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At least 1,747 records · Page 97

Fe xvii 2p–3s Line Ratio Diagnostic of Shock Formation Radius in O Stars

The 2p–3s lines of Fe xvii in the X-ray spectrum of the O-type star ζ Puppis exhibit an anomalous (3G + M2)/(3F) line ratio of ∼1.4, in comparison with ∼2.4 for almost all other collisionally excited astrophysical spectra. Based on the work of Mauche et al., we conjectured that the strong UV field of ζ Puppis produces the observed ratio by depopulation of metastable 3s excited states, and that the ratio can potentially be used as an independent diagnostic of plasma formation radius. We used the Flexible Atomic Code collisional-radiative model to model the effect of UV photoexcitation from O stars on the Fe xvii lines. We compared our model calculations to archival spectra of coronal and hot stars from the Chandra HETGS and XMM-Newton RGS to benchmark our calculations for various electron densities and UV field intensities. Our calculations show that UV photoexcitation does not produce a sufficiently large dynamic range in the 3F / (3F + 3G + M2) fraction to explain the difference in the observed ratio between coronal stars and ζ Pup. Thus, this effect likely cannot explain the observed line ratio of ζ Pup, and its origin is still unexplained.

Gabriel J. Grell↗

Fe XVII 2p–3s Line Ratio Diagnostic of Shock Formation Radius in O Stars

The 2p–3s lines of Fe xvii in the X-ray spectrum of the O-type star ζ Puppis exhibit an anomalous (3G + M2)/(3F) line ratio of ∼1.4, in comparison with ∼2.4 for almost all other collisionally excited astrophysical spectra. Based on the work of Mauche et al., we conjectured that the strong UV field of ζ Puppis produces the observed ratio by depopulation of metastable 3s excited states, and that the ratio can potentially be used as an independent diagnostic of plasma formation radius. We used the Flexible Atomic Code collisional-radiative model to model the effect of UV photoexcitation from O stars on the Fe xvii lines. We compared our model calculations to archival spectra of coronal and hot stars from the Chandra HETGS and XMM-Newton RGS to benchmark our calculations for various electron densities and UV field intensities. Our calculations show that UV photoexcitation does not produce a sufficiently large dynamic range in the 3F / (3F + 3G + M2) fraction to explain the difference in the observed ratio between coronal stars and ζ Pup. Thus, this effect likely cannot explain the observed line ratio of ζ Pup, and its origin is still unexplained.

Gabriel Grell↗

Test Cases for a Rectangular Supercritical Wing Undergoing Pitching Oscillations

Steady and unsteady measured pressures for a Rectangular Supercritical Wing (RSW) undergoing pitching oscillations have been presented. From the several hundred compiled data points, 27 static and 36 pitching oscillation cases have been proposed for computational Test Cases to illustrate the trends with Mach number, reduced frequency, and angle of attack. The wing was designed to be a simple configuration for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) comparisons. The wing had an unswept rectangular planform plus a tip of revolution, a panel aspect ratio of 2.0, a twelve per cent thick supercritical airfoil section, and no twist. The model was tested over a wide range of Mach numbers, from 0.27 to 0.90, corresponding to low subsonic flows up to strong transonic flows. The higher Mach numbers are well beyond the design Mach number such as might be required for flutter verification beyond cruise conditions. The pitching oscillations covered a broad range of reduced frequencies. Some early calculations for this wing are given for lifting pressure as calculated from a linear lifting surface program and from a transonic small perturbation program. The unsteady results were given primarily for a mild transonic condition at M = 0.70. For these cases the agreement with the data was only fair, possibly resulting from the omission of viscous effects. Supercritical airfoil sections are known to be sensitive to viscous effects (for example, one case cited). Calculations using a higher level code with the full potential equations have been presented for one of the same cases, and with the Euler equations. The agreement around the leading edge was improved, but overall the agreement was not completely satisfactory. Typically for low-aspect-ratio rectangular wings, transonic shock waves on the wing tend to sweep forward from root to tip such that there are strong three-dimensional effects. It might also be noted that for most of the test, the model was tested with free transition, but a few points were taken with an added transition strip for comparison. Some unpublished results of a rigid wing of the same airfoil and planform that was tested on the pitch and plunge apparatus mount system (PAPA) showed effects of the lower surface transition Strip on flutter at the lower subsonic Mach numbers. Significant effects of a transition strip were also obtained on a wing with a thicker supercritical section on the PAPA mount system. Both of these flutter tests on the PAPA resulted in very low reduced frequencies that may be a factor in this influence of the transition strip. However, these results indicate that correlation studies for RSW may require some attention to the estimation of transition location to accurately treat viscous effects. In this report several Test Cases are selected to illustrate trends for a variety of different conditions with emphasis on transonic flow effects. An overview of the model and tests is given and the standard formulary for these data is listed. Sample data points are presented in both tabular and graphical form. A complete tabulation and plotting of all the Test Cases is given. Only the static pressures and the real and imaginary parts of the first harmonic of the unsteady pressures are available. All the data for the test are available in electronic file form. The Test Cases are also available as separate electronic files.

Bennett, Robert M.↗

Time-domain Green's Function Method for three-dimensional nonlinear subsonic flows

The Green's Function Method for linearized 3D unsteady potential flow (embedded in the computer code SOUSSA P) is extended to include the time-domain analysis as well as the nonlinear term retained in the transonic small disturbance equation. The differential-delay equations in time, as obtained by applying the Green's Function Method (in a generalized sense) and the finite-element technique to the transonic equation, are solved directly in the time domain. Comparisons are made with both linearized frequency-domain calculations and existing nonlinear results.

Tseng, K.↗

Current collection in a flowing magnetoplasma

Effects of plasma drift on the current collection by a long conducting cylinder in a magnetized plasma is studied by means of a 2 1/2 dimensional PIC code. It is found that for the drift velocity (V sub 0) perpendicular to the magnetic field (B sub 0), the electron current collected by a positive cylinder is considerably enhanced depending on the drift velocity. The distributions of plasma and the potential structure around the cylinder for several relative orientations between V sub 0 and B are presented along with the comparisons of current with and without the magnetic field. Simulations with the magnetic field in the simulation plane show that the potential structures around the cylinder are two-dimensional double layers with dimension (L) perpendicular to B much smaller than the dimension (L) parallel to B. In fact, L perpendicular is found to be approximately determined by the current limiting radius given by the Parker-Murphy model. However, it is found that the collected currents in the simulations are generally higher than those given by this model.

Singh, Nagendra↗

Numerical simulation of self-field MPD thrusters

A fully two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics code has been developed to predict self-field, steady-state MPD thruster performance. The governing equations are outlined, and methods of solution are presented. Model predictions are compared with experimental data for two thruster geometries over a range of discharge currents and mass flow rates. Model limitations are evaluated, and issues concerning quasi-steady versus steady-state thruster comparisons are discussed.

La Pointe, Michael R.↗

An assessment of particle velocimetry potential in hypersonic flow

Future progress in the computation of hypersonic flow fields is restricted by the need for a reliable turbulence modeling data base which could be used for the development of empirical models for use in numerical codes. Currently, there are few compressible flow measurements which could be used for this purpose. Procedures for hot wire measurements in hypersonic flows are presently outlined, and assessments are made of the potential for hot wire and laser velocimeter measurements of turbulent fluctuations in hypersonic flow fields. The results of recent experiments conducted in two hypersonic wind tunnels will be presented and comparisons made with previous hot wire turbulence measurements.

Owen, F. K.↗

LEWICE droplet trajectory calculations on a parallel computer

A parallel computer implementation (128 processors) of LEWICE, a NASA Lewis code used to predict the time-dependent ice accretion process for two-dimensional aerodynamic bodies of simple geometries, is described. Two-dimensional parallel droplet trajectory calculations are performed to demonstrate the potential benefits of applying parallel processing to ice accretion analysis. Parallel performance is evaluated as a function of the number of trajectories and the number of processors. For comparison, similar trajectory calculations are performed on single-processor Cray computers, and the best parallel results are found to be 33 and 23 times faster, respectively, than those of the Cray XMP and YMP.

Caruso, Steven C.↗

A convective and radiative heat transfer analysis for the FIRE II forebody

A Navier-Stokes flowfield solution method (LAURA code) using finite-rate chemistry and two-temperature thermal nonequilibrium was used in combination with two nonequilibrium radiative heat transfer codes to calculate heating for the FIRE II vehicle. An axisymmetric model of the actual body shape was used. One radiative heating code (NEQAIR) was used in uncoupled fashion with the flowfield solver's energy equations, while the other code (LORAN) was used in both coupled and uncoupled variations. Several trajectory points ranging from highly nonequilibrium flow to near-equilibrium flow were used for a study of both convective and radiative heating over the vehicle. Considerable variation in radiative heating was seen at the extremes, while agreement was good in the intermediate trajectory points. Total heat transfer calculations gave good comparison until the peak heating trajectory points were encountered, and returned to good agreement for the last two equilibrium points.

Greendyke, Robert B.↗

Code Calibration Applied to the TCA High-Lift Model in the 14 x 22 Wind Tunnel (Simulation With and Without Model Post-Mount)

The objective of this study is to calibrate a Navier-Stokes code for the TCA (30/10) baseline configuration (partial span leading edge flaps were deflected at 30 degs. and all the trailing edge flaps were deflected at 10 degs). The computational results for several angles of attack are compared with experimental force, moments, and surface pressures. The code used in this study is CFL3D; mesh sequencing and multi-grid were used to full advantage to accelerate convergence. A multi-grid approach was used similar to that used for the Reference H configuration allowing point-to-point matching across all the trailingedge block interfaces. From past experiences with the Reference H (ie, good force, moment, and pressure comparisons were obtained), it was assumed that the mounting system would produce small effects; hence, it was not initially modeled. However, comparisons of lower surface pressures indicated the post mount significantly influenced the lower surface pressures, so the post geometry was inserted into the existing grid using Chimera (overset grids).

Lessard, Wendy B.↗

DSMC Simulations of Hypersonic Flows With Shock Interactions and Validation With Experiments

The capabilities of a relatively new direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code are examined for the problem of hypersonic laminar shock/shock and shock/boundary layer interactions, where boundary layer separation is an important feature of the flow. Flow about two model configurations is considered, where both configurations (a biconic and a hollow cylinder-flare) have recent published experimental measurements. The computations are made by using the DS2V code of Bird, a general two-dimensional/axisymmetric time accurate code that incorporates many of the advances in DSMC over the past decade. The current focus is on flows produced in ground-based facilities at Mach 12 and 16 test conditions with nitrogen as the test gas and the test models at zero incidence. Results presented highlight the sensitivity of the calculations to grid resolution, sensitivity to physical modeling parameters, and comparison with experimental measurements. Information is provided concerning the flow structure and surface results for the extent of separation, heating, pressure, and skin friction.

Moss, James N.↗

DSMC Simulations of Hypersonic Flows With Shock Interactions and Validation With Experiments

The capabilities of a relatively new direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code are examined for the problem of hypersonic laminar shock/shock and shock/boundary layer interactions, where boundary layer separation is an important feature of the flow. Flow about two model configurations is considered, where both configurations (a biconic and a hollow cylinder-flare) have recent published experimental measurements. The computations are made by using the DS2V code of Bird, a general two-dimensional/axisymmetric time accurate code that incorporates many of the advances in DSMC over the past decade. The current focus is on flows produced in ground-based facilities at Mach 12 and 16 test conditions with nitrogen as the test gas and the test models at zero incidence. Results presented highlight the sensitivity of the calculations to grid resolutions, sensitivity to physical modeling parameters, and comparison with experimental measurements. Information is provided concerning the flow structure and surface results for the extent of separation, heating, pressure, and skin friction.

Moss, James N.↗

A Gas-Actuated Projectile Launcher for High-Energy Impact Testing of Structures

A gas-act,uated penetration device has been developed for high-energy impact testing of structures. The high-energy impact. t,estiiig is for experimental simulation of uncontained engine failures. The non-linear transient finite element, code LS-DYNA3D has been used in the numerical simula.tions of a titanium rectangular blade with a.n aluminum target, plate. Threshold velocities for different combinations of pitch and yaw angles of the impactor were obtained for the impactor-target, t8est configuration in the numerica.1 simulations. Complet,e penet,ration of the target plate was also simulat,ed numerically. Finally, limited comparison of analytical and experimental results is presented for complete penetration of the target by the impactor.

Ambur, Damodar R.↗

Modeling X-Ray Binary Evolution in Normal Galaxies: Insights from SINGS

We present the largest-scale comparison to date between observed extragalactic X-ray binary (XRB) populations and theoretical models of their production. We construct observational X-ray luminosity functions (oXLFs) using Chandra observations of 12 late-type galaxies from the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxy Survey (SINGS). For each galaxy, we obtain theoretical XLFs (tXLFs) by combining XRB synthetic models, constructed with the population synthesis code StarTrack, with observational star formation histories (SFHs). We identify highest-likelihood models both for individual galaxies and globally, averaged over the full galaxy sample. Individual tXLFs successfully reproduce about half of oXLFs, but for some galaxies we are unable to find underlying source populations, indicating that galaxy SFHs and metallicities are not well matched and/or XRB modeling requires calibration on larger observational samples. Given these limitations, we find that best models are consistent with a product of common envelope ejection efficiency and central donor concentration approx.. = 0.1, and a 50% uniform - 50% "twins" initial mass-ratio distribution. We present and discuss constituent subpopulations of tXLFs according to donor, accretor and stellar population characteristics. The galaxy-wide X-ray luminosity due to low-mass and high-mass XRBs, estimated via our best global model tXLF, follows the general trend expected from the L(sub X) - star formation rate and L(sub X) - stellar mass relations of Lehmer et al. Our best models are also in agreement with modeling of the evolution both of XRBs over cosmic time and of the galaxy X-ray luminosity with redshift.

Normal Galaxies↗

Preliminary weight and costs of sandwich panels to distribute concentrated loads

Minimum mass honeycomb sandwich panels were sized for transmitting a concentrated load to a uniform reaction through various distances. The form skin gages were fully stressed with a finite element computer code. The panel general stability was evaluated with a buckling computer code labeled STAGS-B. Two skin materials were considered; aluminum and graphite-epoxy. The core was constant thickness aluminum honeycomb. Various panel sizes and load levels were considered. The computer generated data were generalized to allow preliminary least mass panel designs for a wide range of panel sizes and load intensities. An assessment of panel fabrication cost was also conducted. Various comparisons between panel mass, panel size, panel loading, and panel cost are presented in both tabular and graphical form.

Belleman, G.↗

Engineering flowfield method with angle-of-attack applications

An approximate inviscid flowfield method has been extended to include heat-transfer predictions using a technique to account for variable-entropy edge conditions. The engineering code computes the flowfield over hyperboloids, ellipsoids, paraboloids, and sphere cones at 0 deg angle of attack (AOA). For angle-of-attack applications, an approximation to sphere-cone streamline-spreading effects on the heat transfer along the windward and leeward rays and an empirical circumferential heating technique have been incorporated also in the method. The present engineering calculations yield good comparisons with existing pressure and heating data over sphere cones even at high incidence values with the restriction that the sonic-line location remain on the spherical cap.

Zoby, E. V.↗

A study of the structural efficiency of fluted core graphite-epoxy panels

The structural efficiency of compression-loaded graphite-epoxy sandwich panels with fluted cores is studied to determine their weight saving potential. Graphite-epoxy equilateral triangular elements are used to construct the fluted cores for the sandwich panels. Two panel configurations are considered. One configuration has two layers of triangular elements in the fluted core and the second configuration has only one layer of triangular elements in the core. An optimization code is used to find the minimum weight design for each panel configuration. Laminate ply orientations are limited to approx. 45, 0, and 90 deg. A constraint on the axial stiffness is included in the design process so the panel will conform to typical constraints for aircraft wing structures. Minimum thickness requirements for each laminate and maximum allowable strains are also included. A comparison is made of the calculated structural efficiency of the fluted core panels to the structural efficiency of aluminum transport aircraft structures and simple blade-stiffened graphite-epoxy panels. Limited experimental results are also included for comparison with the analytical predictions and to identify the critical failure mechanisms of graphite-epoxy fluted-core sandwich panels.

Jegley, Dawn C.↗

An empirical comparison of software fault tolerance and fault elimination

Reliability is an important concern in the development of software for modern systems. Some researchers have hypothesized that particular fault-handling approaches or techniques are so effective that other approaches or techniques are superfluous. The authors have performed a study that compares two major approaches to the improvement of software, software fault elimination and software fault tolerance, by examination of the fault detection obtained by five techniques: run-time assertions, multi-version voting, functional testing augmented by structural testing, code reading by stepwise abstraction, and static data-flow analysis. This study has focused on characterizing the sets of faults detected by the techniques and on characterizing the relationships between these sets of faults. The results of the study show that none of the techniques studied is necessarily redundant to any combination of the others. Further results reveal strengths and weakness in the fault detection by the techniques studied and suggest directions for future research.

Shimeall, Timothy J.↗