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At least 1,747 records · Page 97
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

Identification of phenological stages and vegetative types for land use classification

The author has identified the following significant results. Multispectral reflectance signatures have been obtained from computer printouts from scene 1049-20505. Those signatures have been grouped for 13 dominant physical features in the Matanuska Susitna Valley area of Alaska. The derived signatures will be validated and tested by requesting another symbol-coded computer printout for the same area. It is expected that ERTS-1 imagery collected during late autumn and early spring will provide separations of signatures that are confounded in the 1049-20505 scene. Separating bogs and forests should be much improved when either snow covered or when grasses are brown. Photographs have been made of projections on the color additive viewer, each scene being projected with six different filter combinations. The products will be analyzed and those best suited used for producing color transparencies at a scale of 1:250,000 for overlaying on standard quadrangle maps. Color prints will be processed for use in the field. From digital MSS signatures derived to date, identification has been made of which bands are the most powerful for automated classification of dominant physical features. It has been found that separations among density ranges increase with longer wavelengths. Deriving MSS digital signatures has proven valuable to both digital and visual processing of ERTS-1 data.

Branton, C. I.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Estimate of winter wheat yield from ERTS-1

A model for estimating wheat yield per acre has been applied to acreage estimates derived from ERTS-1 imagery to project the 1973 wheat yields for a ten county area in southwest Kansas. The results (41.04 million bushels) are within 3 per cent of the preharvest estimates for the same area prepared by the USDA Statistical Reporting Service (39.91 million bushels). The projection from ERTS data is based on a visual enumeration of all detectable wheat fields in the study area and was completed while the harvest was in progress. Visual identification of winter wheat is readily achieved by using a temporal sequence of images (band 5 for Sept.-Oct.; band 5 for Dec.-Jan.; and band 5 and 7 for March-April). Identification can be improved by stratifying the project area into subregions having more or less homogeneous agricultural practices and crop mixes. By doing this, small changes in the spectral appearance of wheat related to soil type, irrigation, etc. can be accounted for. The interpretation rules developed by visual analysis can be automated for rapid computer surveys.

Morain, S. A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Quantitative density visualization in a transonic rotor

The flow in a two foot diameter transonic rotor has been visualized using a fluorescent gas, 2, 3 butanedione, as a tracer. The technique allows the three dimensional flow to be imaged as a set of distinct planes. Quantitative static density maps can be obtained after correcting the images for distortion and nonlinearities introduced by the illumination and imaging systems. The visualized flow is compared to data taken simultaneously by high frequency pressure transducers near the rotor entrance and exit planes.

Epstein, A. H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Remote sensing and urban public health

The applicability of remote sensing in the form of aerial photography to urban public health problems is examined. Environmental characteristics are analyzed to determine if health differences among areas could be predicted from the visual expression of remote sensing data. The analysis is carried out on a socioeconomic cross-sectional sample of census block groups. Six morbidity and mortality rates are the independent variables while environmental measures from aerial photographs and from the census constitute the two independent variable sets. It is found that environmental data collected by remote sensing are as good as census data in evaluating rates of health outcomes.

Rush, M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Zone-forming fungi experiment MA-147

Streptomyces levoris was used as an experimental microorganism during the Apollo Soyuz Test Project to study specific biological considerations that may be influenced by space flight factors. Preflight, inflight, and postflight growth rates of the cultures were compared by photographing the specimens at regular intervals. Preliminary results based on visual comparison of the photographic data indicate that an increased growth rate occurred during space flight in two of eight flight specimens. The increased growth rate continued in the two specimens during the postflight period until termination of the experiment. Radiation effects may be responsible for the absence of spores in two areas of the last spore ring that was formed during the inflight period in one of the flight cultures; however, the radiation studies related to this experiment have not been completed. Distinct morphological differences in spore rings were observed when postflight spore rings were compared with inflight spore rings. Factors that are related to space flight recovery and reentry into earth gravity may have effected these alterations.

Rogers, T. D.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Recent developments at JPL in the application of digital image processing techniques to astronomical images

Several techniques of a digital image-processing nature are illustrated which have proved useful in visual analysis of astronomical pictorial data. Processed digital scans of photographic plates of Stephans Quintet and NGC 4151 are used as examples to show how faint nebulosity is enhanced by high-pass filtering, how foreground stars are suppressed by linear interpolation, and how relative color differences between two images recorded on plates with different spectral sensitivities can be revealed by generating ratio images. Analyses are outlined which are intended to compensate partially for the blurring effects of the atmosphere on images of Stephans Quintet and to obtain more detailed information about Saturn's ring structure from low- and high-resolution scans of the planet and its ring system. The employment of a correlation picture to determine the tilt angle of an average spectral line in a low-quality spectrum is demonstrated for a section of the spectrum of Uranus.

Lorre, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Earth observations and photography experiment: Summary of significant results

Observation and photographic data from the Apollo Soyuz Test Project are analyzed. The discussion is structured according to the fields of investigation including: geology, desert studies, oceanography, hydrology, and meteorology. The data were obtained by: (1) visual observations of selected Earth features, (2) hand-held camera photography to document observations, and (3) stereo mapping photography of areas of significant scientific interest.

El-Baz, F.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Applications of aerospace technology in biology and medicine

A bipolar, donor-recipient model of medical technology transfer is introduced to provide a basis for the team's methodology. That methodology is designed (1) to identify medical problems and NASA technology that in combination constitute opportunities for successful medical products, (2) to obtain the early participation of industry in the transfer proces, and (3) to obtain acceptance by the medical community of new medical products based on NASA technology. Two commercial technology transfers and five institutional technology transfers were completed in 1977. A new, commercially available teaching manikin system uses NASA-developed concepts and techniques for effective visual presentation of information and data. Drugs shipped by the National Cancer Institute to locations throughout the world are maintained at low temperatures in shipping containers that incorporate recommendations made by NASA.

Beall, H. C.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Flow visualization studies of bodies with square cross sections

A water-tunnel study was conducted of four bodies. A solution of sodium fluorescein coating the body provided visualization of vortices and feeding sheets and isolated dots of methyl blue dye provided visualization of stream lines. These data, along with published oil-flow photos, were analyzed to develop the topological representation of the flows in cross-flow planes. Presented are the development of the flow along the body at fixed angles of attack and at a fixed body station with changes in angle of attack. Effects of roll angle, body corner radius, and nose bluntness are illustrated.

Chapman, G. T.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Navier-Stokes calculations for the vortex wake of a rotor in hover

An efficient finite-difference scheme for the solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation is used to study the vortex wake of a rotor in hover. The solution procedure uses a vorticity-stream function formulation and incorporates an asymptotic far-field boundary condition enabling the size of the computational domain to be reduced in comparison to other methods. The results from the present method are compared with experimental data obtained by smoke flow visualization and hot-wire measurements for several rotor blade configurations.

Liu, C. H.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Return to Jupiter - Project Galileo

The mission profile, instrumentation, and mission objectives of the Galileo probe are described. Scheduled for Shuttle launch in 1986, with a boost from the Centaur upper stage, the probe will require over 2 yr to reach the Jovian system. An atmospheric entry probe will be released during Jupiter approach, and the orbiting module will relay the temperature, pressure, radio signals, spectroscopy, magnetometry, and particle counts, originating from the parachuting probe. The orbiting module will then continue on to a series of flybys and orbits around the Jovian moons by using a gravity assist from Jupiter after each pass of a moon. The orbiter will record spectrometric, radiometric, dust, visual, magnetic, and radio propagation data. The television camera is a CCD device with 640,000 diodes forming an 800 x 800 array in one square centimeter.

Johnson, T. V.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Hypsometric studies of Mars.

Altitude data derived from the 12.6 cm radar measurements obtained at JPL's Goldstone Facility were used to explore the utility of this type of regional analysis and to develop criteria for the interpretation of hypsometric data for planets where no visual images are available. Examination of the radar-derived hypsogram for Mars shows that the unimodal distribution of elevations contains several second order peaks and is skewed toward a modal elevation of about 3.5 km above the 6.1 mb datum. Individual topographic features can be recognized from this hypsogram, but such interpretations are based on the known surface morphology that has been determined from spacecraft images. It is not yet known how, for example, cratered terrain, regional slopes or other morphological features could be identified using the hypsogram if no images were available for ground-truth. The role that large impact craters play in influencing the shape of a hypsogram is being studied.

Blake, P. L.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Navier-Stokes calculations for the vortex of a rotor in hover

An efficient finite-difference scheme for the solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation is used to study the vortex wake of a rotor in hover. The solution Procedure uses a vorticity-stream function formulation and incorporates an asymptotic far-field boundary condition enabling the size of the computational domain to be reduced in comparison to other methods. The results from the present method are compared with experimental data obtained by smoke flow visualization and hot-wire measurements for several rotor blade configurations.

Liu, C. H.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Investigation of Radiometric Properties of LANDSAT-4 MSS

Two full frames of radiometrically corrected (Type A) LANDSAT-4 MSS data were analyzed digitally and visually for evidence of residual calibration differences between detectors, quantization effects, and other sensor-related artifacts. Both standard statistical and Fourier analysis techniques were employed. Opportunities for coincident coverage by LANDSAT 3 and 4 were identified in the contiguous 48 states. Paired acquisitions for two scenes were obtained and analyzed to establish relatonships between signal values from common areas imaged by the MSS systems. Another pair with coverage by LANDSAT 2 and 4 was obtained and analyzed. Detector-to-detector differences, coherent noise, line length variation, and LANDSAT 4 to LANDSAT 3 calibration are discussed.

Rice, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Experimental aerothermodynamic research of hypersonic aircraft

The 2-D and 3-D advance computer codes being developed for use in the design of such hypersonic aircraft as the National Aero-Space Plane require comparison of the computational results with a broad spectrum of experimental data to fully assess the validity of the codes. This is particularly true for complex flow fields with control surfaces present and for flows with separation, such as leeside flow. Therefore, the objective is to provide a hypersonic experimental data base required for validation of advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computer codes and for development of more thorough understanding of the flow physics necessary for these codes. This is being done by implementing a comprehensive test program for a generic all-body hypersonic aircraft model in the NASA/Ames 3.5 foot Hypersonic Wind Tunnel over a broad range of test conditions to obtain pertinent surface and flowfield data. Results from the flow visualization portion of the investigation are presented.

Cleary, Joseph W.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Cockpit data management

This study is a continuation of an FAA effort to alleviate the growing problems of assimilating and managing the flow of data and flight related information in the air transport flight deck. The nature and extent of known pilot interface problems arising from new NAS data management programs were determined by a comparative timeline analysis of crew tasking requirements. A baseline of crew tasking requirements was established for conventional and advanced flight decks operating in the current NAS environment and then compared to the requirements for operation in a future NAS environment emphasizing Mode-S data link and TCAS. Results showed that a CDU-based pilot interface for Mode-S data link substantially increased crew visual activity as compared to the baseline. It was concluded that alternative means of crew interface should be available during high visual workload phases of flight. Results for TCAS implementation showed substantial visual and motor tasking increases, and that there was little available time between crew tasks during a TCAS encounter. It was concluded that additional research should be undertaken to address issues of ATC coordination and the relative benefit of high workload TCAS features.

Groce, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1987

NASA-Langley Research Center shapes tomorrow through innovative research

NASA-Langley is the home of the world's most advanced wind tunnel, the National Transonic Facility, which uses crygenic nitrogen vapor to test models of advanced aircraft and spacecraft. Langley also employs hundreds of computers of every type and capacity in order both to gather and analyze wind tunnel data and to undertake mathematical visualizations of complex flow phenomena. Langley has been involved in every major NASA space program, and had primary responsibility for the development of the Viking Mars probes. Currently, Langley is involved in the National Aerospace Plane Program and in the development of erectable space structures.

Clough, Jean Drummond↗