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DOE OSTI2020

NRC Multiphysics Analysis Capability Deployment FY2020: Part 3

This report details progress and activities of Idaho National Laboratory (INL) on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) project “Development and Modeling Sup- port for Advanced Non-Light Water Reactors.” The tasks completed for this report are: Task2c: Explicit modeling of pebble transient temperature response. In this simulation, the 400 MWth Pebble-Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) design, PBMR- 400, experiences a 20-second power ramp from 100% to 150% power. This is followed by a similar reduction in the power back to 100%. Several multiscale pebble coupling approaches are tested with one pebble per mesh element in the active core region. The results show good conservation behavior and the stability of the coupling.; Extended scope part 1: An assessment of the computational efficiency of the Discontinuous Finite Element Method (DFEM) heat transfer solver shows good scalability. The DFEM solver is a factor of 4 more expensive in solution time than the Finite Element Method (FEM) solver for heat transfer problems due to the increased number of degrees of freedom. Nonetheless, the DFEM approach provides the user with the flexibility to model gap heat transfer problems.; Extended scope part 2: The GapHeatTransferInterfaceMaterial was improved to give the user increased flexibility with the modeling of heat transfer through gaps with the DFEM solver. A number of gap parameters can now be coupled both through functions and variables.; Extended scope part 3: Demonstration of how the gap width between hexagonal fuel cells can be calculated during a heat-up transient and used in the GapHeatTransferInterface model. A full-domain DFEM model with gap expansion is coupled to a SubApp that models the thermal expansion of the base plate. The results show the expected physical behavior, although have not been fully bench-marked at this point in time.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Deploying Machine Learning Workflows into HPC environment

Outline: Workflows Overview; Common Workflow Language (CWL), Example of a CWL; BEE Overview; Machine Learning Components; Machine Learning Scientific Workflow using CWL → A new test case for BEE; Discussion: Benefits and Caveats of current ML workflow; Conclusion.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Automated Mobility District Implementation Catalog: Insights from Ten Early-Stage Deployments

Major disruptive technologies are set to redefine the way in which people view travel, particularly in dense urban areas. Already, ride-hailing services have redefined mobility expectations of a new generation of urban dwellers in some places around the country. Over the next few decades, the proliferation of autonomous vehicles, which are generally referred to in the industry as “automated vehicles (AVs),” will be enhanced by the next generation of shared mobility. This combination of AV operations with on-demand service will provide convenience of mobility similar to that being exhibited in today’s transportation networking companies (TNCs). Shared, automated, public mobility resulting from the cross-hybridization of AVs with on-demand mobility service will bring economic and system efficiencies. Economic efficiencies may be realized by less vehicle ownership and more vehicle “usership.” Many companies are already exploring avenues for shared automated mobility through fleet operations as the wave of the future.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Biopower: Impact of Biofuels Deployment to Replace Petroleum Liquids in Stationary Power Applications

Petroleum-based liquids are used in a portion of power generation applications in the United States, predominantly in the New England, Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Pacific-Noncontiguous regions. Power plants that burn petroleum liquids, such as distillate or residual fuel oils, are generally used for short periods to accommodate peak electricity demands. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated the U.S. consumption of petroleum liquids for electricity generation at 27 million barrels in 2018, representing a cost of $2.4 billion annually. This study assesses the potential to displace all or part of the petroleum liquids in U.S. power generation with biofuels. The biofuels for this application are assumed to be derived from terrestrial feedstocks, with conversion routes of both fast pyrolysis (bio-oil) and hydrothermal liquefaction (bio-crude). Regional models were used to assess the availability and cost of three different base materials: clean wood, forest residues, and corn stover; each was evaluated in the laboratory at small or experimental scales for conversion to bio-oil or bio-crude. The estimated biofuel production quantities depend on equivalent heating versus the current heavy fuel. In this report, the availability of each type of biomass for each section of the U.S. Census division is estimated using a conservative broker price (in each case) of $ 80 per dry tonne. The results show that the petroleum-liquid power generation in each of the Census Divisions could be supplied by one or more of the feedstocks evaluated. For all regions, clean wood supplies (only) could provide ample supply. For all but two regions (Middle Atlantic and New England), forest residues alone are sufficient. Finally, for all regions but three (Middle Atlantic, New England, and South Atlantic), corn stover alone is adequate. The Minimum Fuel Selling Price (MFSP) of bio-oil and bio-crude were also estimated for each feedstock type and Census Division. This analysis showed that fast pyrolysis bio-oil projections to be lower (14% on average) than current wholesale petroleum-based heating oil prices in each of the regions, assuming 100 dry tonnes/day processing capacity. However, bio-crude predictions were significantly higher (2X) in all cases. The effect of biorefinery size was also quantified. Based on the preliminary results in this study, it is apparent the biofuels could be an economical alternative for current petroleum liquids in U.S. power generation. However, additional research is needed to determine the necessary biofuel characteristics to support existing generation equipment. It is recommended that both power generation and biofuel production stakeholders to be engaged to outline the research and testing needed to identify the technical hurdles to enable the opportunity.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2020

NRC Multiphysics Analysis Capability Deployment FY2020 - Part 4

This report details progress and activities of Idaho National Laboratory (INL) on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) project “Development and Modeling Sup- port for Advanced Non-Light Water Reactors.” The tasks completed for this report are: • Task 3a: This task demonstrates the effectiveness of Griffin’s methods for interpolating cross sections and SPH correction factors as a function of control drum rotation. The Monte Carlo code Serpent is used to generate reference results. The accuracy of Griffin-calculated eigenvalues and reaction rates are studied as a function of control drum rotation for cross section and SPH factor libraries of varying fidelity. Higher-fidelity libraries require less interpolation and are therefore inherently more accurate; however, they require more computational resources to create. Overall, Griffin is able to accurately model eigenvalue and reaction rates over the full range of drum rotation using a library generated from three to five discrete drum rotations for a particular microreactor design. • Task 3c: This preliminary task successfully demonstrates the performance of a coupled neutron-photon transport calculation with Griffin using the spherical harmonics approximation. The Griffin solutions are compared to reference solutions from the continuous energy Monte Carlo codes MCNP and Serpent. Furthermore, this work also demonstrates how to prepare the neutron and photon libraries using NJOY, MCNP, and Serpent with the latest ENDF/B-VIII data for 235 U and graphite. The Griffin total energy deposition in the active core region is calculated within 0.3% of the reference, but it degrades in the reflector regions with a maximum difference of -1.5%. Overall, the results look promising and future analysis should use an improved data stream and focus on determining the potential cancellation of error within each energy group.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Scat Detection Dog Surveys for the San Joaquin Kit Fox on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Experimental Test Site (Site 300) and the Corral Hollow Ecological Reserve: 2020 Deployment

The San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) historically occupied an extensive range in the San Joaquin Valley, California; however, their populations and habitat have since been significantly reduced by human impacts (United States Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS] 1998). More than 95% of the potential habitat for kit foxes on the San Joaquin Valley floor has been converted to irrigated agriculture, urbanized, or industrialized lands. The San Joaquin kit fox was listed as endangered by the USFWS in 1967 and as threatened by the State of California in 1971. Records from local surveys, research projects, and incidental sightings indicate the present distribution of kit foxes extends from 1) southern Kern County north to Contra Costa, Alameda, and San Joaquin counties on the west side of the valley and to Stanislaus County on the east side; 2) into some of the larger, uncultivated valley-floor land parcels in Kern, Tulare, Kings, Fresno, Madera, and Merced counties; and 3) westward within 5 counties in the interior coastal range (USFWS 1998). Kit foxes have been denoted to occur in 3 geographically distinct core and several satellite populations in a heavily fragmented landscape, with the largest extant populations concentrated in the southern part of the range and smaller populations and isolated sightings in the central and northern portions (USFWS 1998, 2010).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Description of Sensor Assignment Optimization Method as Deployed on a Multi-Node Cluster

Data analytic methods are being developed to address the problem of how to assign a sensor set in a nuclear facility such that a requisite level of process monitoring capability is realized and that the sensor set is sufficiently rich to determine the status of the individual sensors with respect to need for calibration. There is an awareness in the nuclear industry that data analytics combined with rich sensor sets represent a means to improve operations and reduce costs. In the industry the calibration problem has been previously approached as an empirical data-driven problem with several methods having been developed. However, the experience of the utilities over the past ten years with these methods indicates that the absence of physics-based information renders the data-driven approach less reliable. Complicating factors such as the inherent variability of operation (both equipment alignment and operating condition) can confound a pure data-driven approach while there are no rigorous guidelines for determining what constitutes an adequate sensor set. The solution under development to overcome these shortcomings supplements the data analytic method with process information in a so-called process-constrained data-analytic approach. Simple balance equations are written for generic components (e.g., mechanical pump, valve, and heat exchanger). These do not require a priori knowledge of process parameters, such as heat transfer coefficients or friction factors. All that is needed on the part of the utility user is to identify the components and how they are connected. This report describes the development of a parallel computing capability for determining the optimal sensor set. The optimal sensor set problem suffers from the curse of dimensionality. Computation time increases exponentially as the size of the system grows. To overcome this difficulty a pre-conditioner algorithm is developed to find an approximate solution close the actual solution. This serves as a seed for the full-blown algorithm and acts to constrain the space that must searched. The optimization algorithms are described and the implementation on a parallel computing platform is described. The application of the method to a use case we are solving in collaboration with our utility partner served to illustrate how the default sensor set in a nuclear plant may not provide sufficient coverage to infer sensor calibration status.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Deployment of Energy Efficiency and Clean Energy on Indians Lands – A Community Solar Project

The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI or Tribe) is a federally recognized Indian Tribe located on ancestral homelands in western North Carolina. The Tribe is comprised of just over 16,000 enrolled members, with an estimated 8,000 – 10,000 residing on tribal lands. The Qualla Boundary is comprised of over 56,000 acres of contiguous trust land adjacent to the Great Smoky Mountain National Park. The EBCI also possess an assortment of scattered parcels of varying sizes across western North Carolina, some in trust status and others in deeded or fee simple. This project was implemented on a trust parcel in Cherokee County, NC. The Tribe was awarded the maximum amount of $\$ $1,000,000 for the installation of a 705.6 kilowatt (kW) solar PV array to supplement the power consumed and reduce annual utility costs at the Harrah’s Cherokee Valley River (HCVR) casino and hotel in Murphy, NC. The casino is a tribal entity of the Tribe. The total cost of the project was $\$ $2.364 million. The system was officially commissioned on April 12, 2019. For the purpose of calculating the amount of power produced and reduction in utility costs, the time frame assessed is May 2019 through April 2020. All power generated was consumed onsite.Based on the first full year of data, the project achieved the estimated 8.3% reduction in utility costs. A total of six casino and tribal staff were trained and received a North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) certification, giving our staff the resources and skills to manage and operate the solar PV array. Based on the Tribal match of $\$ $1,377,797 and estimated net annual benefit of $89,000, the estimated return on investment (ROI) is 15.48 years.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Deployment of Community Scale Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems in Forest County Potawatomi Community

FCPC is a federally recognized tribe with a membership of more than 1400. The Tribe has a reservation in Forest County, Wisconsin, and tribal trust lands in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, with significant governmental and business operations in both areas. Until relatively recently, FCPC was one of the poorest tribes in the Midwest. Due to its successful gaming operations, it now has improved its financial situation and is using its resources to benefit both its members and the general public through environmental and other community efforts, many of which are long-delayed because of the extended period of abject poverty. The Tribe has developed the long-term goal of becoming energy independent using renewable resources. In order to meet this goal, the Tribe has taken several important steps. As an interim step, FCPC is purchasing nearly 55 million kilowatt hours of renewable energy certificates (“RECs”) annually from certified renewable energy facilities in the United States. These RECs offset more than 100% of the present electricity use at all of the Tribe’s facilities. The Tribe is currently ranked number 11 on the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Top 20 Local Government list of green power purchasers and is a member of the EPA’s Green Power Partnership. The original project suggested small scale installations on tribal homes and certain government buildings. The Tribe suggested that the project would result in 730 kw installed. By revising the project, the Tribe was able to install 938 kw and owns the largest installation in Northern Wisconsin with the 800 kW installation at the Potawatomi Carter Casino Hotel (“PCCH”). The PCCH installation, in summer months, can provide near 90% of the use during daylight hours. Although tracking was not immediately available FCPC has since confirmed significant production with certain quarterly savings nearing $210,000. These installations provide a reduction in facility costs providing more revenue for Tribal services including cultural, health, sustainable food sources, environmental preservation and other Tribal initiatives. Further, the installations have resulted in positive steps towards the Tribe’s goals of energy sovereignty and the use of 100% renewable clean energy. Finally, the PCCH project, specifically, has had the additional benefit of providing a likely area for a microgrid. The size of the installation and offset achieved have pushed the Tribe toward planning for storage and a microgrid system that would both further the Tribe’s energy goals and provide a safe haven for the Community during times of need.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Deployment of Energy Storage to Improve Environmental Outcomes of Hydropower

This paper describes how the installation of energy storage systems, co-sited with hydroelectric projects, can offer both economic and environmental benefits by enabling a broader range of electricity performance, capitalizing on its flexibility and grid reliability, while mitigating critical environmental impacts or improving environmental outcomes across U.S. rivers and streams. The paper attempts to link environmental outcomes to energy storage utilization. It offers a comprehensive inventory of research-grade work, site-specific studies, policies, and pilot projects regarding energy storage and hydropower that show significant environmental implications. It provides an outline of methodologies given the known costs and attributes of storage technologies, with case study illustrations. It outlines the key components of a methodology that could be applied within the context of specific projects to reveal the environmental benefits of energy storage paired with hydropower production to properly size the storage systems to seize benefits. The actual methodology would be developed in future work. Finally, we provide a set of gaps to be addressed in future work as this important idea gains traction.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Tutorial for Using an Open-Source Solver for the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) Model

ReEDS is a publicly available model developed at NREL that can be used to analyze the potential evolution of the U.S. electric power system into the future. ReEDS is formulated as a linear program, written in GAMS, and solved using a linear programming solver (e.g., CPLEX). This tutorial provides context and understanding for the implications of using an open-source solver for ReEDS.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

NRC Multiphysics Analysis Capability Deployment (FY2021 - Part 2)

This report details the progress and activities of Idaho National Laboratory (INL) on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) project “Development and Modeling Support for Advanced Non-Light Water Reactors.” Task 4b was completed for this report. INL developed a sample problem showing how to use Serpent 2 to calculate macroscopic cross sections for use in Griffin for a typical sodium fast reactor Unprotected Loss of Flow (ULOF) transient. The complicating factor is the relatively large axial gradient of the coolant (and hence fuel) temperature and its evolution during the transient. A 3D Griffin model of the Advanced Burner Test Reactor (ABTR) is coupled to the System Analysis Module (SAM) to perform the ULOF transient. The model includes various explicit feedback mechanisms for fast reactors, including Doppler, radial expansion from the displacement of the support plate, and axial expansion from the displacement of the fuel pins. The results for the ULOF transient are consistent with published values. We observed small effects in the transient results that arise from the superhomogenization equivalence correction of uniform and nonuniform temperature data sets, but they diminish as more dominant reactivity mechanisms are added to the model. Potential improvements to the neutronics model include: adding the differential control rod and sodium feedback mechanisms, implementing cross section re-homogenization based on the partial volume of the various materials, and enhancing the kinetics parameters. Furthermore, the fluids model only includes four subchannels to represent the entire active core due to performance limitations in SAM when attempting to model one subchannel per assembly.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

NRC Multiphysics Analysis Capability Deployment (FY2021--Part 1)

This report details progress and activities of Idaho National Laboratory (INL) on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) project “Development and Modeling Support for Advanced Non-Light Water Reactors.” The tasks completed for this report are as follows: First, Task 1d: The net radiation transfer method was implemented into MOOSE for modeling reactor cavity cooling system geometries. RCCS models for two experiments were created: (1) Natural Convection Shutdown Heat Removal Test Facility (NSTF) experiment R022, and (2) HTTR VCS mockup. For validation, computed temperature distributions were compared to measured temperatures. Next, Task 4c: An algorithm for computing the pebble bed reactor equilibrium core isotopic com-position was developed and an initial version is implemented into the reactor multi-physics code Griffin. Initial results for a simplified axisymmetric pebble bed reactor are presented. Finally, Task 7: generation of a reference plant model for molten salt cooled pebble bed reactor.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

NRC Multiphysics Analysis Capability Deployment (FY2020--Part 3)

This report details progress and activities of Idaho National Laboratory (INL) on the NRC project ”Development and Modeling Support for Advanced Non-Light Water Reactors.” The tasks completed for this report are as follows: First, Task 2c: Explicit modeling of pebble transient temperature response. In this simulation, the PBMR-400 reactor experiences a 20 second power ramp from 100% to 150% power. This is followed by a similar reduction in the power back to 100%. Several multiscale pebble coupling approaches are tested with one pebble per mesh element in the active core region. The results show good conservation behavior and the stability of the coupling. Next, Extended scope part 1: An assessment of the computational efficiency of the DFEM heat transfer solver shows good scalability. The DFEM solver is a factor of 4 more expensive in solution time than the FEM solver for heat transfer problems due to the increased number of degrees of freedom. Nonetheless, the DFEM approach provides the user with the flexibility to model gap heat transfer problems. Then Extended scope part 2: the GapHeatTransferInterfaceMaterial was improved to give the user increased flexibility with the modeling of heat transfer through gaps with the DFEM solver. A number of gap parameters can now be coupled both through functions and variables. Finally, Extended scope part 3: demonstration of how the gap width between hexagonal fuel cells can be calculated during a heat up transient and used in the GapHeat- TransferInterface model. A full domain DFEM model with gap expansion is coupled to a SubApp that models the thermal expansion of the base plate. The results show the expected physical behavior, although have not been fully bench- marked at this point in time.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗