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DOE OSTI2019

Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Mining Waste Materials

The objective of this proposed project was to locate coal overburden material that had rare earth elements (REEs) at concentrations of 300 ppm or higher. After securing the feedstock the next goal was to efficiently extract and purify the feedstocks to a purity of greater than 95%. A techno economic analysis was conducted to determine the economic viability of mining and processing REEs associated with Appalachian coal deposits. All aspects of mining, mineral processing, by-product potential, waste management, permitting and economics were examined. Attention was paid to the separation, degree of purification and marketing of Rare Earth elements. Along with REEs we evaluated the economics of the recovery of other metals of interest aong with the REEs. Our site location chosen was at the Jeddo Coal Site near Hazleton, Pennsylvania. The primary site was at the Upper Leigh High Mine. However, that changed to the North Eckley Mine site. We have analyzed a third site that will now be our second alternative to North Eckley. That site is the Highland mine site. This site is in a similar basin as the North Eckley site. During this project we evaluated various acids and extraction conditions. We have settled on using HCl as the acid of choice. One of the advantages of using HCl is it allows for easy removal of the highest contaminating metal, iron. When iron reacts with HCl in the presence of high chlorides it creates the anion complex FeCl 4 -1 . This FeCl 4 -1 complex will bind with an anion exchange resin. Greater than 99.8% of the iron is removed with this technique. Once the FeCl 4 -1 complex is bound to the anion exchange resin it can be released easily by just passing water over it. This water dilutes the FeCl 4 -1 to form FeCl 3 which is not anionic and therefore not attracted to the anion exchange resin. The FeCl 3 solution is a popular water flocculating agent used all over the world for water purification. We plan on this being one of our products produced. One of our goals was to create a multipurpose facility that was capable of handling multiple feedstocks. The proposed multipurpose facility will be able process all coal biproducts and coal products. These include 1.) clays that can easily be leached with ion exchange or acid 2.) Hard mineral deposits that can be leached with high pressure acid digestion 3.) Fly ash can be leached in the high-pressure acid digestion reactor. Fly ash is not a focus of this proposal but, the beneficial aspect of its utilization in this design cannot be overlooked. 4.) Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Sludge is a high source of REE’s and can easily be dissolved to form a pregnant leach solution. Not shown on this simplified block flow diagram but crucial to its success is the recycle of acids. Our REE separation system is a continuous ion exchange process. The first stage is the separation of the non-REEs from the REEs. This is accomplished because the REEs are relatively larger than most of the non-REEs and typically have higher oxidation states (+3) than the non-REEs. In this step all the elements stick onto the column. However, as the columns are rinsed with various concentrations of acids different elements come off. For example, monovalent elements such as sodium and potassium elute off the column with a 1M HCl solution. Divalent elements such as calcium and magnesium do not elute until a 2M HCl solution is passed over the columns. The trivalent elements (REEs) are not eluted until a much higher concentrated acid is passed of the columns. Iron is also a trivalent, but it was removed in a prior anion exchange system. Aluminum is trivalent too, but it is much smaller than the REE atoms and elutes near the end of the 2 M HCl with the divalents. At the stage 2 and 3 our volume and masses have become too small to run on the continuous system. Therefore, we used a batch chromatography column or a flash chromatography column. The stage 2 process separates these REEs into 3 different fractions. A light, mid and heavy fraction. We calculated that we recovered greater than 90% of the REEs. This third column was packed with a different stationary phase. Five elements were chosen and purified to higher than 95% purity as shown by our internal testing. These elements were shipped to the DOE.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2018

Cost Recovery for Standby and Ancillary Services for Distributed Generation: Considerations for New Mexico

A New Mexico statute allows investor-owned utilities to recover costs of “standby and ancillary services” resulting from distributed generation (DG). In attempting to do so, it is important to recognize both the physical and economic impacts, positive and negative, that distributed generation creates. Distributed generation has different impacts on ancillary and standby services depending on the location, capacity, and production patterns of the systems. Low penetrations of small distributed generation systems will not create significant contingencies for utilities. System impact of fluctuations in DG production may be no larger than normal fluctuations caused by customer demand, such as an air conditioner cycling. Higher penetrations and large DG system may produce noticeable impacts; so magnitude is critical when determining potential additional recoverable utility costs. Understanding DG impact on ancillary services is a relatively new and emerging area of study and as such there are not well-established formulas or protocols. Discretion is required. A hosting capacity analysis can help determine how much DG can be implemented before the impacts become substantive. Standby rates are traditionally used for large industrial generators or combined heat and power systems and threshold system size levels are often used in determining applicability of standby rates. System size thresholds may also be appropriate for standby rates and DG. Relatively small, geographically diverse DG systems are unlikely to create a noticeable coincident outage, so developing a standby charge based on assumed coincidence may not be appropriate. Individual lines and feeders may have considerable excess capacity during coincident outages, or they may be fully utilized and facing upgrades in the near future, which could vary over time. Understanding specific events that create concern for utilities is critical to developing an appropriate rate mechanism (e.g., single residential or community system outage, cascading event, clouds, eclipse). Any modeling or studies of the grid should also recognize the unique situation created when DG is coupled with a smart inverter or storage. These devices change the value proposition and can help mitigate some of the voltage and ramping issues DG can pose for a utility. Utilities can recover their fixed costs in a variety of ways, and some are better suited for DG than others. Beyond charging for standby and ancillary services, other options include fixed customer charges, demand charges, minimum bills, time-of-use rates and updated net energy-metering policies. Studies and analyses of the specific impacts that DG has on the grid should inform utilities’ decision-making process because distributed generation creates both costs and benefits for the grid. Any charge specific to DG customers should be backed up with analysis. At the heart of this conversation is utilities attempting to recover fixed costs. Allowing utilities to indiscriminately recover all stranded fixed costs can negatively affect long-term market efficiency by blunting utility incentives to lower costs and acting as a barrier to entry and exit. The current status of New Mexico’s grid, impending infrastructure updates, and likely customer adoption patterns for DG (backed up by transparent analysis) should remain at the forefront when considering charges for standby and ancillary services. Recognizing that utility regulation is largely a reactive process, it is recommended that applications for DG related standby or ancillary services cost recovery mechanisms be thoroughly reviewed by an experienced economist. If the commission has no such skill set on staff, one might be hired.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Recovery of Mo in LEU-Modified Cintichem Process at Elevated Mo Concentrations

Argonne National Laboratory with support from DOE’s National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Material Management & Minimization (M 3 ) is helping SHINE Medical Technologies in developing domestic production of Mo-99. SHINE is planning to produce Mo-99 by fission of low enriched uranium-235 (LEU) in a subcritical aqueous solution using accelerator-based neutron generation. SHINE’s subcritical system can contain ~250L of LEU solution that is processed through a recovery titania-based column to recover Mo, while the remaining LEU solution can be available for another irradiation. The Mo-containing solution is then fed into another titania-based concentration column to further concentrate the solution to allow for the final purification step using the LEU modified Cintichem (LMC) process. The LMC process is a relatively small-scale process that was designed to work with 50mL volumes. By concentrating the Mo solution that feeds into the LMC process from ~250L to ~50mL, the actual chemical concentration of Mo becomes important. It is estimated that up to ~15mM Mo concentration could be present in the LMC feed. Since the LMC process was originally proposed for purification of Mo after dissolution of irradiated U solid targets, the chemical concentration of Mo was not a concern, due to presence of only trace amounts of Mo.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Conceptual and Mathematical Foundation for the FE/NETL CO 2 Prophet Model for Simulating CO 2 Enhanced Oil Recovery, Version 2

The United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy (FE) at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) has developed the FE/NETL CO 2 Prophet Model, which is Version 2 of CO 2 Prophet. This document describes the mathematical foundation for the FE/NETL CO 2 Prophet Model. CO 2 Prophet was originally developed in the 1990s by Texaco Exploration and Production and Technology Department for DOE. The FE/NETL CO 2 Prophet Model is an oil reservoir simulator that is suitable for simulating water floods and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The FE/NETL CO 2 Prophet Model uses a number of assumptions to simplify the equations describing the flow of oil, water (or brine), and CO 2 in the oil reservoir.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2020

At-source Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Mine Drainage

Conventional acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment consists of pH adjustment, oxidation, and separation of solid precipitates from discharge quality water. Alkaline addition increases the pH to the range 7 to 9 to precipitate the regulated metals Al and Mn ions as hydroxides. Mechanical or chemical oxidation then converts the reduced iron species Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ which precipitates at a low pH value as ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH) 3 ). Co-precipitation of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) with hydroxides creates a gangue-rich matrix from which REEs must be separated. Fe(OH)3 is generally the most abundant gangue-forming metal. Current research by the project team has shown raw, untreated AMD has an average total rare earth element content (TREE) of about 287 μg/L (0.287 ppm). Operators of AMD-producing facilities are obliged to treat it to neutralize acidity and remove regulated metals (e.g., iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn)) prior to discharge. Ongoing research indicates conventional AMD treatment concentrates TREE in resulting precipitates (AMD sludge) by an average factor of 2,635x to an average dry weight, elemental concentration of 708 g/t (ppm). While the economics of recovering REEs from AMD sludge are appealing, much of the cost of REE recovery would be incurred during separation of REEs from the gangue metals: Fe, Al, and Mn. Significant gains can be made by precipitating REEs when most of these gangue metals are still in solution. Significant improvements in REE extraction efficiency can be obtained through separation of REEs from the aqueous phase AMD, upstream of conventional AMD treatment by: 1) creating an enriched REE feedstock, 2) producing a more consistent feedstock, 3) reducing transportation costs to an REE refinery, 4) reducing acid consumption in the acid leaching step, and 5) reducing the volume of waste produced at the ALSX plant. This project is exploring two novel approaches for extracting REEs upstream of the conventional AMD treatment plants to create a purified REE feedstock while leaving the bulk of the Fe, Al, and Mn in solution for subsequent treatment. While the average TREE concentration of raw AMD is low and individual sites range between 10 and 2,200 μg/L, successful at-source REE separation will generate a superior feedstock to a conventional ALSX process and significantly improve the economics and environmental performance of REE extraction from AMD. AMD can be classified into two types: type A is net acid and iron is partly oxidized while type B is net alkaline, and iron occurs in the reduced, ferrous state. In Case A, the pH is raised slightly, which will precipitate Fe 3+ and Al 3+ but not REEs. The other important type of AMD is net alkaline water found in flooded, anoxic deep mines. These generally have a pH > 6.0 and are net alkaline. REE concentrations are also much lower than those found in acidic AMD while the volumes and flux are much higher. Most of these are pumped discharges with almost no Al. Case B AMD is strongly reduced and, like Case A water, Fe and Mn ions are similarly reduced and therefore soluble at pH <9.0. REEs and an array of transition ions will be the only trivalent cations in this type of AMD. In Case B, both upward pH adjustment under reducing conditions and application of an electrochemically stimulated supported liquid membrane strategy to separate REEs from ferrous ion will be explored.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2020

Recovery of High Value Anode Materials for a Closed Loop Li-ion Battery Recycling Process (Final Report)

Battery Resourcers’ goal with this Small Business Innovative Research Phase 1 project was to produce high quality and high purity graphite generated from its Li-ion battery recycling technology. Battery Resourcers’ technology recovers cathode material from a broad spectrum of Li-ion battery regardless of size, shape or chemistry. In Battery Resourcers existing model, the graphite is recovered to be used as a reductant and therefore the battery materials cost or recycling cost is not lowered by the recovery of the graphite. Currently, Battery Resourcers is piloting its lithium ion battery recycling process and the recovered LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 (NMC111) or LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 (NMC111) cathode materials have shown that they can outperform existing commercial NMC111 cathode materials while being produced at a projected lower cost. Battery Resourcers and its subcontractor WPI have demonstrated the same success with the recovered graphite for anode materials. The success of this award will enable Battery Resourcers offer lowest cost anode materials while reducing the carbon footprint of the battery industry. This will potentially lower the cost of EV by lowering the upfront cost of the battery and the end of life disposal costs. The technical objectives of this Phase 1 research project are to purify the recovered graphite from Battery Resourcers leaching process and demonstrate it is viable to be used in new electric vehicle lithium ion batteries. This project demonstrated that Battery Resourcers can recover graphite with less than 2% impurities. To separate the graphite from other materials Battery Resourcers will employed new filtering techniques and chemical processing methods.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Coupled Hydrothermal Extraction and Ligand-Associated Swellable Glass Media Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Fly Ash (Final Report)

Wayne State University (WSU) researchers, in collaboration with the University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), have successfully developed a new sorbent media used in a process that concentrated the rare earth content in a coal fly ash sample from southeast MI by >350×, resulting in >13 wt% REO powder. The project developed a new DTPA-associated media that was used to concentrate total REEs. This project demonstrated a coupled hydrothermal extraction and solid-liquid recovery process that produced REO powder from raw fly ash while nearly eliminating the use of organic solvents. The project successfully: 1) identified a commercially viable ash supply with >$2.5 M in REO value being deposited monthly, 2) hydrothermally extracted >77% of REEs in coal fly ash (20% more than acid alone), 3) developed a new sorbent media that was used to concentrate REEs, 4) and engineered a process that resulted in a >13 wt% REO powder. The media also demonstrates a selectivity for mid and heavy REEs over Ce and La and the potential for use in separating individual rare earth elements. An invention disclosure for the sorbent media has been filed with WSU and a patent application will be submitted in the near future. The project examined the potential to couple hydrothermal leaching of coal fly ash with the engineering of a custom ligand-associated media to provide an organic solvent-free method of extracting and recovering REEs. Fly ash feedstock was collected from Detroit area coal-fired power plants, characterized for REE content, and subjected to a bench-top batch hydrothermal leaching/dissolution process inside custom-build pressure reactors at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). This process applied a dissolution technique previously developed to process spent nuclear fuel and other nuclear materials. The modified ash was acidified and the resulting leachate was enriched with REEs along with Ca, Al, and Si. Ligands known to be effective in lanthanide/actinide separation were evaluated based on a series of criteria such as selectivity and association to organosilica through hydrophobicity. Batch experiments were conducted to establish the best conditions (e.g., pH, eluent, etc.) and best ligand systems for the effective extraction of REEs from the alkaline feed solution obtained from the hydrothermal leaching process. Once the organosilica-ligand extraction media was developed for REE concentration, an acidic solution was used to back extract and concentrate the REEs into a heavily REE-laden strip solution. The REEs in the strip solution were precipitated with oxalate to produce rare earth oxides.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2020

Development of Process Flowsheets for the Recovery of Metals by Solvent Extraction to Recycle Battery Materials: Evaluation of Application of AMUSE Code. Final CRADA Report

RSR Technologies (RSRT) wished to investigate the use of the AMUSE solvent extraction code, housed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) to evaluate the recycling of battery cells for the reclamation of metal values. The modeling studies were undertaken by the group at ANL to evaluate several separation schemes for battery metals using solvent extraction. These studies would develop a framework to be experimentally validated at RSRT at its facility in Dallas, TX. The AMUSE code modeling work would speed the development of recovery flowsheets for spent batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Molybdenum Recovery from Filters Used in Large-scale Dissolution of Sintered Mo-disks

99 Mo production with linear accelerators can be achieved via the bremsstrahlung photonuclear reaction 100 Mo(γ,n) 99 Mo or the neutron capture reaction 98 Mo(n,γ) 99 Mo. For commercial producers, maximum recovery of enriched 98 Mo and 100 Mo target material is critical for sustaining an economic production cycle. During the peroxide dissolution of Mo metal disks and subsequent conversion to K 2 MoO 4 , several grams of Mo can be lost during filtration from solution when several hundred grams of sintered Mo disks are processed. This investigation shows that 5–8 g Mo is routinely retained on the filter units, but it can be almost fully recovered using aqueous washes. Washing can be done immediately and incorporated into the dissolution procedure, or it can occur several months after the initial filtration process to decrease processing time.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Geochemical Variation of Produced Waters and Overlying Groundwaters at an Active CO 2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Field in the Permian Basin Central Platform

This report discusses the results of baseline geochemical data from a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) enhanced oil recovery (EOR) field in the Permian Basin’s Central Basin Platform. This report focuses on understanding the variability in geochemistry during normal oil field practices, including the transition from water flooding to a water-alternating-gas (WAG) technique. The primary objectives of this study were to focus on 1) determining the best general geochemical parameters to identify produced water intrusion into overlying groundwaters, 2) observing if there was any intrusion during the sampling period, and 3) identifying changes in produced water following CO 2 injection.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2020

Integrated Modeling Report for CO 2 Storage with Enhanced Oil Recovery in Northern Michigan

The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) was founded in 2003 as part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership initiative. Since its founding, MRCSP has made significant strides toward making CCUS a viable option for states in the region. The public/private consortium, funded through the DOE Regional Carbon Sequestration Initiative, brings together nearly 40 industry partners and 10 states. Battelle, as the project lead, oversees research, development and operations and coordinates activities among the partners. The incremental, phased approach has built a valuable knowledge base for the industry and paved the way for commercial-scale adoption of CCUS technologies. From 2008 to 2020, MRCSP Phase III focused on the development of large-scale injection projects. This report is part of a series of reports prepared under the Midwestern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) Phase III (Development Phase). These reports summarize and detail the findings of the work conducted under the Phase III project. MRCSP has been investigating various reservoir characterization and modeling technologies related to Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) in conjunction with carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 -EOR) operations in multiple Silurian-age (Niagaran), oil-bearing, carbonate pinnacle reefs in northern Michigan, USA. This report provides a comprehensive discussion of reservoir modeling studies that were conducted for tracking oil production, forecasting CO 2 plume migration, and estimating associated storage in a number of reefs that were at different stages of their CO 2 -EOR life cycle. The modeling process for simulating oil production, CO 2 injection, and associated storage in these reefs entails two phases. The first phase, geologic framework modeling, integrates all pertinent geological and geophysical data (from logs, cores and seismic surveys) about reservoir structure, geometry, rock types, and property distributions (porosity, permeability, water saturation) into a 3-D distributed grid-based static earth model (SEM). The second phase, dynamic reservoir modeling, uses the SEM as a platform to simulate the movement of oil, gas, water, and CO 2 within the reservoir during primary hydrocarbon production, as well as during subsequent phases such as CO 2 -injection assisted EOR, plume migration, and associated storage. In addition, an assessment of coupled process effects is also carried out, where the impacts of geochemical and geo-mechanical processed induced by CO 2 injection are studied.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2020

Geologic Characterization for CO 2 Storage with Enhanced Oil Recovery in Northern Michigan

The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) was founded in 2003 as part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership initiative. Since its founding, MRCSP has made significant strides toward making CCUS a viable option for states in the region. The public/private consortium, funded through the DOE Regional Carbon Sequestration Initiative, brings together nearly 40 industry partners and 10 states. Battelle, as the project lead, oversees research, development and operations and coordinates activities among the partners. The incremental, phased approach has built a valuable knowledge base for the industry and paved the way for commercial-scale adoption of CCUS technologies. From 2008 to 2020, MRCSP Phase III focused on the development of large-scale injection projects. This report is part of a series of reports prepared under the Midwestern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) Phase III (Development Phase). These reports summarize and detail the findings of the work conducted under the Phase III project. This report compiles the results of geologic characterization of late-stage reefs, active EOR reefs, and new EOR reefs in the Northern Niagaran Pinnacle Reef Trend (NNPRT) in Michigan to demonstrate developed methodologies, geologic variability, and reservoir potential for CO 2 storage. Conducting CO 2 injection and monitoring in these settings provide significant insights for addressing the project objectives: assessment of injectivity in complex carbonate reef deposits; assessing CO 2 trapping mechanisms in a closed reservoir system; assessing any final oil recovery from transitional or residual oil zones in a field where CO 2 flooding is nearing completion; evaluating the transition from EOR to storage of CO 2 ; assessing regional commercialization; assessing new technologies for tracking CO 2 , brine, and oil movements underground; and monitoring options in a closed reservoir with oil, residual oil, and water zones.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2020

Pulsed Neutron Capture for Monitoring CO 2 Storage with Enhanced Oil Recovery in Northern Michigan

The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) was founded in 2003 as part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership initiative. Since its founding, MRCSP has made significant strides toward making CCUS a viable option for states in the region. The public/private consortium, funded through the DOE Regional Carbon Sequestration Initiative, brings together nearly 40 industry partners and 10 states. Battelle, as the project lead, oversees research, development and operations and coordinates activities among the partners. The incremental, phased approach has built a valuable knowledge base for the industry and paved the way for commercial-scale adoption of CCUS technologies. From 2008 to 2020, MRCSP Phase III focused on the development of large-scale injection projects. This report is part of a series of reports prepared under the Midwestern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) Phase III (Development Phase). These reports summarize and detail the findings of the work conducted under the Phase III project. Pulsed neutron capture (PNC) logging has been used as part of the MRCSP monitoring of CO 2 injection and storage during assessment of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in several Northern Niagara Pinnacle Reef Trend (NNPRT) reefs in Michigan. This technique and data processing cost less than traditional fluid sampling and presents a low risk to well operations by utilizing through-tubing logging capabilities. Additionally, monitoring CO 2 migration and break-through can be conducted from a single monitoring well in the reservoir. A total of four reefs were selected for these studies to monitor CO 2 migration and to test the viability and effectiveness of the PNC technology for saturation monitoring in a low porosity and highly diverse lithology environment. This study provides assessment of the technology and recommendations for utilization of saturation analysis.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2020

Analysis of Transient Pressure and Rate Data in a Complex of Enhanced Oil Recovery Fields in Northern Michigan

The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) was founded in 2003 as part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership initiative. Since its founding, MRCSP has made significant strides toward making CCUS a viable option for states in the region. The public/private consortium, funded through the DOE Regional Carbon Sequestration Initiative, brings together nearly 40 industry partners and 10 states. Battelle, as the project lead, oversees research, development and operations and coordinates activities among the partners. The incremental, phased approach has built a valuable knowledge base for the industry and paved the way for commercial-scale adoption of CCUS technologies. From 2008 to 2020, MRCSP Phase III focused on the development of large-scale injection projects. This report is part of a series of reports prepared under the Midwestern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) Phase III (Development Phase). These reports summarize and detail the findings of the work conducted under the Phase III project. A key activity of the MRCSP monitoring program was to continuously monitor the CO 2 injection and bottom-hole reservoir pressure in the injection wells and selected monitoring wells in the study reefs from 2013 through 2019. During the monitoring period, which varied from reef to reef, the reefs were undergoing one or more phases of development, such as CO 2 injection without hydrocarbon production, CO 2 injection with production Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), production without CO 2 injection, and idle (no injection or production) in pressure depleted condition. A multi-year record of reservoir pressure and injection rate data are available for one or more wells for each reef for analysis. This report discusses the methodology and results of various types of analyses performed with this data, with the primary objective of characterizing the in-situ permeability of the formation of interest.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2021

Post-Closure Report for Closed Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Corrective Action Units, Nevada National Security Site, Nevada (CY2020)

This report serves as the combined annual report for post-closure activities in compliance with the requirements listed in Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Permit Number NEV HW0101 associated with the following closed corrective action units (CAUs): 1) CAU 90, Area 2 Bitcutter Containment. 2) CAU 91, Area 3 U-3fi Injection Well. 3) CAU 92, Area 6 Decon Pond Facility. 4)CAU 110, Area 3 WMD U-3ax/bl Crater. 5) CAU 111, Area 5 WMD Retired Mixed Waste Pits. 6) CAU 112, Area 23 Hazardous Waste Trenches. The locations of the sites are shown in Figure ES-1. This report covers calendar year 2020. The post-closure requirements for these sites are described in RCRA Permit NEV HW0101 and are summarized in each CAU-specific section of this report. The results of the inspections, a summary of maintenance activities, and an evaluation of monitoring data are presented in this report.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hydrogenous Content in Residues from Aqueous Chloride Pu and Am Recovery Operations

Byproduct residues generated from Aqueous Chloride Pu and Am recovery operations at Los Alamos National Laboratory have been investigated and determined to contain high weight % chloride salts and minimal hydrogen content. Hydrogen content is the result of limited surface area adsorption of ambient moisture. The assumption used in technical analysis NCS-TECH-19-029 to model potentially hydrogenous items as mixtures of polyethylene is shown to be overly conservative. Our results and literature precedent indicate that water adsorption of 1-3 % by weight is expected for hydroxide cakes and Pu oxides, and a conservative bounding assumption for these materials is 5% water by weight. LOH results for a dissolution heel stored long term showed 6.25% weight loss, which was conservatively assumed to be water. A conservative bounding assumption for dissolution heels is 8 wt.% water content. This equates to 0.55 % hydrogen by weight for hydroxide cakes, and 0.88% hydrogen by weight for dissolution heels. The bulk composition of dissolution heels reflects the composition of the original byproduct feed material, chloride salts of potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium. The bulk composition of calcined hydroxide precipitation residues is composed of potassium chloride as a result of potassium hydroxide neutralization of hydrochloric acid solutions. Metal hydroxides generated during the hydroxide precipitation process are decomposed under the conditions of calcination to metal oxide forms.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Post-Closure Report for Closed Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Corrective Action Units, NNSS, NV (CY2020, Revision 1)

This report serves as the combined annual report for post-closure activities in compliance with the requirements listed in Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Permit Number NEV HW0101 associated with the following closed corrective action units (CAUs): CAU 90, Area 2 Bitcutter Containment; CAU 91, Area 3 U-3fi Injection Well; CAU 92, Area 6 Decon Pond Facility; CAU 110, Area 3 WMD U-3ax/bl Crater; CAU 111, Area 5 WMD Retired Mixed Waste Pits; CAU 112, Area 23 Hazardous Waste Trenches.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗