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At least 1,729 records · Page 96
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DOE OSTI2014

Research Update: Magnetic phase diagram of EuTi 1-x B x O 3 (B = Zr, Nb)

Herein, we report the magnetic phase diagram of EuTi 1-x B x O 3 (B = Zr, Nb), determined from magnetization and heat capacity measurements. Upon Zr-doping, the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature TN of EuTi 1-x Zr x O 3 gradually decreases from 5.6 K (x = 0) to 4.1 K (x = 1). Whereas a similar decrease in TN is observed for small amounts of Nb doping (x ≤ 0.05), ferromagnetism is induced in EuTi 1-x Nb x O 3 with x > 0.05. Lastly, the ferromagnetic interaction between localized Eu 4f spins mediated by itinerant electrons introduced by Nb doping results in the ferromagnetism in EuTi 1-x Nb x O 3 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Vortex jump behavior in coupled nanomagnetic heterostructures

The spin configuration and magnetic behavior in patterned nanostructures can be controlled by manipulating the interplay between the competing energy terms. This in turn requires fundamental knowledge of the magnetic interactions at the local nanometer scale. Here in this article, we report on the spin structure and magnetization behavior of patterned discs containing exchange coupled ferromagnetic layers with additional exchange bias to an antiferromagnetic layer. The magnetization reversal was explored by direct local visualization of the domain behavior using in-situ Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, from which quantitative magnetic induction maps were reconstructed. The roles of the main competing energy terms were elucidated and the reversal mechanism was identified as a coupled phenomenon of incoherent rotation in the exchange-biased layer and localized vortex nucleation and discontinuous propagation in the free layer, including an anomalous jump in the trajectory. The observations were supported by micromagnetic simulations and modeled phase shift simulations. In conclusion, the work presented here provides fundamental insights into opportunities for macroscopic control of the energy landscape of magnetic heterostructures for functional applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Ferro- and antiferro-magnetism in (Np, Pu)BC

Two new transuranium metal boron carbides, NpBC and PuBC, have been synthesized. Rietveld refinements of powder XRD patterns of (Np,Pu)BC confirmed in both cases isotypism with the structure type of UBC. Temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility data reveal antiferromagnetic ordering for PuBC below T{sub N} = 44 K, whereas ferromagnetic ordering was found for NpBC below T{sub C} = 61 K. Heat capacity measurements prove the bulk character of the observed magnetic transition for both compounds. The total energy electronic band structure calculations support formation of the ferromagnetic ground state for NpBC and the antiferromagnetic ground state for PuBC.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Magnetism and electronic structures of novel layered CaFeAs{sub 2} and Ca{sub 0.75}(Pr/La){sub 0.25}FeAs{sub 2}

The magnetic and electronic properties of the parent material CaFeAs{sub 2} of new superconductors are investigated using first-principles calculations. We predict that the ground state of CaFeAs{sub 2} is a spin-density-wave (SDW)-type striped antiferromagnet driven by Fermi surface nesting. The magnetic moment around each Fe atom is about 2.1 μ{sub B}. We also present electronic and magnetic structures of electron-doped phase Ca{sub 0.75}(Pr/La){sub 0.25}FeAs{sub 2}, the SDW order was suppressed by La/Pr substitution. The As in arsenic layers is negative monovalent and acts as blocking layers enhancing two-dimensional character by increasing the spacing distance between the FeAs layers. This favors strong antiferromagnetic fluctuations mediated pairing, implying higher T{sub c} in Ca{sub 0.75}(Pr/La){sub 0.25}FeAs{sub 2} than Ca{sub 0.75}(Pr/La){sub 0.25}Fe{sub 2}As{sub 2}.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Multiferroic tunnel junctions and ferroelectric control of magnetic state at interface (invited)

As semiconductor devices reach ever smaller dimensions, the challenge of power dissipation and quantum effect place a serious limit on the future device scaling. Recently, a multiferroic tunnel junction (MFTJ) with a ferroelectric barrier sandwiched between two ferromagnetic electrodes has drawn enormous interest due to its potential applications not only in multi-level data storage but also in electric field controlled spintronics and nanoferronics. Here, we present our investigations on four-level resistance states, giant tunneling electroresistance (TER) due to interfacial magnetoelectric coupling, and ferroelectric control of spin polarized tunneling in MFTJs. Coexistence of large tunneling magnetoresistance and TER has been observed in manganite/(Ba, Sr)TiO{sub 3}/manganite MFTJs at low temperatures and room temperature four-resistance state devices were also obtained. To enhance the TER for potential logic operation with a magnetic memory, La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3}/BaTiO{sub 3}/La{sub 0.5}Ca{sub 0.5}MnO{sub 3} /La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} MFTJs were designed by utilizing a bilayer tunneling barrier in which BaTiO{sub 3} is ferroelectric and La{sub 0.5}Ca{sub 0.5}MnO{sub 3} is close to ferromagnetic metal to antiferromagnetic insulator phase transition. The phase transition occurs when the ferroelectric polarization is reversed, resulting in an increase of TER by two orders of magnitude. Tunneling magnetoresistance can also be controlled by the ferroelectric polarization reversal, indicating strong magnetoelectric coupling at the interface.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Structural and electronic response of U{sub 3}Fe{sub 4}Ge{sub 4} to high pressure

Structural, magnetic, and electrical properties have been studied on a U{sub 3}Fe{sub 4}Ge{sub 4} single crystal under hydrostatic pressure. The orthorhombic crystal structure is found to be stable up to 30 GPa, the highest applied pressure, but the compressibility is strongly anisotropic. Contrary to typical uranium intermetallics for which the softest lattice direction is along the shortest inter-uranium links, in U{sub 3}Fe{sub 4}Ge{sub 4} the lattice is compressed most in a perpendicular direction for the high pressure range. The elastic properties are modified considerably in the vicinity of 1 GPa when the b axis is transformed from least compressible to most compressible. The bulk modulus is found to be about 150 GPa. The anomalies in the elastic properties are reflected in the electronic properties that consistently indicate a change of the magnetic ground state from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic. Both types of order exhibit a gap in the magnon spectrum; however, it is twice as high for the ferromagnetic state. The magnetoresistance reveals field-induced transitions of different origins in the antiferromagnetic state along the easy and hard magnetization directions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

The magnetic origin of multiferroic Y{sub 2}CoMnO{sub 6}

It has been found experimentally that the ferroelectricity in Y{sub 2}CoMnO{sub 6} is driven by a magnetic ordering of collinear up-up-down-down (↑↑↓↓). Here, the origin of the magnetism and thereby ferroelectricity is studied using first-principles calculations. We first confirm that the experimentally observed ↑↑↓↓ antiferromagnetic structure is the ground state of Y{sub 2}CoMnO{sub 6}. Additionally, both the Co{sup 2+} and Mn{sup 4+} are in the high-spin state. By analyzing the exchange coupling and corresponding pathways, we conclude that the ↑↑↓↓ spin order in Y{sub 2}CoMnO{sub 6} originates from a subtle competition between the ferromagnetic Co-O-Mn super-exchange and antiferromagnetic Co-Mn direct-exchange along c axis.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

The role of interfacial metal silicates on the magnetism in FeCo/SiO{sub 2} and Fe{sub 49%}Co{sub 49%}V{sub 2%}/SiO{sub 2} core/shell nanoparticles

We have investigated the role of spontaneously formed interfacial metal silicates on the magnetism of FeCo/SiO{sub 2} and Fe{sub 49%}Co{sub 49%}V{sub 2%}/SiO{sub 2} core/shell nanoparticles. Element specific x-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopy experiments have identified the characteristic spectral features of metallic iron and cobalt from within the nanoparticle core. In addition, metal silicates of iron, cobalt, and vanadium were found to have formed spontaneously at the interface between the nanoparticle core and silica shell. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism experiments indicated that the elemental magnetism was a result of metallic iron and cobalt with small components from the iron, cobalt, and vanadium silicates. Magnetometry experiments have shown that there was no exchange bias loop shift in the FeCo nanoparticles; however, exchange bias from antiferromagnetic vanadium oxide was measured in the V-doped nanoparticles. These results showed clearly that the interfacial metal silicates played a significant role in the magnetism of these core/shell nanoparticles, and that the vanadium percolated from the FeCo-cores into the SiO{sub 2}-based interfacial shell.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Exchange bias in zinc ferrite-FeNiMoB based metallic glass composite thin films

The Exchange bias phenomenon and methods to manipulate the bias field in a controlled manner are thrust areas in magnetism due to its sophisticated theoretical concepts as well as advanced technological utility in the field of spintronics. The Exchange bias effect is observed as a result of ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic (FM-AFM) exchange interaction, usually observed as a loop shift on field cooling below the Neel temperature of AFM. In the present study, we have chosen zinc ferrite which is a well known antiferromagnet, and FeNiMoB based metallic glass as the ferromagnet. The films were prepared by RF sputtering technique. The thickness and composition was obtained by RBS. The magnetic studies using SQUID VSM indicate exchange bias effect in the system. The effect of thermal annealing on exchange bias effect was studied. The observed exchange bias in the zinc ferrite-FeNiMoB system is not due to FM-AFM coupling but due to spin glass-ferromagnetic interaction.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Magnetoelectric switching of perpendicular exchange bias in Pt/Co/α-Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}/Pt stacked films

We report the realization of magnetoelectric switching of the perpendicular exchange bias in Pt/Co/α-Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}/Pt stacked films. The perpendicular exchange bias was switched isothermally by the simultaneous application of magnetic and electric fields. The threshold electric field required to switch the perpendicular exchange bias was found to be inversely proportional to the magnetic field, which confirmed the magnetoelectric mechanism of the process. The observed temperature dependence of the threshold electric field suggested that the energy barrier of the antiferromagnetic spin reversal was significantly lower than that assuming the coherent rotation. Pulse voltage measurements indicated that the antiferromagnetic domain propagation dominates the switching process. These results suggest an analogy of the electric-field-induced magnetization with a simple ferromagnet.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Anti-damping spin transfer torque through epitaxial nickel oxide

We prepare the high quality epitaxial MgO(001)[100]/Pt(001)[100]/NiO(001)[100]/FeNi/SiO{sub 2} films to investigate the spin transport in the NiO antiferromagnetic insulator. The ferromagnetic resonance measurements of the FeNi under a spin current injection from the Pt by the spin Hall effect revealed the change of the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth depending on the amount of the spin current injection. The results can be interpreted that there is an angular momentum transfer through the NiO. A high efficient angular momentum transfer we observed in the epitaxial NiO can be attributed to the well-defined orientation of the antiferromagnetic moments and the spin quantization axis of the injected spin current.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Temperature-induced sign change of the magnetic interlayer coupling in Ni/Ni{sub 25}Mn{sub 75}/Ni trilayers on Cu{sub 3}Au(001)

We investigated the magnetic interlayer coupling between two ferromagnetic (FM) Ni layers through an antiferromagnetic (AFM) Ni{sub 25}Mn{sub 75} layer and the influence of this coupling on the exchange bias phenomenon. The interlayer coupling energy of an epitaxial trilayer of 14 atomic monolayers (ML) Ni/45 ML Ni{sub 25}Mn{sub 75}/16 ML Ni on Cu{sub 3}Au(001) was extracted from minor-loop magnetization measurements using in-situ magneto-optical Kerr effect. The interlayer coupling changes from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic when the temperature is increased above 300 K. This sign change is interpreted as the result of the competition between an antiparallel Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY)-type interlayer coupling, which dominates at high temperature, and a stronger direct exchange coupling across the AFM layer, which is present only below the Néel temperature of the AFM layer.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Oxygen octahedra distortion induced structural and magnetic phase transitions in Bi{sub 1−x}Ca{sub x}Fe{sub 1−x}Mn{sub x}O{sub 3} ceramics

The co-doping of Ca and Mn in respective Bi and Fe-sites of BiFeO{sub 3} lattice leads to structural transition from rhombohedral (R3c space group) to orthorhombic (Pbnm space group) crystal symmetry. The tilt angle for anti-phase rotation of the oxygen octahedra of BiFeO{sub 3} at room temperature is observed to be ∼13.8°. It decreases with the increase in the co-doping percentage which suggests the composition-driven structural phase transition. The remnant magnetization for sample with 15% of co-doping becomes about 16 times that of BiFeO{sub 3}. It may be attributed to the suppression of cycloid spin structure and uncompensated spins at the surface of nanocrystallites. Further increase in co-doping percentage results in the sharp reduction of remnant magnetization due to the dominant contribution from the collinear antiferromagnetic ordering in the Pbnm space group. The Arrott plot analysis clearly indicates the composition-driven crossover from the antiferromagnetic to weak ferromagnetic ordering and vice versa. Electron spin resonance results provide the evidence for the composition-driven phase transitions from an incommensurate spin cycloidal modulated state to one with nearly homogeneous spin order. The band gap (2.17 eV) of BiFeO{sub 3} measured using UV-Vis spectra was supported by the resonance Raman spectra.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Paramagnetic dysprosium-doped zinc oxide thin films grown by pulsed-laser deposition

Dysprosium(Dy)-doped zinc oxide (Dy:ZnO) thin films were fabricated on c-oriented sapphire substrate by pulsed-laser deposition with doping concentration ranging from 1 to 10 at. %. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman-scattering, optical transmission spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry revealed incorporation of Dy into ZnO host matrix without secondary phase. Solubility limit of Dy in ZnO under our deposition condition was between 5 and 10 at. % according to XRD and Raman-scattering characteristics. Optical transmission spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry also showed increase in both transmittance in ultraviolet regime and band gap of Dy:ZnO with increasing Dy density. Zinc vacancies and zinc interstitials were identified by photoluminescence spectroscopy as the defects accompanied with Dy incorporation. Magnetic investigations with a superconducting quantum interference device showed paramagnetism without long-range order for all Dy:ZnO thin films, and a hint of antiferromagnetic alignment of Dy impurities was observed at highest doping concentration—indicating the overall contribution of zinc vacancies and zinc interstitials to magnetic interaction was either neutral or toward antiferromagnetic. From our investigations, Dy:ZnO thin films could be useful for spin alignment and magneto-optical applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Electronic structure and magnetic properties of zigzag blue phosphorene nanoribbons

We investigated the electronic structure and magnetism of zigzag blue phosphorene nanoribbons (ZBPNRs) using first principles density functional theory calculations by changing the widths of ZBPNRs from 1.5 to 5 nm. In addition, the effect of H and O passivation was explored as well. The ZBPNRs displayed intra-edge antiferromagnetic ground state with a semiconducting band gap of ∼0.35 eV; and this was insensitive to the edge structure relaxation effect. However, the edge magnetism of ZBPNRs disappeared with H-passivation. Moreover, the band gap of H-passivated ZBPNRs was greatly enhanced because the calculated band gap was ∼1.77 eV, and this was almost the same as that of two-dimensional blue phosphorene layer. For O-passivated ZBPNRs, we also found an intra-edge antiferromagnetic state. Besides, both unpassivated and O-passivated ZBPNRs preserved almost the same band gap. We predict that the electronic band structure and magnetic properties can be controlled by means of passivation. Moreover, the edge magnetism can be also modulated by the strain. Nonetheless, the intrinsic physical properties are size independent. This feature can be an advantage for device applications because it may not be necessary to precisely control the width of the nanoribbon.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Spin reversal and ferroelectricity in perovskite Dy{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} and Dy{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.4}MnO{sub 3}

Multiferroic materials which simultaneously exhibit electric polarization and magnetism have attracted more and more attention due to their novel physical properties and promising applications. Here, we report the magnetic and ferroelectric properties of single phase perovskite manganites Dy{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} and Dy{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.4}MnO{sub 3} by varying temperature and magnetic field. Our results reveal that there exist spin reversal and strong antiferromagnetic pinning effects in both compounds, as well as negative magnetization in Dy{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.4}MnO{sub 3}. Moreover, upon Sr-doping, spontaneous electric polarizations have been observed and the maximum polarization value of Dy{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} is about 1000 μC/m{sup 2} while Dy{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.4}MnO{sub 3} reaches to 2000 μC/m{sup 2}. The onset of the ferroelectric transition temperature is enhanced to be around 60 K. Our results indicate that the antiferromagnetic coupling is relevant to the ferroelectric properties of these fascinating multiferroic systems.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Growth and properties of La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3}/YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7−δ}/La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} epitaxial trilayer films

We report the growth and properties of La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3}/YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7−δ}/La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} LSMO/YBCO/LSMO epitaxial trilayer films, fabricated on SrTiO{sub 3} substrate using pulsed laser deposition technique. From x-ray diffraction and high resolution x-ray diffraction measurements, it is confirmed that the grown trilayered films are single phase and epitaxial in nature. Magneto-transport and magnetic properties are found to be dependent on the thickness of YBCO spacer layer. We infer that for fixed thickness of top and bottom LSMO layers, superconductivity is completely suppressed. At 100 K, the hysteresis loops reveal the ferromagnetic signature of trilayered film. At room temperature, we obtain a butterfly type scenario, signifies the co-existence of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interaction. In addition, at room temperature, the YBCO spacer layer allowing the top and bottom LSMO layers to interact antiferromagnetically.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Correlation between charge transfer and exchange coupling in carbon-based magnetic materials

Several forms of carbon-based magnetic materials, i.e. single radicals, radical dimers, and alternating stacks of radicals and diamagnetic molecules, have been investigated using density-functional theory with dispersion correction and full geometry optimization. Our calculated results demonstrate that the C{sub 31}H{sub 15} (R{sub 4}) radical has a spin of ½. However, in its [R{sub 4}]{sub 2} dimer structure, the net spin becomes zero due to antiferromagnetic spin-exchange between radicals. To avoid antiferromagnetic spin-exchange of identical face-to-face radicals, eight alternating stacks, R{sub 4}/D{sub 2m}/R{sub 4} (with m = 3-10), were designed. Our calculated results show that charge transfer (Δn) between R{sub 4} radicals and the diamagnetic molecule D{sub 2m} occurs with a mechanism of spin exchange (J) in stacks. The more electrons that transfer from R{sub 4} to D{sub 2m}, the stronger the ferromagnetic spin-exchange in stacks. In addition, our calculated results show that Δn can be tailored by adjusting the electron affinity (E{sub a}) of D{sub 2m}. The correlation between Δn, E{sub a}, m, and J is discussed. These results give some hints for the design of new ferromagnetic carbon-based materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗