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At least 1,729 records · Page 96
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF CORONAL MASS EJECTION ON 2011 MARCH 7: ONE-TEMPERATURE AND TWO-TEMPERATURE MODEL COMPARISON

During Carrington rotation (CR) 2107, a fast coronal mass ejection (CME; >2000 km s{sup -1}) occurred in active region NOAA 11164. This event is also associated with a solar energetic particle event. In this study, we present simulations of this CME with one-temperature (1T) and two-temperature (2T: coupled thermodynamics of the electron and proton populations) models. Both the 1T and 2T models start from the chromosphere with heat conduction and radiative cooling. The background solar wind is driven by Alfven-wave pressure and heated by Alfven-wave dissipation in which we have incorporated the balanced turbulence at the top of the closed field lines. The magnetic field of the inner boundary is set up using a synoptic map from Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager. The Titov-Demoulin flux-rope model is used to initiate the CME event. We compare the propagation of fast CMEs and the thermodynamics of CME-driven shocks in both the 1T and 2T CME simulations. Also, the synthesized white light images are compared with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph observations. Because there is no distinction between electron and proton temperatures, heat conduction in the 1T model creates an unphysical temperature precursor in front of the CME-driven shock and makes the shock parameters (e.g., shock Mach number, compression ratio) incorrect. Our results demonstrate the importance of the electron heat conduction in conjunction with proton shock heating in order to produce the physically correct CME structures and CME-driven shocks.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Electron microscopy study of direct laser deposited IN718

The microstructure of direct laser deposited (DLD) IN718 has been investigated in detail using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results confirm that the dendrite core microstructure can be linked to the cooling rate experienced during the deposition. A ~ 100 μm wide δ partially dissolved region in the IN718 substrate was observed close to the substrate/deposit boundary. In the deposited IN718, γ/Laves eutectic constituent is the predominant minor microconstituent. Irregular and regular (small) (Nb,Ti)C carbides and a mixture of the carbides and Laves were observed. Most M{sub 3}B{sub 2} borides were nucleated around a (Nb,Ti)C carbide. Needles of δ phase precipitated from the Laves phase were also observed. A complex constituent (of Laves, δ, α-Cr, γ″, and γ matrix) is reported in IN718 for the first time. The formation of α-Cr particles could be related to Cr rejection during the formation and growth of Cr-depleted δ phase. - Highlights: • Secondary phases in IN718 deposits were identified using electron diffraction and EDS. • MC, M{sub 3}B{sub 2}, γ/Laves eutectic and γ/NbC/Laves eutectic were observed. • Needle-like δ phases were precipitated from the Laves phase. • A complex constituent (Laves, δ, α-Cr, γ″ and γ) was reported for the first time.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

In Situ Observation of the Precipitation, Aggregation, and Dissolution Behaviors of TiN Inclusion on the Surface of Liquid GCr15 Bearing Steel

In this study, the precipitation, aggregation, and dissolution behaviors of TiN inclusions on the surface of liquid GCr15 bearing steel have been investigated by combining the observations of confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) with those obtained from energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and theoretical analysis. The kinetic results show that the initial concentration of Ti and N are 0.0078 and 0.0049, respectively, the precipitation temperature is between 1640 K and 1680 K (1367 °C and 1407 °C), and the local cooling rate is between 0.5 and 10 K/s; TiN inclusion can precipitate only when the solid fraction is higher than 0.847 and its precipitation radius is between 1 and 6 μm. The precipitation radius of a TiN inclusion in the GCr15 bearing steel sheet can be reduced by decreasing the N content and increasing the cooling strength. The aggregation and densification of multi-particle aggregated TiN inclusions are verified by CLSM observation and theoretical analysis. The inclusions are aggregated by the cavity bridge force (CBF), and the aggregated TiN is formed by solid-phase sintering. The results of force analysis show that CBF plays a dominant role in the aggregation process of the inclusions. The atomic ratio of Ti and V obtained by EDS is 18:1, which may melt TiN and form the liquid inclusion at 1688 K (1415 °C) observed by CLSM. The theoretical analysis is conducted for the dissolution of the TiN inclusions observed by CLSM, which shows that the dissolution of the TiN inclusions is related to the size of the inclusions; the larger the size, the greater the dissolution rate. The long-strip TiN inclusion may be formed by the Ostwald ripening of two TiN inclusions. The TiN inclusions smaller than 3 μm in the GCr15 bearing steel may be formed by the dissolved Ti and N generated by the dissolution of TiN.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Microstructural characterization and strengthening behavior of nanometer sized carbides in Ti–Mo microalloyed steels during continuous cooling process

Nanometer-sized carbides that precipitated in a Ti–Mo bearing steel after interrupted continuous cooling in a temperature range of 620–700 °C with or without hot deformation were investigated by field-emission-gun transmission electron microscopy. The nanometer-sized carbides were identified as randomly homogeneous precipitation carbides and interphase precipitation carbides coexisting in the ferrite matrix. It is found that this dual precipitation morphology of carbides in the steel leads to the non-uniform mechanical properties of individual ferrite grains. Vickers hardness data mainly revealed that, in the specimens cooled at a rate of 0.5 °C/s without hot deformation, the range of Vickers hardness distribution was 230–340 HV 0.1 when cooling was interrupted at 680 °C, and 220–360 HV 0.1 when cooling was interrupted at 650 °C. For the specimens cooled at a rate of 0.5 °C/s with hot deformation, the range of Vickers hardness distribution was 290–360 HV 0.1 when cooling was interrupted at 680 °C, and 280–340 HV 0.1 when cooling was interrupted at 650 °C. Therefore, a narrower range of hardness distribution occurred in the specimens that underwent hot deformation and were then cooled with a lower interrupted cooling temperature. The uniform precipitation status in each ferrite grain can lead to ferrite grains with a narrower Vickers hardness distribution. On the other hand, interrupted cooling produced a maximum Vickers hardness of 320–330 HV 0.1 for the hot deformed specimens and 290–310 HV 0.1 for the non-deformed specimens with cooling interrupted in the temperature range of 660–670 °C. The maximum Vickers hardness obtained in such a temperature range can be ascribed to the full precipitation of the microalloying elements in the supersaturated ferrite matrix with a tiny size (~ 4–7 nm). - Highlight: • The interrupted continuous cooling temperatures were 620 °C to 700 °C. • Precipitation carbides with dual dispersed morphology coexisted in the matrix. • Heavy hot deformation narrowed the range of hardness distribution. • Full precipitation of nano-sized carbides achieved maximum hardening.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

{sup 125}Te-NMR Study in Novel Superconductor Pb{sub 1−x}Tl{sub x}Te with Valence Skipping Dopants

Pb{sub 1−x}Tl{sub x}Te is an anomalous low carrier density superconductor for which the origin of the superconductivity is not understood. Thallium is the only dopant to cause superconductivity in PbTe, suggesting that these specific impurities have a unique effect on the electronic states. Systematic {sup 125}Te-NMR studies on single-crystallines Pb{sub 1−x}Tl{sub x}Te (x = 0, 0.35, 1.0 at%) reveal that the Tl dopants induce spatially inhomogeneous electronic states around the Tl dopants. In the superconducting sample at x = 1.0 at%, {sup 125}Te nuclear spin relaxation rate (1/T{sub 1}T) in the vicinity of the Tl dopants is unexpectedly enhanced below ∼10 K. This coincides with the temperature below which the resistivity exhibits an upturn. By contrast, such anomalies were not detected in the non-superconducting sample at x = 0.35 at%. These observations can be consistently explained by charge Kondo effect, in which two nearly degenerate valence states of the Tl dopant form a resonating valence state upon cooling below 10 K. Based on these observations, we suggest that the coherent hopping of 6s-electron pair may provide the pairing interaction (i.e., a negative-U scenario), leading to the anomalously high T{sub c} found for Pb{sub 1−x}Tl{sub x}Te.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

Half-Heusler alloys as emerging high power density thermoelectric cooling materials

Abstract To achieve optimal thermoelectric performance, it is crucial to manipulate the scattering processes within materials to decouple the transport of phonons and electrons. In half-Heusler (hH) compounds, selective defect reduction can significantly improve performance due to the weak electron-acoustic phonon interaction. This study utilized Sb-pressure controlled annealing process to modulate the microstructure and point defects of Nb 0.55 Ta 0.40 Ti 0.05 FeSb compound, resulting in a 100% increase in carrier mobility and a maximum power factor of 78 µW cm −1 K −2 , approaching the theoretical prediction for NbFeSb single crystal. This approach yielded the highest average zT of ~0.86 among hH in the temperature range of 300-873 K. The use of this material led to a 210% enhancement in cooling power density compared to Bi 2 Te 3 -based devices and a conversion efficiency of 12%. These results demonstrate a promising strategy for optimizing hH materials for near-room-temperature thermoelectric applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Variant selection in laser powder bed fusion of non-spherical Ti-6Al-4V powder

The presence of α/α' on prior β/β grain boundaries directly impacts the final mechanical properties of the titanium alloys. The β/β grain boundary variant selection of titanium alloys has been assumed to be unlikely owing to the high cooling rates in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). However, we hypothesize that powder characteristics such as morphology (non-spherical) and particle size (50–120 µm) could affect the initial variant selection in L-PBF processed Ti-6Al-4V alloy by locally altering the cooling rates. Despite the high cooling rate found in L-PBF, the results showed the presence of β/β grain boundary α' lath growth inside two adjacent prior β grains. Electron backscatter diffraction micrographs confirmed the presence of β/β grain boundary variant selection, and synchrotron X-ray high-speed imaging observation revealed the role of the “shadowing effect” on the locally decreased cooling rate because of keyhole depth reduction and the consequent β/β grain boundary α' lath growth. The self-accommodation mechanism was the main variant selection driving force, and the most abundant α/α boundary variant was type 4 (63.26°//[ $\bar{10}$ 5 5 $\bar{3}$ ]). The dominance of Category II α lath clusters associated with the type 4 α/α boundary variant was validated using the phenomenological theory of martensite transformations and analytical calculations, from which the stress needed for the β→α' transformation was calculated.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Ligand Control of Ultrafast Hot-Carrier Cooling in CdSe Quantum Dots by a Coherent Nonadiabatic Mechanism

Using the results from global modeling of the broadband two-dimensional electronic spectrum and an analysis of the concurrent damping of excited-state vibronic coherences, we show herein that a coherent nonadiabatic mechanism converts the electronic excitation energy of the X3 (1P 3/2 –1P e ) exciton state to ligand vibrations on the <50 fs time scale in oleate- and hexadecylamine-capped CdSe quantum dots. A comparison of the rates for the two ligands suggests that this process is promoted by mid-frequency vibrations of the ligands due to modulation of their electron-donating tendency. An intramolecular vibrational redistribution process then follows on the ∼200 fs time scale with both ligands, which accompanies thermalization in the band-edge X1 (1S 3/2 –1S e ) state and dephasing of the spectator ligand vibrations. These findings suggest that charge-separated intermediates associated with photoinduced charge transfer or triplet–triplet excitation energy transfer will be produced with retention of phase coherence in the vibrations that modulate the charge-transfer character of surface-bound organic acceptors.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Experiments with nonneutral plasmas

Selected experiments with nonneutral plasmas are discussed. These include the laser cooling of a pure ion plasma to a crystalline state, a measurement of the Salpeter enhancement factor for fusion in a strongly correlated plasma and the measurement of thermally excited plasma waves. Also, discussed are experiments that demonstrate Landau damping, trapping and plasma wave echoes in the 2D ExB drift flow of a pure electron plasma, which is isomorphic to the 2D ideal flow (incompressible and inviscid flow) of a neutral fluid.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS2020

Advanced Modular Power System Fully Populated Electronics Enclosure Thermal Testing

A thermal test of an enclosure housing the AMPS electronics cards was performed. The enclosure was fully populated with 17 nonfunctioning AMPS electronics cards. Heaters were applied to the cards to simulate their operation. A cold plate was installed on the top of the case. The case was then insulated to simulate its installation within an electronics rack with the face and rear of the enclosure left open. The cold plate was connected to a chiller which provided cooling water at a fixed input temperature to the cold plate. Flow rates from the chiller of 0.0 L/min, 1.4 L/min and 1.8 L/min were tested. The test was operated at each flow rate over a range of heater power levels until the steady state temperature of the electronics cards was reached. Heater power levels from 2.5 W/card to 45 W/card were tested. The data collected was used to determine the steady state operating temperature of the cards, the temperature distribution between the cards, the time to reach steady-state temperature, the change in steady state temperature with change in heater power, the temperature distribution between the cards at the steady state condition and the heat lost to the surrounds by the enclosure. One of the main goals of the testing was to determine how much waste heat the cards could generate and still maintain a touch temperature at or below 40°C. Based on this requirement, for the 3 cooling rates tested, the maximum card waste heat that could be generated by each individual card was 3.9 W, 16.3 W and 17.6 W respectively. An analysis was also set up to provide an analytical model to estimate the card temperature under different cold plate flow rates and card heater power levels. The results off the analysis was compared to that of the experiment of the range of flow rates and power levels tested.

Anthony Colozza↗
DOE OSTI2015

Helium Loop Cooling Channel Hydraulic Characterization

New methods for generating 99 Mo are being explored in an effort to eliminate proliferation issues and provide a domestic supply of 99m Tc for medical imaging. Electron accelerating technology is used by sending an electron beam through a series of 100 Mo targets. During this process a large amount of heat is created, which directly affects the operating temperature set for the system. In order to maintain the required temperature range, helium gas is used to serve as a cooling agent that flows through narrow channels between the target disks. Currently we are tailoring the cooling channel entrance and exits to decrease the pressure drop through the targets. Currently all hardware has be procured and manufactured to conduct flow measurements and visualization via solid particle seeder. Pressure drop will be studied as a function of mass flow and diffuser angle. The results from these experiments will help in determining target cooling geometry and validate CFD code results.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2015

Applied quantum chemistry: Spectroscopic detection and characterization of the F{sub 2}BS and Cl{sub 2}BS free radicals in the gas phase

In this and previous work [D. J. Clouthier, J. Chem. Phys. 141, 244309 (2014)], the spectroscopic signatures of the X{sub 2}BY (X = H, halogen, Y = O, S) free radicals have been predicted using high level ab initio theory. The theoretical results have been used to calculate the electronic absorption and single vibronic level (SVL) emission spectra of the radicals under typical jet-cooled conditions. Using these diagnostic predictions, the previously unknown F{sub 2}BS and Cl{sub 2}BS free radicals have been identified and characterized. The radicals were prepared in a free jet expansion by subjecting precursor mixtures of BF{sub 3} or BCl{sub 3} and CS{sub 2} vapor to an electric discharge at the exit of a pulsed molecular beam valve. The B{sup ~2}A{sub 1}–X{sup ~} {sup 2}B{sub 2} laser-induced fluorescence spectra were found within 150 cm{sup −1} of their theoretically predicted positions with vibronic structure consistent with our Franck-Condon simulations. The B{sup ~2}A{sub 1} state emits down to the ground state and to the low-lying A{sup ~2}B{sub 1} excited state and the correspondence between the observed and theoretically derived SVL emission Franck-Condon profiles was used to positively identify the radicals and make assignments. Excited state Coriolis coupling effects complicate the emission spectra of both radicals. In addition, a forbidden component of the electronically allowed B{sup ~}–X{sup ~} band system of Cl{sub 2}BS is evident, as signaled by the activity in the b{sub 2} modes in the spectrum. Symmetry arguments indicate that this component gains intensity due to a vibronic interaction of the B{sup ~2}A{sub 1} state with a nearby electronic state of {sup 2}B{sub 2} symmetry.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Radiation effects in nuclear materials: Role of nuclear and electronic energy losses and their synergy

Ceramic oxides and carbides are promising matrices for the immobilization and/or transmutation of nuclear wastes, cladding materials for gas-cooled fission reactors and structural components for fusion reactors. For these applications there is a need of fundamental data concerning the behavior of nuclear ceramics upon irradiation. This article is focused on the presentation of a few remarkable examples regarding ion-beam modifications of nuclear ceramics with an emphasis on the mechanisms leading to damage creation and phase transformations. Results obtained by combining advanced techniques (Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and channeling, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy) concern irradiations in a broad energy range (from keV to GeV) with the aim of exploring both nuclear collision (Sn) and electronic excitation (Se) regimes. Finally, the daunting challenge of the demonstration of the existence of synergistic effects between Sn and Se is tackled by discussing the healing due to intense electronic energy deposition (SHIBIEC) and by reporting results recently obtained in dual-beam irradiation (DBI) experiments.

Thomé, Lionel↗
DOE OSTI2022

Interferometric bunch length measurements of 3 MeV picocoulomb electron beams

We report picosecond bunch length measurements using an interferometric method for a 3 MeV electron beam having bunch charge ranging from 1 to 14 pC. The method senses the single-cycle sub-terahertz (THz) pulse emitted by each electron bunch as coherent transition radiation which, in turn, is analyzed using a Michelson-type interferometer, forming an interferogram that is then processed to yield the nominal electron bunch length. This sub-THz coherent radiation intensity was measured using a quasi-optical detector (QOD) operated at room temperature. This experiment was quite challenging since the divergence angle of the sub-THz pulse emitted by the low-energy electron bunch exceeds ±10°, and its pulse energy at the entrance to the detector was as low as 100 pJ. When compared to a conventional helium-cooled silicon composite bolometer designed for frequencies above 0.5 THz, the QOD provided much better signal-to-noise ratio in the ~80 GHz frequency range, which was critical for the successful measurement of the bunch length.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1992

Secondary electron yields of solar system ices

The secondary electron yields of H2O, CO2, NH3, and CH3OH ices have been measured as a function of electron beam energy in the 2- to 30-keV energy range. The ices were produced on a liquid-nitrogen-cooled cold finger and transferred under vacuum to a SEM where the yield measurements were made. The imaging capabilities of the SEM provide a means of correlating the yield measurements with the morphology of the ices and are also used to monitor charging effects. The yields were determined by measuring the amplified current from a secondary electron detector and calibrating this current signal with the amplified current signal from samples of metals with known secondary electron yields. Each of the measured yields is found to decrease with an increase in energy in the 2- to 30-keV range. Estimates are given for the maximum secondary electron yield Y(max) of each ice and the energy at which this maximum yield occurs. Implications for the charging of solar system ice grains are discussed.

Suszcynsky, David M.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Production of Ar{sup q+} ions with a tandem linear Paul trap

A tandem linear Paul trap was used to create highly charged Argon ions by electron impact ionizations. By improving the operation scheme, the production of Ar{sup 4+} ions was confirmed. Possible improvements for the future experiments with laser cooled Ca{sup +} ions are suggested.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS2014

Controllable Multi-Functional Heat Exchanger for Space Applications

Team Spacering will design SpaceRing, a cooling and waste heat recycling system that addresses NASA’s interest for a cooling and power-generating unit in its prototype deep space habitat[1]. The merits of this system are as follows: - Controllable cooling is critical in maintaining a habitable environment and in the functionality of life support systems, powering electronics and other devices in a spacecraft. - Power is expensive to produce in a space environment. Converting wasted thermal energy into electricity will save energy and money for the space station. Space habitation is a highly complex endeavor. Consequently, the SpaceRing must adhere to additional constraints, which include: - Lack of natural fluid or gas convection due to micro-gravity environment - Limited range for heat source and cold sink temperature - Subject to high fluctuations of incoming thermal energy - Minimal weight due to the high cost of transporting items into space After consulting with NASA and experts in thermal studies, several design objectives were identified and are listed below in order of importance: - High cooling capacity - Reliable safety control and alert system - Maximization of energy generation from wasted heat - Optimization of cooling capability and power generation - Long operational life and minimization of maintenance In space, conventional cooling systems utilize passive heat pipe systems for small-scale heat rejection and pumped pipes with heat exchangers for large-scale heat rejection. Thermal power generation in space is mainly achieved by using thermoelectric material that produces electric energy from temperature differentials. We propose a design that combines cooling and thermoelectric power generation. Using a hot pipe connected to a heat source, a cold pipe connected to a radiator, a heat exchanger in contact with both pipes, and a pump in each pipe to move the fluid, we make an active cooling system. The thermoelectric material is inserted in the heat exchanger between the hot and cold pipes to extract energy from the maximum temperature difference coming from the two pipes. It also provides controllable cooling capacity through the use of the thermoelectric material as cooling modules. We have tested our system under target heat source and sink conditions and measured the temperatures and flow rates. Our preliminary results are promising, demonstrating the output of 25 Watts of power on average. We are in the process of running control tests to compare the heat transfer performance without the thermoelectric generators, which is vital in determining whether or not the generators introduce an unacceptable amount of thermal resistance. While some control tests have been run already, the results have been noisy. We have modified our testing environment and data acquisition methods to allow for simple comparison between the control test results and thermoelectric performance results. Lastly, we have modified the heat exchanger design slightly to include acrylic baffles. This will allow the heat to flow through the heat exchanger more efficiently. We have presented our preliminary results to NASA and will deliver the final product by the end of May 2014.

Lee Xiong↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermal and Mechanical Design of a High-Voltage Power Electronics Package

This paper presents the thermal and mechanical design aspects of a power electronics package with 5-kV GaN devices. Through finite element analyses, we investigated the impact of different cooling configurations and device locations on the thermal performance and reliability of the package. We found that placing the devices closer to the direct bond copper substrate as opposed to a centered approach in the proposed double-sided cooling configuration resulted in improved heat dissipation. This approach also reduced the total number of attachment layers, thereby likely improving the reliability of the package. Furthermore, simulations revealed that the device location had a negligible impact on the thermomechanical behavior of the attachment layers, as they are more prone to the local coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch.

electronic packaging↗