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DOE OSTI2026

Status and plans for measurements of Neutrino-Argon interactions at ICARUS

The ICARUS experiment, utilizing Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr TPC) technology, has been installed at Fermilab (USA), following its initial operation in Italy and subsequent refurbishment at CERN. ICARUS has successfully been taking physics data at Fermilab since June 2022. While the experiment’s primary objective is to function as the far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program (SBN), searching for hints of physics beyond three-flavour PMNS neutrino oscillations, ICARUS also offers other diverse physics capabilities, including searches beyond the standard model and measurements of cross-sections. In addition to being exposed to the common Booster Neutrino (BNB) beamline of the SBN experiment, ICARUS receives neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) beam. Due to the off-axis angle between NuMI and ICARUS, coupled with contributions from both pion and kaon decays to neutrino fluxes, interactions of NuMI neutrinos within ICARUS can be detected over a range of several GeV in energy. Measurements of these interactions present unique opportunities to infer neutrino interaction cross sections on an argon nuclear target within an energy range that overlaps both the SBN oscillation search and a significant portion of the DUNE spectrum. This presentation will summarise the current status of ICARUS’ neutrino cross-section measurements.

Roy, Promita [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000164958937)↗

DOE OSTI2017

The protoDUNE-SP experiment and its prompt processing system

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will employ a uniquely large Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber with four separate modules of 10kt fiducial mass each. Different modules will utilize single and dual-phase Liquid Argon technologies. An experimental program ("protoDUNE") has been initiated which includes a beam and cosmic ray test of large-scale DUNE prototypes at CERN in 2018. The volume of data to be collected by the protoDUNE single-phase detector will amount to a few petabytes and the sustained rate of data sent to mass storage will be in the range of a few hundred megabytes per second. The protoDUNE experiment requires substantial Data Quality Monitoring capabilities in order to ascertain the condition of the detector and its various subsystems. To this end, a Prompt Processing system has been developed which is complementary to Online Monitoring and is characterized by a lower bandwidth, scalable CPU resources and end-to-end latency on the scale of a few minutes. We present the design of the protoDUNE Prompt Processing system, the current status of its development and testing and issues related to its interfaces and deployment.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2020

Experimental studies at low $Q^2$ of the spin structure of the nucleon at Jefferson Lab

We summarize the experimental program of Jefferson Lab that studies the nucleon spin structure at low $Q^2$. This program completes the precise experimental mapping of the nucleon spin structure functions $g_1(\nu, Q^2)$ and $g_2(\nu, Q^2)$ and their moments started at SLAC, CERN and DESY at high $Q^2$, and continued at Jefferson Lab at intermediate $Q^2$. The results presented cover the domain where Chiral Effective Field Theory ($\chi$EFT) should describe the strong interaction. They provide a comprehensive set of benchmark measurements for $\chi$EFT. The preliminary conclusion is that nucleon spin structure data are still challenging for $\chi$EFT in spite of the notable improvements in these calculations.

Deur, Alexandre↗

DOE OSTI2018

A Very Forward Hadron Spectrometer for the LHC and Cosmic Ray Physics

Charged hadron production in hadron-hadron collisions with longitudinal momentum fraction Feynman-x, x_F, between 0.1 and 0.9 has not been measured above square root s = 63 GeV at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings. I discuss a way to measure this at the Large Hadron Collider at square root s = 13 TeV, which is 40,000 times higher in equivalent fixed target energy, and important for understanding cosmic ray showers.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2019

ProtoDUNE and a Dual-phase LArTPC

The four 10 kt Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) of the future DUNE experiment will enable precise measurements of the oscillation parameters and the discovery of CP violation for leptons, thanks to their excellent 3D imaging capabilities and calorimetric capabilities. One or more modules of the DUNE detector may exploit a Dual Phase (DP) LArTPC that, relying on the extraction of the charge produced in the liquid volume and its subsequent multiplication in argon gas, may offer a robust and competitive signal-to-noise ratio and a fully active volume. In 2018 and 2019, the ProtoDUNE experiment at CERN will validate the designs of the DUNE far detector, showing the feasibility of large scale Dual-Phase LArTPC and providing precious insight on the DUNE physics potential.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2019

Recent Progress on Radiation Damage Studies at RaDIATE

Recent major accelerator facilities have been limited in beam power by production target and beam window survivability, where radiation damage to their constituent materials has been identified as the most cross-cutting challenge facing these high power target facilities. The RaDIATE collaboration, Radiation Damage In Accelerator Target Environments, was formed in 2012 to address this challenge by bringing together experts from the fields of nuclear materials and accelerator target facilities. The collaboration conducted high intensity proton beam irradiation of test specimens at the Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer (BLIP) facility at BNL, where the specimens, including candidate materials for various beam intercepting device applications, were provided by participating accelerator facilities. Post-Irradiation Examination (PIE) of the irradiated specimens is being conducted at participating nuclear/fusion research institutions with appropriate ``hot-cell'' facilities, such as Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).The recent collaboration work also includes efforts to provide the samples irradiated at BLIP to in-beam thermal shock test at CERN's HiRadMat facility. It will be the first examination to observe how the radiation-damaged material will behave when exposed to actual beam loading conditions. In this talk up-to-date status of these experiments, PIEs, and prospect for the works conducted by the RaDIATE collaboration are over-viewed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2019

Characterization of Soft Error Rate Against Memory Elements Spacing and Clock Skew in a Logic with Triple Modular Redundancy in a 65nm Process

Single Event Effects introduce soft errors in ASICs. Design methodologies like Triple ModularRedundancy (TMR) with clock skew insertion, a system level redundancy technique is a commonpractice by designers to mitigate soft errors. However, the optimal spacing between memoryelements in a TMR in 65nm process hasn't been addressed so far. RD53SEU is a mini ASICdevelopment under the framework of the CERN RD53 collaboration to characterize the soft errorrates against the separation spacing and clock skew between memory elements in a TMR. Thisarticle describes the architecture and design aspects of the various test structures on the RD53SEUtest chip.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2019

Status of ProtoDUNE Dual Phase

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a dual-site experiment for long baseline neutrino oscillation studies, and for neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. DUNE will comprise four 10 kton fiducial liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LAr TPC) modules placed at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (South Dakota, USA). One of these modules will profit form the dual phase (DP) technology where the charge is extracted, amplified, and detected in gaseous argon above the liquid surface allowing a fine readout pitch, a low energy threshold, and good pattern reconstruction of the events. To gain experience in building and operating such a large-scale DP LAr detector, a prototype is currently being assembled at the CERN Neutrino Platform. The ProtoDUNE-DP detector consists of a 6x6x6 m3 LAr TPC and commissioning started in Summer 2019.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2019

Status of the DUNE Experiment

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) aims to make precise measurements of long-baseline neutrino oscillations over a 1300 km baseline. The DUNE Far Detectors will be 10 kton Liquid Argon TPCs which require a dedicated prototyping effort (ProtoDUNE), currently ongoing at CERN. With gigantic Far Detectors, deep underground, DUNE will be able to detect neutrinos from a Galactic core-collapse supernova, should one occur, and search for nucleon decay and other physics beyond the Standard Model.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2020

Measuring the muon precession frequency in the E989 Fermilab g-2 experiment

Since more than 50 years the electron and muon anomalies, $a_e$ and $a_\mu$, defined in terms of the gyromagnetic factor $g_i$ for particle $i$ as $a_i=(g_i-2)/2$, have provided a deep insight into the quantum structure of elementary particles.They have been, and continue to be, a milestone for the development of the Standard Model of Particle Physics against which all new theories have to be compared.For almost 20 years, the experimental value of $a_\mu$ has shown a tantalizing discrepancy of more than $3 \sigma$ from the theoretical prediction making it mandatory for experimentalists to improve the current result, dominated by the E821 experiment at BNL\cite{BNL}. The Muon $g-2$ E989 experiment at Fermilab will use the same storage ring technique used at BNL, and previously in the CERN-III experiment, with the goal of decreasing by a factor of 4 the current error on $a_\mu$, which will allow for a finer comparison with the theoretical prediction. E989 started collecting data in winter 2018 accumulating, in the period April-July 2018 (Run1) almost twice the statistics of the previous experiment (before application of data quality cuts). In this document, the experiment will be briefly described, underlying the improvements which will allow to reduce the systematic error, and some preliminary result will be shown.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Status and Plan of DUNE at Fermilab

The discovery and the solid confirmation of neutrino flavor oscillation have been made throughout late 1990 to 2000s. Such oscillation is the clear proof of non-zero neutrino mass since this is caused by the fact that the neutrino mass eigenstates differ from that of the flavor. The neutrinos in the Standard Model, however, are massless leptons, and thus the neutrino flavor oscillation necessitates either the Standard Model to be significantly modified or a new theoretical paradigm to describe the universe better. In order to provide experimental information, it is essential for the properties of the neutrino oscillation be well understood through precision measurements of oscillation parameters, including the mixing angles, determination of the mass hierarchy between the three mass eigenstates and determination of the CP phase (Delta_CP) between neutrino and anti-neutrino oscillations. Among the several next generation neutrino experiments, this presentation covers the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) which, with the high intensity neutrino beam facility, will help accomplish these goals. In this report, I will discuss the current status and plan of the DUNE experiment, including the results of the detector performance studies from the large scale prototype detectors operating at CERN and the timeline for construction and data taking of the experiment, as well as its physics prospects.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2020

Hadron-argon cross-section measurements in ProtoDUNE-SP

The single-phase liquid argon ProtoDUNE detector (ProtoDUNE-SP) is located at CERN’s neutrino platform facility and serves as a prototype to validate the technology for the 10-kton fiducial mass liquid argon detectors for the DUNE experiment. ProtoDUNE-SP was exposed to a variety of test-beam particles (electrons, muons, pions, kaons, and protons) towards the end of 2018 collecting data in a broad range of momenta, from 0.3 - 7 GeV/c. The results will improve the understanding of final-state interactions in neutrino-argon cross-sections. The progress of the analyses towards the cross-section measurements on argon from the test-beam data collected at protoDUNE-SP will be presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2020

Movable Thermometer System in ProtoDUNE

The movable temperature profiler is a 7 m vertical array of 24 sensors that measures cryogenic temperatures with a precision of a few mK. This precision is necessary to monitor the efficiency of re-circulation and purification of liquid-argon inside large liquid-argon based neutrino detectors. Liquid argon temperature impacts electron (signal) drift velocity, flow, purity distribution and thus the overall energy calibration. The temperature profiler is motorized and moves vertically, while in the detector, and cross-calibrates neighboring sensors. The temperature offsets between each sensor cancel the effects of electromagnetic noise. This poster reports on the temperature measurements and such in-situ cross-calibrations at ProtoDUNE (single phase) at CERN.}

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2021

Comparison of differential elastic cross sections in $pp$ and $p\bar{p}$ collisions as evidence of the existence of the colourless $C$-odd three-gluon state

We analyze the differences between the $pp$ and $p\bar{p}$ differential elastic cross section measurements by theD0 and TOTEM Collaborations at the Tevatron, Fermilab, and the LHC, CERN that lead to a significance larger than 3$\sigma$ of the existence of thecolourless $C$-odd three-gluon state, the odderon.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Construction, installation and operation of ProtoDUNE-SP

The single-phase liquid argon TPC at CERN (ProtoDUNE-SP) is an engineering prototype for the first module of the DUNE far detector. This prototype, which has dimensions of a cube of about 10 m edge, provides full validation of the use of the membrane tank technology for large dimension cryostats. Furthermore, the very high performance of the protoDUNE-SP TPC with more than 500 days of continuous and stable operation, demonstrated the reliability of the LAr detection technology at a scale never tested before. In this talk we will review the main characteristics and milestones of the construction and installation of protoDUNE-SP which provide a series of benchmarks for DUNE. The performance for several different detector working points will also be discussed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2021

Energy calibration of the ProtoDUNE-SP TPC

The single-phase liquid argon prototype at CERN (ProtoDUNE-SP) acts as a validation of the design for the DUNE single-phase far detector. With a total mass of 770 tons, it is the largest monolithic liquid argon single-phase time projection chamber in the world. ProtoDUNE-SP collected test-beam in autumn of 2018 and has been collecting cosmic and special calibration data since the end of 2018. To analyze data from the test-beam, a calibration plan using cosmic muons passing through the detector was developed. An outline of this plan and its impact on the calorimetric measurements of the detector will be discussed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2020

Calibrating the DUNE LArTPC detectors for precision physics

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international collaboration focused on studying neutrino oscillation over a long baseline (1300 km). DUNE will make use of a near detector and $\mathcal{O}$(GeV) neutrino beam originating at Fermilab in Batavia, IL, and a far detector operating 1.5 km underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. The near and far detectors will use the LArTPC (Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber) technology to image neutrino interactions. In order to make precise physics measurements at DUNE, such as the amount of CP violation in the neutrino sector, it is essential to be able to accurately reconstruct particle energies and other kinematic quantities; this in turn necessitates an extensive calibration program for DUNE s LArTPC detectors. In this presentation, we describe the requirements for calibrating the DUNE detectors, emphasizing the challenges of massive multi-kiloton LArTPC detectors which are to operate for multiple years deep underground. A preliminary DUNE detector calibration program, including use of both dedicated calibration hardware and cosmogenic/beam-induced calibration sources, is presented. First results on detector calibration at the ProtoDUNE-SP prototype detector located at CERN, and associated impact on calibrations at the DUNE far detector, are also emphasized.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2022

Application of Quantum Machine Learning to High Energy Physics Analysis at LHC Using Quantum Computer Simulators and Quantum Computer Hardware

Machine learning enjoys widespread success in High Energy Physics (HEP) analyses at LHC. However the ambitious HL-LHC program will require much more computing resources in the next two decades. Quantum computing may offer speed-up for HEP physics analyses at HL-LHC, and can be a new computational paradigm for big data analyses in High Energy Physics.We have successfully employed three methods (1) Variational Quantum Classifier (VQC) method, (2) Quantum Support Vector Machine Kernel (QSVM-kernel) method and (3) Quantum Neural Network (QNN) method for two LHC flagship analyses: ttH (Higgs production in association with two top quarks) and H->mumu (Higgs decay to two muons, the second generation fermions). We shall address the progressive improvements in performance from method (1) to method (3).We will present our experiences and results of a study on LHC High Energy Physics data analyses with IBM Quantum Simulator and Quantum Hardware (using IBM Qiskit framework), Google Quantum Simulator (using Google Cirq framework), and Amazon Quantum Simulator (using Amazon Braket cloud service). The work is in the context of a Qubit platform (a gate-model quantum computer). Taking into account the present limitation of hardware access, different quantum machine learning methods are studied on simulators and the results are compared with classical machine learning methods (BDT, classical Support Vector Machine and classical Neural Network). Furthermore, we do apply quantum machine learning on IBM quantum hardware to compare performance between quantum simulator and quantum hardware. The work is performed by an international and interdisciplinary collaboration with the Department of Physics and Department of Computer Sciences of University of Wisconsin, CERN Quantum Technology Initiative, IBM Research Zurich, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Fermilab Quantum Institute, BNL Computational Science Initiative, State University of New York at Stony Brook, and Quantum Computing and AI Research of Amazon Web Services. This work pioneers a close collaboration of academic institutions with industrial corporations in the High Energy Physics analyses effort. Though the size of event samples in future HL-LHC physics and the limited number of qubits pose some challenges to the Quantum Machine learning studies for High Energy Physics, more advanced quantum computers with larger number of qubits, reduced noise and improved running time (as envisioned by IBM and Google) may outperform classical machine learning in both classification power and in speed.Although the era of efficient quantum computing may still be years away, we have made promising progress and obtained preliminary results in applying quantum machine learning to High Energy Physics. A PROOF OF PRINCIPLE.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗