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NASA NTRS2004

Spatially Complete Surface Albedo Data Sets: Value-Added Products Derived from Terra MODIS Land Products

Spectral land surface albedo is an important parameter for describing the radiative properties of the Earth. Accordingly it reflects the consequences of natural and human interactions, such as anthropogenic, meteorological, and phenological effects, on global and local climatological trends. Consequently, albedos are integral parts in a variety of research areas, such as general circulation models (GCMs), energy balance studies, modeling of land use and land use change, and biophysical, oceanographic, and meteorological studies. Recent observations of diffuse bihemispherical (white-sky) and direct beam directional hemispherical (black-sky ) land surface albedo included in the MOD43B3 product from MODIS instruments aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua satellite platforms have provided researchers with unprecedented spatial, spectral, and temporal characteristics. Cloud and seasonal snow cover, however, curtail retrievals to approximately half the global land surfaces on an annual equal-angle basis, precluding MOD43B3 albedo products from direct inclusion in some research projects and production environments.

Moody, Eric G.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Erratum: Evidence That a Deep Meridional Flow Sets the Sunspot Cycle Period

An error was made in entering the data. This changes the results concerning the length of the time lag between the variations in the meridional flow speed and those in the cycle amplitude. The final paragraph on page 667 should read: Finally, we study the relationship between the drift velocities and the amplitudes of the hemisphere/cycles. We compare the drift velocity at the maximum of the cycle to the amplitude of that cycle for that hemisphere. There is a positive (0.5) and significant (95%) correlation between the two. However, an even stronger relationship is found between the drift velocity and the amplitude of the N + 2 cycle. The correlation is stronger (0.7) and more significant (99%), as shown. This relationship is suggestive of a "memory" in the solar cycle, again a property of dynamo models that use meridional circulation. Indeed, the two-cycle lag is precisely the relationship found by Charbonneau & Dikpati. This behavior is, however, more difficult to interpret, and we elaborate on this in the next section. In either case, these correlations only explain part of the variance in cycle amplitude (25% for the current cycle and 50% for the N + 2 cycle). Obviously, other mechanisms, such as variations in the gradient in the rotation rate, also contribute to the cycle amplitude variations. Our investigation of possible connections between drift rates and the amplitudes of the N + 1 and N + 3 cycles gives no significant correlations at these alternative time lags.

Hathaway, David H.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Exploring Diverse Data Sets and Developing New Theories and Ideas With Project Integration Architecture

The development of new ideas is the essence of scientific research. This is frequently done by developing models of physical processes and comparing model predictions with results from experiments. With models becoming ever more complex and data acquisition systems becoming more powerful, the researcher is burdened with wading through data ranging in volume up to a level of many terabytes and beyond. These data often come from multiple, heterogeneous sources and usually the methods for searching through it are at or near the manual level. In addition, current documentation methods are generally limited to researchers pen-and-paper style notebooks. Researchers may want to form constraint-based queries on a body of existing knowledge that is, itself, distributed over many different machines and environments and from the results of such queries then spawn additional queries, simulations, and data analyses in order to discover new insights into the problem being investigated. Currently, researchers are restricted to working within the boundaries of tools that are inefficient at probing current and legacy data to extend the knowledge of the problem at hand and reveal innovative and efficient solutions. A framework called the Project Integration Architecture is discussed that can address these desired functionalities.

Benyo, Theresa L.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Project Integration Architecture: Distributed Lock Management, Deadlock Detection, and Set Iteration

The migration of the Project Integration Architecture (PIA) to the distributed object environment of the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) brings with it the nearly unavoidable requirements of multiaccessor, asynchronous operations. In order to maintain the integrity of data structures in such an environment, it is necessary to provide a locking mechanism capable of protecting the complex operations typical of the PIA architecture. This paper reports on the implementation of a locking mechanism to treat that need. Additionally, the ancillary features necessary to make the distributed lock mechanism work are discussed.

Jones, William Henry↗
NASA NTRS2005

The Diversity of Martian Volcanic features as Seen in the MOC, THEMIS, and MOM Data Sets

This one-year project (which included one-year no-cost tension) focused on the evolution of the summit areas of Martian volcanoes. It extended the studies conducted under an earlier MDAP project (Grant NAG5-9576, Principal Investigator P. Mouginis- Mark). By using data collected from the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC), Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS), and the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instruments, we tried to better understand the diversity of constructional volcanism on Mars, and hence further understand the eruption processes. By inspecting THEMIS and MOC data, we explored the following four questions: (1) Where might near-surface volatiles have been released at the summits of the Tharsis volcanoes? Is the trapping and subsequent remobilization of degassed volatiles [Scott and Wilson, 19991 adequate to produce eruptions responsible for extensive deposits such as the ones identified on Arsia Mons [Mouginis-Mark, 2002]? To answer this question, we investigated the diversity of eruption styles by studying the summit areas of Arsia, Pavonis and Ascraeus Montes. (2) What are the geomorphic characteristics of the valley system on Hecates Tholus, a volcano that we have previously proposed experienced explosive activity [Mouginis-Murk et al., 1982]? Our inspection of THEMIS data suggests that water release on the volcano took place over an extended period of time, suggesting that hydrothermal activity may have taken place here. (3) How similar are the collapse processes observed at Martian and terrestrial calderas? New THEMIS data provide a more complete view of the entire Olympus Mons caldera, thereby enabling the comparison with the collapse features at Masaya volcano, Nicaragua, to be investigated. (4) What can we learn about the emplacement of long lava flows in the lava plains of Eastern Tharsis? The result of this work provided a greater understanding of the temporal and spatial variations in the eruptive history of volcanoes on Mars, and the influence of the volatiles within the top few kilometers of the volcanic edifice. This relationship in turn pertains to the availability of volatiles (both juvenile magmatic volatiles and ground water contained within the near-surface rocks) and to magma supply rates at appreciable distances (tens to hundreds of kilometers) from the centers of volcanoes. Explosive volcanism on Mars, a major factor in the release of water at the surface, may have been driven not only by volatiles within the parental melt, but also by magma encountering water or ice at shallow depth within the volcano [Mouginis-Mark et al., 1982, 1988; Crown and Greeley, 1993; Robinson et al., 19931.

Mouginis-Mark, Peter J.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosol Data Sets and Application of Radiative Transfer Models to Compute Aerosol Effects

The Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAER) scientists have worked with the NASA Ames Research Center sunphotometer group led by Dr. Philip Russell for many years researching the climatic effects of aerosol particles in the stratosphere and troposphere. We have continued to work with the NASA Ames sunphotometer group in research activities representing funded, peer-reviewed proposals to NASA, NOAA and DOE. The activities are described in those proposals and also in the documents provided to the Grants Office earlier. This is the final report from January 1,2002 - June 30, 2005. The report consists of a compilation of 41 peer-reviewed publications (published, in press or submitted) produced under this Cooperative Agreement and 43 first-authored conference presentations. To save paper, reprints are not included but will, of course, be provided upon request.

Schmid, Beat↗
NASA NTRS2006

Measurement Sets and Sites Commonly Used for High Spatial Resolution Image Product Characterization

Scientists within NASA's Applied Sciences Directorate have developed a well-characterized remote sensing Verification & Validation (V&V) site at the John C. Stennis Space Center (SSC). This site has enabled the in-flight characterization of satellite high spatial resolution remote sensing system products form Space Imaging IKONOS, Digital Globe QuickBird, and ORBIMAGE OrbView, as well as advanced multispectral airborne digital camera products. SSC utilizes engineered geodetic targets, edge targets, radiometric tarps, atmospheric monitoring equipment and their Instrument Validation Laboratory to characterize high spatial resolution remote sensing data products. This presentation describes the SSC characterization capabilities and techniques in the visible through near infrared spectrum and examples of calibration results.

Pagnutti, Mary↗
NASA NTRS2003

Plans for living on a restless planet sets NASA's solid Earth agenda

What are the most important challenges facing solid Earth science today and over the next two decades? And what is the best approach for NASA, in partnership with other agencies, to address these challenges? A new report, living on a restless planet, provides a blueprint for answering these questions. The top priority for a new spacecraft mission in the area of solid earth science over the next 5 years, according to this report, is a satellite dedicated to interferometric synthetic aperture radar(inSAR).

Earth magnetic field imaging spectroscopy solid ea↗