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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,747 records · Page 97
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Study of liquid gallium as a function of pressure and temperature using synchrotron x-ray microtomography and x-ray diffraction

The volume change of liquid and solid gallium has been studied as a function of pressure and temperature up to 3.02 GPa at 300 K and up to 3.63 GPa at 330 K using synchrotron x-ray microtomography combined with energy dispersive x-ray diffraction techniques. Two sets of directly measured P-V data at 300 K and 330 K were obtained from 3D tomography reconstruction data, and the corresponding isothermal bulk moduli were determined as 23.6 (0.5) GPa and 24.6 (0.4) GPa, respectively. The existence of a liquid-liquid phase transition region is proposed based on the abnormal compressibility of Ga melt at about 2.44 GPa and 330 K conditions.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Thermal and soft magnetic properties of Co{sub 40}Fe{sub 22}Ta{sub 8}B{sub 30} glassy particles: In-situ X-ray diffraction and magnetometry studies

The structural evolution of Co{sub 40}Fe{sub 22}Ta{sub 8}B{sub 30} glassy particles has been studied by in-situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) upon isochronal annealing. The changes in position, intensity, and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the first and second diffuse maxima of the XRD patterns suggest the occurrence of irreversible structural relaxation upon the first heating up to a temperature close to the glass transition temperature T{sub g}. The variations in reduced pair correlation functions upon annealing are discussed in the frame of the topological fluctuation theory for structural relaxation. Isochronal annealing of the Co{sub 40}Fe{sub 22}Ta{sub 8}B{sub 30} glassy particles improves their soft magnetic properties through decreasing the coercivity and increasing the magnetic susceptibility, saturation magnetization, and Curie temperature.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of deformation behavior and load transfer in a Ti{sub 2}Ni-NiTi composite

The deformation behavior and load transfer of a dual-phase composite composed of martensite NiTi embedded in brittle Ti{sub 2}Ni matrices were investigated by using in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction during compression. The composite exhibits a stage-wise deformation feature and a double-yielding phenomenon, which were caused by the interaction between Ti{sub 2}Ni and NiTi with alternative microscopic deformation mechanism. No load transfer occurs from the soft NiTi dendrites to the hard Ti{sub 2}Ni matrices during the pseudoplastic deformation (detwinning) of NiTi, which is significantly different from that previously reported in bulk metallic glasses matrices composites.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Crystal structure and magnetic properties of Bi{sub 0.8}A{sub 0.2}FeO{sub 3} (A = La, Ca, Sr, Ba) multiferroics using neutron diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy

Bi{sub 0.8}A{sub 0.2}FeO{sub 3} (A = La, Ca, Sr, Ba) multiferroics were studied using x-ray, neutron diffraction and magnetization techniques. All the samples crystallized in rhombohedral structure with space group R3c. The compounds exhibit antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering at 300 K and no evidence of further structural or magnetic transition was observed on lowering of temperature below it. The magnetic structure of these substituted compounds are found to be collinear G-type AFM structure as against the non collinear incommensurate magnetic structure reported in the case of parent compound. The moments on Fe at 6 K are aligned along the a-axis in the case of Ca-doped sample. With increase in the ionic radii of dopant, the moments are found to be aligned in the ac plane and the angle of tilt away from the a-axis increases. The observed change in the magnetic structure with substitution is attributed to the intrinsic structural distortion as evidenced by the change in the bond angle (Fe-O-Fe) and bond distances (Bi-O, Fe-O). It has been found that heterovalent substitution A{sup 2+} results in the formation of oxygen vacancies in the parent lattices as the possibility of Fe{sup 4+} ruled out by Mössbauer spectra recorded at room temperature. Higher value of remnant magnetization (0.4187 emu/g) and coercivity (4.7554kOe) is observed in Bi{sub 0.8}Ba{sub 0.2}FeO{sub 3} sample in comparison to other substituted samples revealing a strong correlation between ionic radii and magnetization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Strain characterization of fin-shaped field effect transistors with SiGe stressors using nanobeam electron diffraction

This study undertook strain analysis on fin-shaped field effect transistor structures with epitaxial Si{sub 1−x}Ge{sub x} stressors, using nano-beam electron diffraction and finite elements method. Combining the two methods disclosed dynamic strain distribution in the source/drain and channel region of the fin structure, and the effects of dimensional factors such as the stressor thickness and fin width, offering valuable information for device design.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Impurity precipitation in atomized particles evidenced by nano x-ray diffraction computed tomography

Performances and physical properties of high technology materials are influenced or even determined by their initial microstructure and by the behavior of impurity phases. Characterizing these impurities and their relations with the surrounding matrix is therefore of primary importance but it unfortunately often requires a destructive approach, with the risk of misinterpreting the observations. The improvement we have done in high resolution X-ray diffraction computed tomography combined with the use of an X-ray nanoprobe allows non-destructive crystallographic description of materials with microscopic heterogeneous microstructure (with a grain size between 10 nm and 10 μm). In this study, the grain localization in a 2D slice of a 20 μm solidified atomized γU-Mo particle is shown and a minority U(C,O) phase (1 wt. %) with sub-micrometer sized grains was characterized inside. Evidence is presented showing that the onset of U(C,O) grain crystallization can be described by a precipitation mechanism since one single U-Mo grain has direct orientation relationship with more than one surrounding U(C,O) grains.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Thermoluminescence (TL) properties and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of high purity CaSO{sub 4}:Dy TL material

This paper presents the characterization and TL properties of dysprosium (Dy) doped calcium sulfate (CaSO{sub 4}) TL material produced by co-precipitation technique with 0.5mol% concentration of dopant. The morphology of the produced TL material was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the micrograph shows that rectangular parallelepiped shaped crystal with the average of 150 μm in length were produced. The crystallinity of the produced powder was studied using x-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The XRD spectra show that the TL material produced is high purity anhydrite CaSO{sub 4} with average crystallite size of 74 nm with orthorhombic crystal system. The TL behavior of produced CaSO{sub 4}:Dy was studied using a TLD reader after exposure to gamma ray by Co{sup 60} source with the doses of 1,5 and 10 Gy. The glow curve shows linear response with glow peak around 230°C which is desired development in the field of radiation dosimetry.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2014

Tuning of colossal dielectric constant in gold-polypyrrole composite nanotubes using in-situ x-ray diffraction techniques

In-situ x-ray diffraction technique has been used to study the growth process of gold incorporated polypyrrole nanotubes that exhibit colossal dielectric constant due to existence of quasi-one-dimensional charge density wave state. These composite nanotubes were formed within nanopores of a polycarbonate membrane by flowing pyrrole monomer from one side and mixture of ferric chloride and chloroauric acid from other side in a sample cell that allows collection of x-ray data during the reaction. The size of the gold nanoparticle embedded in the walls of the nanotubes was found to be dependent on chloroauric acid concentration for nanowires having diameter more than 100 nm. For lower diameter nanotubes the nanoparticle size become independent of chloroauric acid concentration and depends on the diameter of nanotubes only. The result of this study also shows that for 50 nm gold-polypyrrole composite nanotubes obtained with 5.3 mM chloroauric acid gives colossal dielectric constant of about 10{sup 7}. This value remain almost constant over a frequency range from 1Hz to 10{sup 6} Hz even at 80 K temperature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Growth and nucleation regimes in boron doped silicon by dynamical x-ray diffraction

The oxygen precipitation of highly (17.5 mΩ cm) and moderately (4.5 Ω cm) boron (B) doped silicon (Si) crystals at 780 °C is investigated by following in-situ the evolution of diffraction Pendellösung oscillations. All samples show an initial diffusion-driven growth process which may change over into Ostwald ripening. For the highly doped sample and involving a nucleation step at 450 °C for 30 h, the precipitate density ρ is enhanced by a factor of 8 as compared to the moderately doped sample. The influence of a high B concentration on ρ is dramatically higher for the samples directly heated to 780 °C, where an enhancement factor of 80 is found. Considering Ostwald ripening as a second growth regime reveals consistent ripening rates and surface energies σ with those found at 900 °C in a previous publication.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Time-resolved synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies of the crystallization of amorphous Co (80-x) Fe x B₂₀

This paper addresses the time-dependent crystallization process occurring in “bulk” amorphous Co (80-x) Fe x B₂₀ (x = 20, 40) metallic ribbons by means of synchrotron x-ray diffraction (SXRD) and transmission electron microscopy. Metallic ribbons, produced via melt-spinning technique, were annealed in-situ, with SXRD patterns collected every 60 s. SXRD reveals that Co₄₀Fe₄₀B₂₀ alloys crystallize from an amorphous structure to a primary bcc α-(Co,Fe) phase, whereas Co₆₀Fe₂₀B₂₀ initially crystallizes into the same bcc α-(Co,Fe) but exhibits cooperative growth of both stable and metastable boride phases later into the hold. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov statistics was used on post annealed samples to determine the mechanisms of growth and the activation energy (E a ) of the α-(Co,Fe) phase. Results indicate that the growth mechanisms are similar for both alloy compositions for all annealing temperatures, with the Avrami exponent of n = 1.51(1) and 2.02(6) for x = 20 and 40, respectively, suggesting one-dimensional growth, with a decreasing nucleation rate. Activation energy for α-(Co,Fe) was determined to be 2.7(1) eV and 2.4(3) eV in x = 20 and 40, respectively, suggesting that those alloys with a lower Co content have a stronger resistance to crystallization. Based on these results, fabrication of CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions via depositing amorphous layers and subsequently annealing to induce lattice matching presents itself as a viable and efficient method, for increasing the giant magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Observation of localized heating phenomena during microwave heating of mixed powders using in situ x-ray diffraction technique

In materials processing research using microwave heating, there have been several observations of various phenomena occurring known as microwave effects. One significant example of such a phenomenon is increased reaction kinetics. It is believed that there is a possibility that this might be caused by localized heating, were some reactants would attain a higher than apparent temperature. To examine whether such thermal gradients are indeed possible, mixed powders of two microwave non-absorbers, alumina and magnesia, were mixed with graphite, a known absorber, and heated in a microwave furnace. During microwave irradiation, the local temperatures of the respective sample constituents were measured using an in situ x-ray diffraction technique. In the case of the alumina and graphite sample, a temperature difference of around 100 °C could be observed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

X-ray μ-Laue diffraction analysis of Cu through-silicon vias: A two-dimensional and three-dimensional study

Here, white X-ray μ-beam Laue diffraction is developed and applied to investigate elastic strain distributions in three-dimensional (3D) materials, more specifically, for the study of strain in Cu 10 μm diameter–80 μm deep through-silicon vias (TSVs). Two different approaches have been applied: (i) two-dimensional μ-Laue scanning and (ii) μ-beam Laue tomography. 2D μ-Laue scans provided the maps of the deviatoric strain tensor integrated along the via length over an array of TSVs in a 100 μm thick sample prepared by Focused Ion Beam. The μ-beam Laue tomography analysis enabled to obtain the 3D grain and elemental distribution of both Cu and Si. The position, size (about 3 μm), shape, and orientation of Cu grains were obtained. Radial profiles of the equivalent deviatoric strain around the TSVs have been derived through both approaches. The results from both methods are compared and discussed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

A new method for polychromatic X-ray μLaue diffraction on a Cu pillar using an energy-dispersive pn-junction charge-coupled device

μLaue diffraction with a polychromatic X-ray beam can be used to measure strain fields and crystal orientations of micro crystals. The hydrostatic strain tensor can be obtained once the energy profile of the reflections is measured. However, this remains a challenge both on the time scale and reproducibility of the beam position on the sample. In this review, we present a new approach to obtain the spatial and energy profiles of Laue spots by using a pn-junction charge-coupled device, an energy-dispersive area detector providing 3D resolution of incident X-rays. The morphology and energetic structure of various Bragg peaks from a single crystalline Cu micro-cantilever used as a test system were simultaneously acquired. The method facilitates the determination of the Laue spots’ energy spectra without filtering the white X-ray beam. The synchrotron experiment was performed at the BM32 beamline of ESRF using polychromatic X-rays in the energy range between 5 and 25 keV and a beam size of 0.5 μm × 0.5 μm. The feasibility test on the well known system demonstrates the capabilities of the approach and introduces the “3D detector method” as a promising tool for material investigations to separate bending and strain for technical materials.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Change in the magnetic structure of (Bi,Sm)FeO{sub 3} thin films at the morphotropic phase boundary probed by neutron diffraction

We report on the evolution of the magnetic structure of BiFeO{sub 3} thin films grown on SrTiO{sub 3} substrates as a function of Sm doping. We determined the magnetic structure using neutron diffraction. We found that as Sm increases, the magnetic structure evolves from a cycloid to a G-type antiferromagnet at the morphotropic phase boundary, where there is a large piezoelectric response due to an electric-field induced structural transition. The occurrence of the magnetic structural transition at the morphotropic phase boundary offers another route towards room temperature multiferroic devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

On one numerical scheme of the solution of a three-dimensional problem of diffraction of an electromagnetic wave on thin ideally conductive screens

In the paper, the problem of diffraction on thin ideally conductive screens is reduced to vector hypersingular integral equation with integral treated in the sense of finite Hadamard value. An numerical scheme to solve the equation is introduced. The scheme is based on piecewise approximation of unknown function. The advantage of the scheme is that integral of singular part is reduced to contour integral which can be analytically calculated so numerical calculation are significantly accelerated. Several examples of resulting numerical experiments are given in comparison with known theoretical and experimental data.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Nanoscale strain distributions in embedded SiGe semiconductor devices revealed by precession electron diffraction and dual lens dark field electron holography

The detailed strain distributions produced by embedded SiGe stressor structures are measured at high spatial resolution with high precision, with dual lens dark field electron holography and precession electron diffraction. Shear strain and lattice rotation within the crystalline lattice are observed at the boundaries between the SiGe and Si regions. The experimental results are compared to micromechanical modeling simulations to understand the mechanisms of elastic relaxation on all the modes of deformation at a sub-micron length scale.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Synchrotron x-ray diffraction study of micro-patterns obtained by spatially selective hydrogenation of GaAsN

We report a comparative synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction study of GaAs{sub 1−y}N{sub y} micro-structures obtained by two different patterning methods: spatially selective H incorporation achieved by using H-opaque masks and spatially selective H removal attained by laser writing. These methods are emerging as original routes for fabrication of micro- and nano-structures with in-plane modulation of the bandgap energy. By measuring the out-of-plane and in-plane lattice parameters, we find that for both patterning approaches the largest part of the micro-structure volume remains tensile-strained and pseudomorphic to the substrate, regardless of the compressive-strained hydrogenated barriers. However, a larger lattice disorder is probed in the laser-written micro-structures and attributed to partial removal of H and/or strain changes at the micro-structure boundaries. This larger lattice disorder is confirmed by photoluminescence studies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Nanoscale heat transport from Ge hut, dome, and relaxed clusters on Si(001) measured by ultrafast electron diffraction

The thermal transport properties of crystalline nanostructures on Si were studied by ultra-fast surface sensitive time-resolved electron diffraction. Self-organized growth of epitaxial Ge hut, dome, and relaxed clusters was achieved by in-situ deposition of 8 monolayers of Ge on Si(001) at 550 °C under UHV conditions. The thermal response of the three different cluster types subsequent to impulsive heating by fs laser pulses was determined through the Debye-Waller effect. Time resolved spot profile analysis and life-time mapping was employed to distinguish between the thermal response of the different cluster types. While dome clusters are cooling with a time constant of τ = 150 ps, which agrees well with numerical simulations, the smaller hut clusters with a height of 2.3 nm exhibit a cooling time constant of τ = 50 ps, which is a factor of 1.4 slower than expected.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗