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At least 1,729 records · Page 96
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2010

RECONSTRUCTING CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS WITH COORDINATED IMAGING AND IN SITU OBSERVATIONS: GLOBAL STRUCTURE, KINEMATICS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING

We reconstruct the global structure and kinematics of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) using coordinated imaging and in situ observations from multiple vantage points. A forward modeling technique, which assumes a rope-like morphology for CMEs, is used to determine the global structure (including orientation and propagation direction) from coronagraph observations. We reconstruct the corresponding structure from in situ measurements at 1 AU with the Grad-Shafranov method, which gives the flux-rope orientation, cross section, and a rough knowledge of the propagation direction. CME kinematics (propagation direction and radial distance) during the transit from the Sun to 1 AU are studied with a geometric triangulation technique, which provides an unambiguous association between solar observations and in situ signatures; a track fitting approach is invoked when data are available from only one spacecraft. We show how the results obtained from imaging and in situ data can be compared by applying these methods to the 2007 November 14-16 and 2008 December 12 CMEs. This merged imaging and in situ study shows important consequences and implications for CME research as well as space weather forecasting: (1) CME propagation directions can be determined to a relatively good precision as shown by the consistency between different methods; (2) the geometric triangulation technique shows a promising capability to link solar observations with corresponding in situ signatures at 1 AU and to predict CME arrival at the Earth; (3) the flux rope within CMEs, which has the most hazardous southward magnetic field, cannot be imaged at large distances due to expansion; (4) the flux-rope orientation derived from in situ measurements at 1 AU may have a large deviation from that determined by coronagraph image modeling; and (5) we find, for the first time, that CMEs undergo a westward migration with respect to the Sun-Earth line at their acceleration phase, which we suggest is a universal feature produced by the magnetic field connecting the Sun and ejecta. The importance of having dedicated spacecraft at L4 and L5, which are well situated for the triangulation concept, is also discussed based on the results.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

USING COORDINATED OBSERVATIONS IN POLARIZED WHITE LIGHT AND FARADAY ROTATION TO PROBE THE SPATIAL POSITION AND MAGNETIC FIELD OF AN INTERPLANETARY SHEATH

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can be continuously tracked through a large portion of the inner heliosphere by direct imaging in visible and radio wavebands. White light (WL) signatures of solar wind transients, such as CMEs, result from Thomson scattering of sunlight by free electrons and therefore depend on both viewing geometry and electron density. The Faraday rotation (FR) of radio waves from extragalactic pulsars and quasars, which arises due to the presence of such solar wind features, depends on the line-of-sight magnetic field component B{sub ∥} and the electron density. To understand coordinated WL and FR observations of CMEs, we perform forward magnetohydrodynamic modeling of an Earth-directed shock and synthesize the signatures that would be remotely sensed at a number of widely distributed vantage points in the inner heliosphere. Removal of the background solar wind contribution reveals the shock-associated enhancements in WL and FR. While the efficiency of Thomson scattering depends on scattering angle, WL radiance I decreases with heliocentric distance r roughly according to the expression I∝r {sup –3}. The sheath region downstream of the Earth-directed shock is well viewed from the L4 and L5 Lagrangian points, demonstrating the benefits of these points in terms of space weather forecasting. The spatial position of the main scattering site r{sub sheath} and the mass of plasma at that position M{sub sheath} can be inferred from the polarization of the shock-associated enhancement in WL radiance. From the FR measurements, the local B{sub ∥sheath} at r{sub sheath} can then be estimated. Simultaneous observations in polarized WL and FR can not only be used to detect CMEs, but also to diagnose their plasma and magnetic field properties.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Expanding on the double copy in null Fermi coordinates

We propose a Weyl classical double copy for a Fermi normal coordinate expansion around null geodesics. To leading order in this ‘Penrose expansion’, we recover a previously proposed double copy of the Penrose limit. For spacetimes with an exact double copy, this Penrose limit double copy is extended to all orders. For spacetimes without such a double copy, generic obstructions appear at second subleading order beyond the Penrose limit. We thus argue that for any spacetime, near any null geodesic there is a classical double copy structure at least up to first subleading order in the Penrose expansion. Lastly, we point out a difficulty in identifying an appropriate flat space to extend our results to the Kerr–Schild double copy, related to the generic incompatibility between Kerr–Schild and Penrose–Güven gauge.

Chawla, Samarth [Arizona State University, Tempe, ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Axisymmetric hydrodynamics in numerical relativity: treating coordinate singularity, artificial heating and modeling MHD instabilities

Two-dimensional axisymmetric simulations of binary neutron star (BNS) merger remnant are a cheap alternative to 3D simulations. To maintain realism for secular timescales, simulations must avoid accumulated errors from drifts in conserved quantities and artificial heating, and they must model turbulent transport in a way that remains plausible throughout the evolution. It is also crucial to avoid numerical artifacts due to the polar coordinate axis singularity. Methods that behave well near the axis often break flux-conservative form of the hydrodynamic equations, resulting in significant drifts in conserved quantities. We present a flux-conservative scheme that maintains smoothness near the axis without sacrificing conservative formulation of the equations or incurring drifts in conserved global quantities. We compare the numerical performance of different treatments of the hydrodynamic equations when evolving a hypermassive neutron star resembling the remnant of a BNS merger. These simulations demonstrate that the new scheme combines the axis smoothness of non-conservative methods with the mass and angular momentum conservation of other conservative methods on $\sim 10^2$ ms timescales of viscous and neutrino-driven evolution. Because fluid profiles remain smooth in the remnant interior, it is possible to remove artificial heating by evolving the entropy density. We show how physical heating and cooling terms can be easily calculated from source terms of the conservative evolution variables and demonstrate our implementation. Finally, we discuss and implement improvements to the effective viscosity scheme to better model the effect of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities as the remnant evolves.

axisymmetry↗
DOE OSTI2025

Chiral effects at the metal center in Fe(III) spin crossover coordination salts

Evidence of chirality was observed at the Fe metal center in Fe(III) spin crossover coordination salts [Fe(qsal) 2 ][Ni(dmit) 2 ] and [Fe(qsal) 2 ](TCNQ) 2 from x-ray absorption (XAS) spectroscopy at the Fe 2p 3/2 core threshold. Based on the circularly polarized XAS data, the x-ray natural circular dichroism for [Fe(qsal) 2 ][Ni(dmit) 2 ] and [Fe(qsal) 2 ](TCNQ) 2 is far stronger than seen for [Fe(qsal) 2 ]Cl suggesting this natural circular dichroism signature is a ligand effect rather than a result of just a loss of octahedral symmetry on the Fe core. The larger the chiral effects in the Fe 2p core to bound XAS, the greater the perturbation of the Fe 2p 3/2 to 2p 1/2 spin–orbit splitting seen in the XAS spectra.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2012

Coordinate-Space Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov Solvers for Super fluid Fermi Systems in Large Boxes

The self-consistent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov problem in large boxes can be solved accurately in the coordinate space with the recently developed solvers HFB-AX (2D) and MADNESS-HFB (3D). This is essential for the description of superfluid Fermi systems with complicated topologies and significant spatial extend, such as fissioning nuclei, weakly-bound nuclei, nuclear matter in the neutron star rust, and ultracold Fermi atoms in elongated traps. The HFB-AX solver based on B-spline techniques uses a hybrid MPI and OpenMP programming model for parallel computation for distributed parallel computation, within a node multi-threaded LAPACK and BLAS libraries are used to further enable parallel calculations of large eigensystems. The MADNESS-HFB solver uses a novel multi-resolution analysis based adaptive pseudo-spectral techniques to enable fully parallel 3D calculations of very large systems. In this work we present benchmark results for HFB-AX and MADNESS-HFB on ultracold trapped fermions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Coordinating the electric vehicle transition and electricity grid decarbonization in the U.S. is not essential to achieving substantial long-term carbon dioxide emissions reductions

Abstract How quickly the US can decarbonize light-duty vehicle (LDV) transportation depends on the rates of change of electric vehicle (EV) sales, stock turnover, and grid decarbonization. We build a stock turnover model to assess how sensitive achieving 2050 LDV decarbonization targets is to these rates. We estimate carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) reductions of 70%–85% by 2050, including emissions from vehicles and upstream electricity generation, provided that new vehicle sales transition to 100% EVs and substantial grid decarbonization are accomplished by 2050. This result is robust to continuation of long-term trends of increasing vehicle longevity, and to whether the timing of EV sales growth and grid decarbonization are coordinated. If the two key goals are met, the annual contribution of EV electricity use to CO 2 emissions will be small over the entire period.

Leard, Benjamin↗
DOE OSTI2023

Deep decarbonization and U.S. biofuels production: a coordinated analysis with a detailed structural model and an integrated multisectoral model

Scenarios for deep decarbonization involve biomass for biofuels, biopower, and bioproducts, and they often include negative emissions via carbon capture and storage or utilization. However, critical questions remain about the feasibility of rapid growth to high levels of biomass utilization, given biomass and land availability as well as historical growth rates of the biofuel industry. We address these questions through a unique coordinated analysis and comparison of carbon pricing effects on biomass utilization growth in the United States using a multisectoral integrated assessment model, the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM), and a biomass-to-biofuels system dynamics model, the Bioenergy Scenario Model (BSM). We harmonized and varied key factors—such as carbon prices, vehicle electrification, and arable land availability—in the two models. We varied the rate of biorefinery construction, the fungibility of feedstock types across conversion processes, and policy incentives in BSM. The rate of growth in biomass deployment under a carbon price in both models is within the range of current literature. However, the reallocation of land to biomass feedstocks would need to overcome bottlenecks to achieve growth consistent with deep decarbonization scenarios. Investments as a result of near-term policy incentives can develop technology and expand capacity—reducing costs, enabling flexibility in feedstock use, and improving stability—but if biomass demand is high, these investments might not overcome land reallocation bottlenecks. Biomass utilization for deep decarbonization relies on extraordinary growth in biomass availability and industrial capacity. In this paper, we quantify and describe the potential challenges of this rapid change.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Explicit structure-preserving geometric particle-in-cell algorithm in curvilinear orthogonal coordinate systems and its applications to whole-device 6D kinetic simulations of tokamak physics

Explicit structure-preserving geometric particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithm in curvilinear orthogonal coordinate systems is developed. The work reported represents a further development of the structure-preserving geometric PIC algorithm achieving the goal of practical applications in magnetic fusion research. The algorithm is constructed by discretizing the field theory for the system of charged particles and electromagnetic field using Whitney forms, discrete exterior calculus, and explicit non-canonical symplectic integration. In addition to the truncated infinitely dimensional symplectic structure, the algorithm preserves exactly many important physical symmetries and conservation laws, such as local energy conservation, gauge symmetry and the corresponding local charge conservation. As a result, the algorithm possesses the long-term accuracy and fidelity required for first-principles-based simulations of the multiscale tokamak physics. The algorithm has been implemented in the SymPIC code, which is designed for high-efficiency massively-parallel PIC simulations in modern clusters. The code has been applied to carry out whole-device 6D kinetic simulation studies of tokamak physics. A self-consistent kinetic steady state for fusion plasma in the tokamak geometry is numerically found with a predominately diagonal and anisotropic pressure tensor. The state also admits a steady-state sub-sonic ion flow in the range of 10 km s -1 , agreeing with experimental observations and analytical calculations Kinetic ballooning instability in the self-consistent kinetic steady state is simulated. It is shown that high-n ballooning modes have larger growth rates than low-n global modes, and in the nonlinear phase the modes saturate approximately in 5 ion transit times at the 2% level by the E × B flow generated by the instability. These results are consistent with early and recent electromagnetic gyrokinetic simulations.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

CHRR: coordinate hit-and-run with rounding for uniform sampling of constraint-based models

In constraint-based metabolic modelling, physical and biochemical constraints define a polyhedral convex set of feasible flux vectors. Uniform sampling of this set provides an unbiased characterization of the metabolic capabilities of a biochemical network. However, reliable uniform sampling of genome-scale biochemical networks is challenging due to their high dimensionality and inherent anisotropy. Here, we present an implementation of a new sampling algorithm, coordinate hit-and-run with rounding (CHRR). This algorithm is based on the provably efficient hit-and-run random walk and crucially uses a preprocessing step to round the anisotropic flux set. CHRR provably converges to a uniform stationary sampling distribution. We apply it to metabolic networks of increasing dimensionality. We show that it converges several times faster than a popular artificial centering hit-and-run algorithm, enabling reliable and tractable sampling of genome-scale biochemical networks.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

The modENCODE Data Coordination Center: lessons in harvesting comprehensive experimental details

The model organism Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (modENCODE) project is a National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) initiative designed to characterize the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. A Data Coordination Center (DCC) was created to collect, store and catalog modENCODE data. An effective DCC must gather, organize and provide all primary, interpreted and analyzed data, and ensure the community is supplied with the knowledge of the experimental conditions, protocols and verification checks used to generate each primary data set. We present here the design principles of the modENCODE DCC, and describe the ramifications of collecting thorough and deep metadata for describing experiments, including the use of a wiki for capturing protocol and reagent information, and the BIR-TAB specification for linking biological samples to experimental results. modENCODE data can be found at http:// www.modencode.org.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Separability of H 2 O molecular potential surfaces in hyperspherical coordinates via adiabatic approximation

An adiabatic scheme for separation of the three-dimensional (3D) nuclear dynamics on the ground electronic Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surface of an H 2 O molecule in hyperspherical coordinates is presented. It is found that the three vibrational modes are weakly coupled and the 3D vibrational wave function can be approximated as a product of three separable functions: one represented by the hyperradius and two by the two hyperangles individually. Additionally, this framework is then used for investigation of the formation and the role of a saddlelike barrier arising in the two hyperspherical angles that is to moderate the OH + H dissociation process. In order to test the validity of the framework, vibrational states with energies up to 19 500 cm -1 are constructed under the assumptions of adiabaticity and separability and compared to full three-dimensional high-precision numerical calculations yielding remarkable correspondence. As a result we present a simple construction scheme for separated molecular vibration states as the first step towards theoretical investigation of laser-driven molecular dynamics of triatomic molecules.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Probability of passing through a parabolic barrier and thermal decay rate: Case of linear coupling both in momentum and in coordinate

With the quantum diffusion approach, the probability of passing through the parabolic barrier and the quasistationary thermal decay rate from a metastable state are examined in the limit of linear coupling both in momentum and in coordinate between a collective subsystem and the environment. An increase of passing probability with friction coefficient is demonstrated to occur at subbarrier energies.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dynamic compression of [100] MgF 2 single crystals: Shock-induced polymorphism to highly coordinated structures

AX 2 -type compounds exhibit a rich and complex series of phase transitions under compression. The high-pressure polymorphism of rutile-type AX 2 difluorides can be characterized by a typical sequence from rutile type → Ca Cl 2 type → HP – Pd F 2 type → cotunnite type . Relative to dioxides, the reduced valence and ionic radius of the F – anion in rutile-type MgF 2 (sellaite) results in lowered transition pressures, making it a useful analog for SiO 2 and other dioxides. In this work, MgF 2 single crystals were shock-compressed along the [100] direction to 24 to 120 GPa using plate impact techniques, and wave profiles were measured using laser interferometry. At low stresses (24 to 44 GPa), we observe features consistent with an elastic–inelastic response, followed by a phase transformation. Peak stress-density states in this stress range are consistent with those expected for the modified fluorite-type (HP- PdF 2 ) phase or a related structure. At higher stresses (69 to 91 GPa), we observe a two-wave structure with peak stress-density states consistent with transformation to a denser and likely more highly coordinated phase such as the cotunnite-type structure. Furthermore, at 120 GPa, only a single wave structure is observed, indicating that the wave profile features observed at lower stresses are overdriven.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

Spatially anisotropic 𝑆=1 square-lattice antiferromagnet with single-ion anisotropy realized in a Ni(II) pyrazine-𝑛,𝑛′-dioxide coordination polymer

The Ni(NCS) 2 (pyzdo) 2 coordination polymer is found to be an S = 1 spatially anisotropic square lattice with easy-axis single-ion anisotropy. This conclusion is based upon considering in concert the experimental probes x-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, magnetic-field-dependent heat capacity, muon-spin relaxation, neutron diffraction, neutron spectroscopy, and pulsed-field magnetization. Long-range antiferromagnetic (AFM) order develops at T N = 18.5 K. Although the samples are polycrystalline, there is an observable spin-flop transition and saturation of the magnetization at ≈80 T. Linear spin-wave theory yields spatially anisotropic exchanges within an AFM square lattice, J x =0.235 meV, J y =2.014 meV, and an easy-axis single-ion anisotropy D=−1.622 meV (after renormalization). The anisotropy of the exchanges is supported by density functional theory.

2-dimensional systems↗
DOE OSTI2016

Magnetic correlations in a periodic Anderson model with nonuniform conduction electron coordination

The periodic Anderson model is widely studied to understand strong correlation physics and especially the competition of antiferromagnetism and singlet formation. In this paper we extend quantum Monte Carlo work on lattices with uniform numbers of neighbors to geometries in which the conduction electron sites can have variable coordination z. This situation is relevant both to recently discovered magnetic quasicrystals and also to magnetism in doped heavy fermion systems. Our key results are the presence of antiferromagnetic order at weak interorbital hybridization V fd , and a delay in singlet formation to larger values of V fd on sites with larger z. In conclusion, the staggered magnetization tends to be larger on sites with higher z, providing insight into the behavior to be expected in crown, dice, and CaVO lattices.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Union of rotational and vibrational modes in generator-coordinate-type calculations, with application to neutrinoless double-β decay

Good many-body methods for medium and heavy nuclei are important. Here we combine rotational motion with vibrational modes in a novel generator-coordinate method (GCM): starting from a mean-field solution (Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov), we create nonorthogonal reference states from low-lying quasiparticle Tamm-Dancoff modes, and then project onto states of good angular momentum and particle number. Here, the results we benchmark against full shell model calculations. Even with just a few such modes we find improvement over standard GCM calculations in excitation spectra. We also find significant improvement in 0νββ nuclear matrix elements.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Interplay of effects of neutron skins in coordinate space and proton skins in momentum space on emission of hard photons in heavy-ion collisions near the Fermi energy

Within an isospin- and momentum-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model, we investigate the hard photons emission from neutron-proton bremsstrahlung in the reaction system of 208 Pb + 208 Pb around Fermi energy. Effects of neutron skins in coordinate (r) space and proton skins in momentum (k) space on the time evolution, the angular distribution, and the transverse momentum spectra of hard photons with different energies are studied. It is shown that the emission of direct hard photons is sensitive to the neutron skin, which has larger effects for more energetic hard photons. Meanwhile, we find that the proton skins have an important influence on the emission of direct hard photons, and its effect is actually even larger than that of neutron skins. Furthermore, it needs to take the effect of proton skins into account when we determine the size of neutron skins by comparing transport mode predictions of hard photons with the corresponding experimental measurements.

190 ≤ A ≤ 219↗