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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Production and Chemical Analysis of NaCl-KCl-UCl 3 Salts

Thermochemical and thermophysical properties of several molten salt systems of interest to molten salt reactor (MSR) developers are being measured at Argonne National Laboratory. These properties are needed by developers to design, license, and operate their reactors. Thermochemical properties being measured at Argonne include thermal transitions, phase behavior, and heat capacity. Thermophysical properties being measured at Argonne include liquid density, surface tension, volumetric thermal expansion of the liquid phase, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity. Properties of the ternary NaCl-KCl-UCl 3 system that may be used as a fuel bearing salt are being measured. Low-melting eutectic salt compositions are of interest to developers owing to the thermal efficiency. Using salts with low melting temperatures allow reactors to be operated at a lower temperature to improve operation and decrease safety concerns. Confirming low melting behaviors are maintained during composition changes that occur during fission is also an important factor. It is essential to any molten salt reactor developer utilizing a fuel bearing salt to have a complete understanding of the behavior of that fuel salt at a variety of compositions near the eutectic composition they plan to use. This kind of stability is indicated on a phase diagram by low liquidus slopes at compositions bordering the eutectic. Therefore, a thermodynamic model was constructed to determine what compositions of the ternary NaCl, KCl, and UCl 3 system should be studied to support MSR developers.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Sandia National Laboratories Ecosystem for Open Science: Metadata Schema v0.2 Description.

The Ecosystem for Open Science (eOS) initiative was established in 2019. Its objective is improving openness and sharing of data and information across Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN) Research and Development (R&D) activities. To support this initiative, the eOS team at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) developed metadata and data standards and proposed a machine-readable metadata schema. The nuclear explosion monitoring field was selected as a focus area due to its the wide range of pertinent phenomenologies.We developed the DCAT-eOS-AP metadata schema extending the Data Catalog Vocabulary version 2 (DCATv2) standard using an application profile (AP), to fit the needs of multi-disciplinary NA-22 projects. The DCAT-eOS-AP metadata schema describes data at different levels of granularity ranging from general descriptions to more domain-specific granular metadata. Its implementation and serialization is flexible with the ability to include new file or data types. Thus, it will scale with the ever-increasing data management needs of government research. Due to the multitude of phenomenologies represented in the DCAT-eOS-AP schema, we anticipate that it will be easily extensible to various projects across many DOE mission areas. This document describes data management challenges faced within the DNN R&D portfolio and provides insight on how metadata and data standards/guidelines combined with a comprehensive metadata schema can add value to programs throughout the Department of Energy (DOE). It reviews the importance of metadata standards, FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) data principles, and metadata schemas. Additionally, it summarizes input from subject matter experts (SME) at SNL and other National Laboratories that resulted in metadata and data standards/guidelines encompassing domains relevant to NA-22 projects. Finally, we discuss the DCAT-eOS-AP metadata development. Implementation recommendations and future development directions are included for those keen on adopting the DCAT-eOS-AP metadata schema.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluating Offshore Infrastructure Integrity

Drilling in the offshore environment involves a complex network of infrastructure including pipelines, platforms, rigs, subsea installations, ports, and terminals. Government and industry partners have developed this network over many decades and it remains a critical part of the United States (U.S.) energy portfolio. Many of the major components of this system have been designed with a 20- to 30-year lifespan, yet consistent and growing energy demands support the need to extend the design life of existing infrastructure or repurpose it for secondary needs (i.e. enhanced oil recovery, carbon storage, and new wells). As a result, a growing portion of the offshore infrastructure in the U.S. is approaching or has exceeded its original design life. A critical step in ensuring the continued safe and effective operation of offshore infrastructure is developing a comprehensive understanding of the state of offshore infrastructure and the factors that effect it. The purpose of this project is to assess the current state of existing infrastructure and identify the factors involved in infrastructure degradation through the development and application of big data analytics, machine learning, and advanced spatio-temporal analysis. The project leverages existing data at NETL and combines it with new information on offshore oil and gas structures and the ambient offshore environment in an effort to identify patterns associated with infrastructure integrity. Building on the identified trends and patterns, this project incorporates exploratory analytics and spatial analysis tools in conjunction with machine learning and statistical models to characterize the condition of existing platforms in the offshore environment and predict their risk of failure.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2021

Fracture toughness evaluations for spent nuclear fuel dry storage canister welds and spent nuclear fuel clad-pellet structures

Integrity of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) interim storage canisters is very important to the safety of the back-end nuclear fuel cycle. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) potential of interim storage canister has been considered as a high priority. Because no post-weld heat treatment was required for forming these canisters, the high tensile residual stress existed within these canister welds. This can change the fracture resistance capacity significantly as well as increase SCC potential. Due to relative thin shell thickness of a canister weldment, the spiral notch torsion test (SNTT) method was used to estimate the canister weldment fracture toughness. SNTT was developed to measure the intrinsic fracture toughness of structural materials using small specimens. The SNTT method has been applied to a wide variety of structural materials, such as low-alloy steels, stainless steel, aluminum alloy, ceramics, concrete, and composites. The SNTT system operates by applying pure torsion to cylindrical specimens with a notch line that spirals around the specimen at a 45° pitch. In order to carry out pure torsion load mode, biaxial tension/torsion tester was developed accordingly to perform SNTT protocol. Moreover, applying fracture mechanics approach to SNF system reliability investigation is warranted due to the inherent flaws and hydride structures existed in a SNF system after nuclear reactor operation. However, none of the existing fracture toughness data deal with fuel cladding specific geometry or spent fuel material conditions, such as cladding structure with the pellet-inserts and the associated pellet clad mechanical interactions induced mixed-mode damage mechanisms. Thus, the development of an intrinsic fracture mechanics approach that is suitable for SNF materials is needed. Furthermore, due to thin wall and small dimension of clad tubing structure, the SNTT method was used to estimate the clad tubing structure fracture toughness. Fracture testing were performed on the received stainless steel canister weldment, most SNTT weld samples fracture initiation sites are at heat-affected zone (HAZ) regions. The estimated fracture toughness J Q ’ for the baseline SS304 steel is at 283 kJ/m². The estimated JQ’ for the SS304/308 weld and baseline metals are 148 kJ/m 2 and 459 kJ/m 2 , respectively. Out of cell fracture testing for spent fuel structure were carried out on the surrogate rods made of Zr-4 clad and alumina inserts, the estimated fracture toughness values for baseline Zr-4 cladding with alumina-pellet inserts are: (1) For SNTT samples with a short or medium crack length, between 5.4-mm and 8-mm, the estimate J IQ upon fracture initiation for the baseline Zr-4 cladding is at 50 kJ/m 2 with 2-sigma uncertainty of 3.26 kJ/m 2 , and the associated K IQ is at 67.46 MPa$\sqrt{m}$; and (2) For SNTT samples with a long crack length, around 13-mm, the crack initialization is deviated from that of the Mode-I tensile fracture and appears to be a mixed-mode fracture of Mode I - tensile stress and Mode III - out of plane shear stress; the estimated J MQ is at 18.9 kJ/m 2 , the associated K MQ is at 41.4 MPa$\sqrt{m}$.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Water Resource Opportunities at Lake Gazivode/Ujmani

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has been tasked by DOE’s Office of International Affairs to assess the use of water resources for power generation needs on Lake Gazivode/Ujmani in Kosovo, and provide recommendations for improved coordination and efficiency. Lake Gazivode/Ujmani is a 15-mile long man-made reservoir that straddles the Serbian-Kosovo border. Lake Gazivode/Ujmani is currently managed without a transboundary cooperation agreement. Kosovo is profoundly dependent on the lake’s waters, which provide one-third of Kosovo’s drinking water and cool two coal plants that provide 95 percent of Kosovo’s energy production. After conducting a scoping visit to Pristina, Kosovo, Lake Gazivode/Ujmani, and Belgrade, Serbia, in October 2020, PNNL staff compiled hydrometeorological, water management operations, and power grid operations data. They analyzed the data and existing literature to provide third-party observations about and recommendations for the use of the lake. Their recommendations aim to promote regional water and energy security.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

EpiCast: Simulating Epidemics with Extreme Detail

In early 2020, COVID-19 swept the globe. Governments attempted to “flatten the curve” through business shutdowns and stay-at-home orders, but the United States was hit hard. By the end of March, mere months after the virus first emerged in humans 7,000 miles away, the U.S. had recorded 192,300 cases and 5,300 deaths. While this unprecedented disaster sent shockwaves through every level of society and clouded an uncertain future, state and local governments turned to computational and mathematical epidemiology researchers to help formulate intervention strategies to limit the spread of the disease. Traditional forecasting models provided a reasonable understanding of how the near future was likely to look, but local policy makers and public health communities still struggled to understand how potential mitigations ought to be implemented. Decision makers needed a way to measure the impact of their policy choices—they needed better technology. EpiCast answered the call, bringing urgently needed answers to policymakers grappling with how to adjust school and business schedules. EpiCast is modeling software that generates a synthetic, representative population to simulate infectious disease transmission in the United States with extreme detail and granularity. The software models human behavior combined with community-specific information to provide a fine-grained preview of the effect of potential mitigation strategies for decision makers.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) Model Documentation (Version 2020)

The Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model is a capacity expansion and dispatch model that is primarily used for the contiguous U.S. electric power sector. The model relies on system-wide least cost optimization to estimate the type and location of future generation and transmission capacity. This document describes details of how the model is formulated, how it functions, and many of the key inputs.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Towards A Geo-Data Science Method for Assessing Rare Earth Element and Critical Mineral Occurrences in Coal and Other Sedimentary Systems

While preliminary analyses of data from open-source resources (Ekmann, 2012) show promising concentrations of REE in individual coal samples from a number of sites and basins in the U.S., other sparse data for REE in domestic coal-related strata suggest that many occurrences are low, “subeconomic” concentrations. At present, there is no method for systematically assessing potential sedimentary occurrences of REE. However, the geologic processes responsible for REE occurrences in coal-related strata are systematic; the unpredictability of REE resources in coal-related strata is due to poorly quantified spatial resource trends and the lack of an exploration method tailored to these resources. Thus, there exists a need for a systematic assessment approach that incorporates knowledge of geological variation in the mechanisms of REE enrichment within coal basins to help minimize geologic uncertainty and reduce commercial exploration risk.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2021

Energy Storage in South Asia: Understanding the Role of Grid-Connected Energy Storage in South Asia’s Power Sector Transformation

During the last decade, the cost of energy storage technologies, primarily lithium-ion battery energy storage systems (BESS), has declined rapidly and is projected to decline further over the next decade. This study provides a first-of-its-kind assessment of cost-effective opportunities for grid-scale energy storage deployment in South Asia both in the near term and the long term, including a detailed analysis of energy storage drivers, potential barriers, and the role of energy storage in system operations. We conduct scenarios-based capacity expansion modeling to assess when, where and how much energy storage can be cost-effectively deployed in India through 2050. The analysis relies on state-of-the-art modeling approaches to uncover and compare the value streams of battery storage with different durations as well as pumped storage hydropower. We also run hourly simulations of system operations in 2030 and 2050 to understand how energy storage will be utilized by system operators to help integrate RE and reduce operating costs. For Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal, we use operational simulations to explore how increasing deployment of energy storage can help optimize the use of domestic resources and cross-border electricity trade.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Science & Technology Review March 2021

At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we focus on science and technology research to ensure our nation’s security. We also apply that expertise to solve other important national problems in energy, bioscience, and the environment. Science & Technology Review is published eight times a year to communicate, to a broad audience, the Laboratory’s scientific and technological accomplishments in fulfilling its primary missions. The publication’s goal is to help readers understand these accomplishments and appreciate their value to the individual citizen, the nation, and the world.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2021

High Level Gap Analysis for Accident Tolerant and Advanced Fuels for Storage and Transportation

This initial gap analysis considers proposed accident tolerant fuel (ATF) options currently being irradiated in commercial reactors, since these are most likely for future batch implementation. Also, advanced fuel (AF) options that may be likely for use in advanced reactors are considered. The cladding technologies considered were chromium-coated zirconium-based alloys, FeCrAl, and both monolithic and matrix composite Silicide carbide (SiC). The fuel technologies considered were chromium-doped uranium dioxide fuel, uranium alloys, uranium nitride, and uranium silicide. Numerous national labs, industry, and countries are performing significant testing and modeling on these proposed technologies to establish performance, but at this time none of the prototypes being irradiated have achieved end-of-life (EOL) burnup. There are some testing results after one burnup cycle to verify in-reactor performance, but little data beyond that. As the ATF prototypes acquire more burnup, data will be produced that is relevant to storage and transportation. The DOE:NE Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology (SWFST) Storage and Transportation (ST) Control Account will evaluate the performance data as it becomes available for application to the identified gaps for ST.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Draft Experimental Plan for Commercial SNF Degradation in Repository Environments with a Focus on Fracture Matrix Degradation

This report documents work performed supporting US Department of Energy (DOE) Nuclear Energy Spent Fuel and Waste Disposition, Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology, under work breakdown structure element 1.08.01.03.04, “Inventory and Waste Form Characteristics and Performance.” In particular, this report fulfills the M3 milestone, M3SF-21OR010309072 "Draft Experimental Plan for Commercial SNF Degradation in Repository Environments” as described in work package SF-21OR01030907 "SNF Degradation Testing-ORNL".This experimental plan is a collaboration between ORNL, SNL, ANL, and PNNL. It is intended to support source term model development and spent fuel degradation testing in a range of generic repository conditions. Potential testing and experiments to support validation of the Fuel Matrix Dissolution Model (FMDM) and the overall development/validation of repository source term modeling are discussed.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Policy and Regulatory Environment for Utility-Scale Energy Storage: Bangladesh

Bangladesh has experienced significant economic growth and poverty reduction over the past several decades. Recognizing the central role electricity plays in economic development, the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has established policies to accelerate the growth of the electric power sector. The Bangladesh power grid is transforming into one marked by declining reliance on domestic natural gas reserves and oil-based rental power plants, increasing renewable energy contribution, and shifting demand patterns. The GOB is now reconsidering its prior plans to increase the share of coal capacity in the generation mix to meet demand, shifting its focus instead to electricity imports from neighboring countries, nuclear generation, liquified natural gas imports, and domestic renewable resources such as wind and solar. However, investments in the transmission and distribution system, as well as ancillary services, have not kept pace with investments in generation resources over the past decade. Thus, Bangladesh electricity consumers still experience outages and poor power quality despite adequate installed capacity. On the demand side, population growth and industrialization have fueled steady growth in electricity consumption as efforts to expand access to electricity enabled near-universal electricity access by mid-2020. The combined changes in the mix of generation resources and patterns of electricity demand present new challenges and opportunities in operating and maintaining a reliable power system. Energy storage has the potential to help meet these challenges and accelerate Bangladesh’s energy transition. Declining costs for some energy storage technologies make them increasingly cost-effective solutions to provide a wide range of grid services. Previous analyses of energy storage in the region have identified several potential applications for storage at the bulk system level, including energy arbitrage, ancillary services, and transmission network support. The potential for storage to meet these needs depends on many factors, including physical characteristics of the power system and the policy and regulatory environments in which these energy storage assets would operate. This report applies an Energy Storage Readiness Assessment the National Renewable Energy Laboratory developed for policy makers and regulators to identify priority areas of focus as they continue to develop the appropriate suite of policies, programs, and regulations to enable storage deployment. This assessment uses a simple evaluation scheme to identify the barriers and opportunities for utility-scale energy storage within Bangladesh’s policy and regulatory environment.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Policy and Regulatory Environment for Utility-Scale Energy Storage: Nepal

This report—Policy and Regulatory Environment for Utility-Scale Energy Storage: Nepal—is part of a series investigating the potential for utility-scale energy storage in South Asia. This report is the second in a series of country-specific evaluations of policy and regulatory environments for energy storage in the region. These evaluations apply the previously developed Energy Storage Readiness Assessment to evaluate the policy and regulatory environment for energy storage in Nepal. A similar assessment is already complete for India and a forthcoming report will expand this analysis to Bangladesh. These evaluations are designed to provide insights on the opportunities and barriers for energy storage growth and deployment in each country.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hyperparameter Setting for a Marked Multidimensional Hawkes Process with Dissimilar Decays

We provide further details for using Lim, et al.'s marked multidimensional Hawkes processes with dissimilar decays. We first describe what makes these different from other Hawkes processes, then describe each model hyperparameter and how to initialize it informed by the input data and any prior biases. We derived tighter bounds than Lim, et al. for faster convergence of rejection sampling. The resulting hyperparameters and bounds have been helpful against both synthetic and real-world datasets.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Precision of Property Measurements with Reference Molten Salts

Thermochemical and thermophysical properties of reference molten salt systems are being measured to establish the precisions achievable with current state-of-the-art methods including repeatability within a laboratory and reproducibility between laboratories using the same and different methods. Several laboratories across the United States are analyzing salt samples from single source batches of two salts to provide independent measurements of property values and the precisions of different measurement techniques in an interlaboratory study referred to as the Interlaboratory Salt Study (ISS). The compositions of the two salts produced for the study were reported to be eutectic LiF-NaF-KF (46.5-11.5-42 mol %) and NaCl-KCl (50-50 mol %). These salts are referred to herein as ISS FLiNaK and ISS NaCl-KCl. Thermochemical properties being measured at Argonne include thermal transitions and heat capacity by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermophysical properties being measured at Argonne include liquid density and surface tension by using a buoyancy densitometer and thermal diffusivity by using a laser flash analyzer. Thermal conductivity is calculated from measured thermal diffusivity, density and heat capacity values. The results of property measurements made at Argonne using these inter-laboratory salt study salts are presented here.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗