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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Geologic Assessment of the Damage Zone from the Second Test at Source Physics Experiment-Nevada (SPE-N)

The National Center for Nuclear Security (NCNS), established by the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, is conducting a series of explosive tests at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS; formerly the Nevada Test Site) that are designed to increase the understanding of certain basic physical phenomena associated with underground explosions. These tests will aid in developing technologies that might be used to detect underground nuclear explosions in support of verification activities for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The initial NCNS project is a series of explosive tests, known collectively as the Source Physics Experiment at the NNSS (SPE-N), being conducted in granitic rocks at the Climax stock in northern Yucca Flat. The SPE-N test series is designed to study the generation and propagation of seismic waves. The data will be used to improve the predictive capability of calculational models for detecting and characterizing underground explosions. The first SPE-N test (SPE-N-1) was a “calibration” shot conducted in May 2011, using 100 kilograms (kg) of explosives at the depth of 54.9 meters (m) (180 feet [ft]) in the U-15n source hole. SPE-N-2 was conducted in October 2011, using 1,000 kg of explosives at the depth of 45.7 m (150 ft) in the same source hole. Following the SPE-N-2 test, the core hole U-15n#10 was drilled at an angle from the surface to intercept the SPE-N-2 shot point location to obtain information necessary to characterize the damage zone. The desire was to determine the position of the damage zone near the shot point, at least on the northeast side, where the core hole penetrated it. The three-dimensional shape and symmetry of the damage zone are unknown at this time. Rather than spherical in shape, the dimensions of the damage zone could be influenced by the natural fracture sets in the vicinity. Geologic characterization of the borehole included geophysical logging, a directional survey, and geologic description of the core to document visual evidence of damage. Selected core samples were provided to Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) for laboratory tests (to be reported by SNL). A significant natural fault zone was encountered in the U-15n#10 angle core hole between the drilled depths of 149 and 155 ft (straight-line distance or range station [RS] from the shot point of 7.5 to 5.7 m). However, several of the fractures observed in the U-15n#10 hole are interpreted as having been caused by the explosion. These fractures are characterized by a “fresh,” mechanically broken look, with uncoated and very irregular surfaces. They tend to terminate against natural fractures and have orientations that differ from the previously defined natural fracture sets. The most distant fracture from the shot point that could be interpreted as having been caused by the explosion was seen at approximately RS 10.0 m. No other possibly explosion-induced fractures are apparent above the fault, but are common starting at RS 5.4 m, which is below the fault. It is unknown how the fault zone might have affected the propagation of seismic waves or how the materials in the fault zone (altered granite, breccia, gouge) were affected by the explosion. From RS 3.3 m to the end of the recovered core at RS 1.6 m, some of the core samples are softer and lighter in color, but do not appear to be weathered. It is thought this could be indicative of the presence of distributed microfracturing.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2012

Detection of Chemical Precursors of Explosives

Certain selected chemicals associated with terrorist activities are too unstable to be prepared in final form. These chemicals are often prepared as precursor components, to be combined at a time immediately preceding the detonation. One example is a liquid explosive, which usually requires an oxidizer, an energy source, and a chemical or physical mechanism to combine the other components. Detection of the oxidizer (e.g. H2O2) or the energy source (e.g., nitromethane) is often possible, but must be performed in a short time interval (e.g., 5 15 seconds) and in an environment with a very small concentration (e.g.,1 100 ppm), because the target chemical(s) is carried in a sealed container. These needs are met by this invention, which provides a system and associated method for detecting one or more chemical precursors (components) of a multi-component explosive compound. Different carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are loaded (by doping, impregnation, coating, or other functionalization process) for detecting of different chemical substances that are the chemical precursors, respectively, if these precursors are present in a gas to which the CNTs are exposed. After exposure to the gas, a measured electrical parameter (e.g. voltage or current that correlate to impedance, conductivity, capacitance, inductance, etc.) changes with time and concentration in a predictable manner if a selected chemical precursor is present, and will approach an asymptotic value promptly after exposure to the precursor. The measured voltage or current are compared with one or more sequences of their reference values for one or more known target precursor molecules, and a most probable concentration value is estimated for each one, two, or more target molecules. An error value is computed, based on differences of voltage or current for the measured and reference values, using the most probable concentration values. Where the error value is less than a threshold, the system concludes that the target molecule is likely. Presence of one, two, or more target molecules in the gas can be sensed from a single set of measurements.

Li, Jing↗
DOE OSTI2014

Fission signal detection using helium-4 gas fast neutron scintillation detectors

We demonstrate the unambiguous detection of the fission neutron signal produced in natural uranium during active neutron interrogation using a deuterium-deuterium fusion neutron generator and a high pressure {sup 4}He gas fast neutron scintillation detector. The energy deposition by individual neutrons is quantified, and energy discrimination is used to differentiate the induced fission neutrons from the mono-energetic interrogation neutrons. The detector can discriminate between different incident neutron energies using pulse height discrimination of the slow scintillation component of the elastic scattering interaction between a neutron and the {sup 4}He atom. Energy histograms resulting from this data show the buildup of a detected fission neutron signal at higher energies. The detector is shown here to detect a unique fission neutron signal from a natural uranium sample during active interrogation with a (d, d) neutron generator. This signal path has a direct application to the detection of shielded nuclear material in cargo and air containers. It allows for continuous interrogation and detection while greatly minimizing the potential for false alarms.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

DETECTION OF A HYDROGEN CORONA IN HST Ly α IMAGES OF EUROPA IN TRANSIT OF JUPITER

We report far-ultraviolet observations of Europa in transit of Jupiter obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope on six occasions between 2014 December and 2015 March. Absorption of Jupiter’s bright hydrogen Ly α dayglow is detected in a region several moon radii above the limb in all observations. The observed extended absorption provides the first detection of an atomic hydrogen corona around Europa. Molecular constituents in Europa’s global sputtered atmosphere are shown to be optically thin to Ly α . The observations are consistent with a radially escaping H corona with maximum densities at the surface in the range of (1.5–2.2) × 10{sup 3} cm{sup −3}, confirming the abundances predicted by Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, we search for anomalies around the limb of Europa from absorption by localized high H{sub 2}O abundances from active plumes. No significant local absorption features are detected. We find that an H{sub 2}O plume with line-of-sight column density in the order of 10{sup 16} cm{sup −2}, as inferred by Roth et al. would not be detectable based on the statistical fluctuations of the transit measurements, and hence is not excluded or further constrained. The presence of plumes with line-of-sight column densities of >2 × 10{sup 17} cm{sup −2} can be excluded at a 3- σ level during five of our six observations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

QUASI-QUIESCENT RADIO EMISSION FROM THE FIRST RADIO-EMITTING T DWARF

Radio detections of ultracool dwarfs provide insight into their magnetic fields and the dynamos that maintain them, especially at the very bottom of the main sequence, where other activity indicators dramatically weaken. Until recently, radio emission was only detected in the M and L dwarf regimes, but this has changed with the Arecibo detection of rapid polarized flares from the T6.5 dwarf 2MASS J10475385+2124234. Here, we report the detection of quasi-quiescent radio emission from this source at 5.8 GHz using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. The spectral luminosity is L{sub {nu}} = (2.2 {+-} 0.7) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 12} erg s{sup -1} Hz{sup -1}, a factor of {approx}100 times fainter than the Arecibo flares. Our detection is the lowest luminosity yet achieved for an ultracool dwarf. Although the emission is fully consistent with being steady, unpolarized, and broad band, we find tantalizing hints for variability. We exclude the presence of short-duration flares as seen by Arecibo, although this is not unexpected given estimates of the duty cycle. Follow-up observations of this object will offer the potential to constrain its rotation period, electron density, and the strength and configuration of the magnetic field. Equally important, follow-up observations will address the question of whether the electron cyclotron maser instability, which is thought to produce the flares seen by Arecibo, also operates in the very different parameter regime of the emission we detect, or whether instead this ultracool dwarf exhibits both maser and gyrosynchrotron radiation, potentially originating from substantially different locations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Potential applications of microbial genomics in nuclear non-proliferation

As nuclear technology evolves in response to increased demand for diversification and decarbonization of the energy sector, new and innovative approaches are needed to effectively identify and deter the proliferation of nuclear arms, while ensuring safe development of global nuclear energy resources. Preventing the use of nuclear material and technology for unsanctioned development of nuclear weapons has been a long-standing challenge for the International Atomic Energy Agency and signatories of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Environmental swipe sampling has proven to be an effective technique for characterizing clandestine proliferation activities within and around known locations of nuclear facilities and sites. However, limited tools and techniques exist for detecting nuclear proliferation in unknown locations beyond the boundaries of declared nuclear fuel cycle facilities, representing a critical gap in non-proliferation safeguards. Microbiomes, defined as “characteristic communities of microorganisms” found in specific habitats with distinct physical and chemical properties, can provide valuable information about the conditions and activities occurring in the surrounding environment. Microorganisms are known to inhabit radionuclide-contaminated sites, spent nuclear fuel storage pools, and cooling systems of water-cooled nuclear reactors, where they can cause radionuclide migration and corrosion of critical structures. Microbial transformation of radionuclides is a well-established process that has been documented in numerous field and laboratory studies. These studies helped to identify key bacterial taxa and microbially-mediated processes that directly and indirectly control the transformation, mobility, and fate of radionuclides in the environment. Expanding on this work, other studies have used microbial genomics integrated with machine learning models to successfully monitor and predict the occurrence of heavy metals, radionuclides, and other process wastes in the environment, indicating the potential role of nuclear activities in shaping microbial community structure and function. Results of this previous body of work suggest fundamental geochemical-microbial interactions occurring at nuclear fuel cycle facilities could give rise to microbiomes that are characteristic of nuclear activities. These microbiomes could provide valuable information for monitoring nuclear fuel cycle facilities, planning environmental sampling campaigns, and developing biosensor technology for the detection of undisclosed fuel cycle activities and proliferation concerns.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1999

The Soft X-Ray Variability and Spectrum of 1H0419-577 from a Long EUVE Observation

The active galaxy associated with the hard X-ray source 1H0419-577 was observed with EUVE (Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer Satellite) for about 25 days to obtain a long, contiguous light curve and an EUV spectrum. An EUV source was detected which was about as bright as the AGN (Active Galactic Nuclei) and was later identified as an AM Her type system. The AGN showed variations as large as a factor of two over 5-10 day time scales and occasionally varied by 20-30% in less than 0.5day. The spectrum is dominated by a continuum that is poorly fit by a simple power law. There are possible emission lines without positive identifications but the lines are likely to be spurious.

Marshall, H. L.↗
DOE OSTI2013

HIERARCHICAL FRAGMENTATION OF THE ORION MOLECULAR FILAMENTS

We present a high angular resolution map of the 850 {mu}m continuum emission of the Orion Molecular Cloud-3 (OMC 3) obtained with the Submillimeter Array (SMA); the map is a mosaic of 85 pointings covering an approximate area of 6.'5 Multiplication-Sign 2.'0 (0.88 Multiplication-Sign 0.27 pc). We detect 12 spatially resolved continuum sources, each with an H{sub 2} mass between 0.3-5.7 M {sub Sun} and a projected source size between 1400-8200 AU. All the detected sources are on the filamentary main ridge (n{sub H{sub 2}}{>=}10{sup 6} cm{sup -3}), and analysis based on the Jeans theorem suggests that they are most likely gravitationally unstable. Comparison of multi-wavelength data sets indicates that of the continuum sources, 6/12 (50%) are associated with molecular outflows, 8/12 (67%) are associated with infrared sources, and 3/12 (25%) are associated with ionized jets. The evolutionary status of these sources ranges from prestellar cores to protostar phase, confirming that OMC-3 is an active region with ongoing embedded star formation. We detect quasi-periodical separations between the OMC-3 sources of Almost-Equal-To 17''/0.035 pc. This spatial distribution is part of a large hierarchical structure that also includes fragmentation scales of giant molecular cloud ( Almost-Equal-To 35 pc), large-scale clumps ( Almost-Equal-To 1.3 pc), and small-scale clumps ( Almost-Equal-To 0.3 pc), suggesting that hierarchical fragmentation operates within the Orion A molecular cloud. The fragmentation spacings are roughly consistent with the thermal fragmentation length in large-scale clumps, while for small-scale cores it is smaller than the local fragmentation length. These smaller spacings observed with the SMA can be explained by either a helical magnetic field, cloud rotation, or/and global filament collapse. Finally, possible evidence for sequential fragmentation is suggested in the northern part of the OMC-3 filament.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Nuclear Fuel Cycle & Vulnerabilities [Slides]

The objective of safeguards is the timely detection of diversion of significant quantities of nuclear material from peaceful nuclear activities to the manufacture of nuclear weapons or of other nuclear explosive devices or for purposes unknown, and deterrence of such diversion by the risk of early detection. The safeguards system should be designed to provide credible assurances that there has been no diversion of declared nuclear material and no undeclared nuclear material and activities.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
NASA NTRS1991

Design and testing of an active quenching circuit for an avalanche photodiode photon detector

The photon-detection capabilities of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) operating above their theoretical breakdown voltages are described, with particular attention given to the needs and methods of quenching an avalanche once breakdown has occurred. A brief background on the motives of and previous work with this mode of operation is presented. Finally, a description of the design and testing of an active quenching circuit is given. Although the active quenching circuit did not perform as expected, knowledge was gained as to the signal amplitudes necessary for quenching and the need for a better model for the above-breakdown circuit characteristics of the Geiger-mode APD.

Arbel, D.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Electrochemical Life Detection Methods for Ocean World Exploration

Ubiquitous across terrestrial life is cellular machinery that allows chemical energy flow by facilitating and regulating electron-transfer and chemical modification pathways. Key classes of energy transport molecules enable this movement of electrons for a variety of biological purposes. Additionally, biological enzymes function to add or remove functional groups such asphosphate moieties to redox biomolecules. Presumably, extraterrestrial life is likely to rely on similar energy transport mechanisms. With the search for life in our solar system focused on the icy satellites of Jupiter and Saturn, Europa and Enceladus, developing instrumentation capable of measuring electrochemical redox signatures representative of biomolecules or enzymatic activity in seawater appears a promising and novel means of life detection. Here, we report our adaptation of the Mars Phoenix Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL) electroanalytical voltammetry capabilities to assay life-critical redox molecules in synthetic seawater representative of a saline alkaline solution similar to what has been predicted from the Cassini mission data of Enceladus’ sub-surface ocean. In addition, we employ a well-established electrochemical assay that indicates phosphatase activity by comparing substrate and product redox signatures. Our study demonstrated a 10 nM limit of detection for biological redox molecules and a 3 aM limit of detection for alkaline phosphatase in seawater. Incorporation of these methods into next generation WCL payloads aimed at ocean world life detection will enable the search for biological redox-active species and enzymatic activity as indicators of life.

planetary instruments↗
DOE OSTI2019

Ultrasensitive multi-species detection of CRISPR-Cas9 by a portable centrifugal microfluidic platform

The discovery of the RNA-guided DNA nuclease CRISPR-Cas9 has enabled the targeted editing of genomes from diverse organisms, but the permanent and inheritable nature of genome modification also poses immense risks. The potential for accidental exposure, malicious use, or undesirable persistence of Cas9 therapeutics and off-target genome effects highlight the need for detection assays. Here we report a centrifugal microfluidic platform for the measurement of both Cas9 protein levels and nuclease activity. Because Cas9 from many bacterial species have been adapted for biotechnology applications, we developed the capability to detect Cas9 from the widely-used S. pyogenes, as well as S. aureus, N. meningitidis, and S. thermophilus using commercially-available antibodies. Further, we show that the phage-derived anti-CRISPR protein AcrIIC1, which binds to Cas9 from several species, can be used as a capture reagent to broaden the species range of detection. Finally, as genome modification generally requires Cas9 nuclease activity, a fluorescence-based sedimentation nuclease assay was also incorporated to allow the sensitive and simultaneous measurement of both Cas9 protein and activity in a single biological sample.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

High repetition rate laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using acousto-optically gated detection

This contribution introduces a new type of setup for fast sample analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The novel design combines a high repetition rate laser (up to 50 kHz) as excitation source and an acousto-optical modulator (AOM) as a fast switch for temporally gating the detection of the emitted light. The plasma radiation is led through the active medium of the AOM where it is diffracted on the transient ultrasonic Bragg grid. The diffracted radiation is detected by a compact Czerny-Turner spectrometer equipped with a CCD line detector. Utilizing the new combination of high repetition rate lasers and AOM gated detection, rapid measurements with total integration times of only 10 ms resulted in a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 wt.% for magnesium in aluminum alloys. This short integration time corresponds to 100 analyses/s. Temporal gating of LIP radiation results in improved LODs and consecutively higher sensitivity of the LIBS setup. Therefore, an AOM could be beneficially utilized to temporally detect plasmas induced by high repetition rate lasers. The AOM in combination with miniaturized Czerny-Turner spectrometers equipped with CCD line detectors and small footprint diode pumped solid state lasers results in temporally gateable compact LIBS setups.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

JVLA Observations of Young Brown Dwarfs

We present sensitive 3.0 cm JVLA radio continuum observations of six regions of low-mass star formation that include twelve young brown dwarfs (BDs) and four young BD candidates. We detect a total of 49 compact radio sources in the fields observed, of which 24 have no reported counterparts and are considered new detections. Twelve of the radio sources show variability in timescales of weeks to months, suggesting gyrosynchrotron emission produced in active magnetospheres. Only one of the target BDs, FU Tau A, was detected. However, we detected radio emission associated with two of the BD candidates, WL 20S and CHLT 2. The radio flux densities of the sources associated with these BD candidates are more than an order of magnitude larger than expected for a BD and suggest a revision of their classification. In contrast, FU Tau A falls on the well-known correlation between radio luminosity and bolometric luminosity, suggesting that the emission comes from a thermal jet and that this BD seems to be forming as a scaled-down version of low-mass stars.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Note: Real time optical sensing of alpha-radiation emitting radioactive aerosols based on solid state nuclear track detector

A sensitive radioactive aerosols sensor has been designed and developed. Its design guidance is based on the need for a low operational cost and reliable measurements to provide daily aerosol monitoring. The exposure of diethylene-glycol bis (allylcarbonate) to radiation causes modification of its physico-chemical properties like surface roughness and reflectance. In the present study, optical sensor based on the reflectance measurement has been developed with an aim to monitor real time presence of alpha radioactive aerosols emitted from thorium nitrate hydrate. The results shows that the fabricated sensor can detect 0.0157 kBq to 0.1572 kBq of radio activity by radioactive aerosols generated from (Th(NO{sub 3}){sub 4} ⋅ 5H{sub 2}O) at 0.1 ml/min flow rate. The proposed instrument will be helpful to monitor radioactive aerosols in/around a nuclear facility, building construction sites, mines, and granite polishing factories.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Crystal structures of monometallic dihydropyrimidinase and the human dihydroorotase domain K1556A mutant reveal no lysine carbamylation within the active site

Highlights: • The crystal structure of mono-Zn PaDHPase revealed that Lys150 was no longer carbamylated. • mono-Zn PaDHPase in both crystalline state and solution was not carbamylated. • Crystal structure of the human DHOase domain K1556A mutant was determined. • Post-translational carbamylated Lys was not required for Znα binding in PaDHPase and in huDHOase. Dihydropyrimidinase (DHPase) is a member of the cyclic amidohydrolase family, which also includes allantoinase, dihydroorotase (DHOase), hydantoinase, and imidase. Almost all of these zinc metalloenzymes possess a binuclear metal center in which two metal ions are bridged by a post-translational carbamylated Lys. Crystal structure of Tetraodon nigroviridis DHPase reveals that one zinc ion is sufficient to stabilize Lys carbamylation. In this study, we found that one metal coordination was not sufficient to fix CO{sub 2} to the Lys in bacterial DHPase. We prepared and characterized mono-Zn DHPase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaDHPase), and the catalytic activity of mono-Zn PaDHPase was not detected. The crystal structure of mono-Zn PaDHPase determined at 2.23 Å resolution (PDB entry 6AJD) revealed that Lys150 was no longer carbamylated. This finding indicated the decarbamylation of the Lys during the metal chelating process. To confirm the state of Lys carbamylation in mono-Zn PaDHPase in solution, mass spectrometric (MS) analysis was carried out. The MS result was in agreement with the theoretical value for uncarbamylated PaDHPase. Crystal structure of the human DHOase domain (huDHOase) K1556A mutant was also determined (PDB entry 5YNZ), and the structure revealed that the active site of huDHOase K1556A mutant contained one metal ion. Like mono-Zn PaDHPase, oxygen ligands of the carbamylated Lys were not required for Znα binding. Considering the collective data from X-ray crystal structure and MS analysis, mono-Zn PaDHPase in both crystalline state and solution was not carbamylated. In addition, structural evidences indicated that post-translational carbamylated Lys was not required for Znα binding in PaDHPase and in huDHOase.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Alteration of natural 37 Ar activity concentration in the subsurface by gas transport and water infiltration

High 37 Ar activity concentration in soil gas is proposed as a key evidence for the detection of underground nuclear explosion by the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty. However, such a detection is challenged by the natural background of 37 Ar in the subsurface, mainly due to Ca activation by cosmic rays. A better understanding and improved capability to predict 37 Ar activity concentration in the subsurface and its spatial and temporal variability is thus required. A numerical model integrating 37 Ar production and transport in the subsurface is developed, including variable soil water content and water infiltration at the surface. A parameterized equation for 37 Ar production in the first 15 m below the surface is studied, taking into account the major production reactions and the moderation effect of soil water content. Using sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification, a realistic and comprehensive probability distribution of natural 37 Ar activity concentrations in soil gas is proposed, including the effects of water infiltration. Site location and soil composition are identified as the parameters allowing for a most effective reduction of the possible range of 37 Ar activity concentrations. The influence of soil water content on 37Ar production is shown to be negligible to first order, while 37 Ar activity concentration in soil gas and its temporal variability appear to be strongly influenced by transient water infiltration events. Overall, these results will be used as a basis for practical CTBTO concepts of operation during an OSI.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
NASA NTRS1988

The stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in human platelets by hydrodynamic stresses

The effects of stimulating human platelets by thrombin and by hydrodynamic stresses on the platelets' arachidonic acid metabolism were investigated using (1-C-14)-arachidonic acid label and a specially designed viscometer that ensured laminar shear flow with a nearly uniform shear rate throughout the flow region. It was found that platelets activated by thrombin formed principally thromboxane A2, 12-hydroxy 5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid and 12-hydroxy 5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). On the other hand, platelets activated by shear, formed only 12-HETE (although arachidonic acid metabolism was stimulated); no cyclooxygenase metabolites were detected. Results indicate that platelets may greatly increase their 12-HETE production when activated by passage through a high-stress region of the circulation, such as an atherosclerotic stenosis.

Rajagopalan, Sridhar↗