoplankton bloom and at the river mouths the suspended load is higher than the 1 mg/1 which is found over most areas. The influence of major rivers on temperature, salinity, and suspended load in surface water as well as at shallow depth is apparent. On the Bering shelf a strong pycnocline generally at depth 10-20 m is formed by surface fresh water flow which retains sediment in suspension over extended periods.

Sharma, G. D.↗