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At least 1,711 records · Page 95
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Reference Fuel Development for Non-Aluminum Spent Nuclear Fuel Management

The Savannah River Site (SRS) L Area Facility provides for the safe receipt, storage, handling, and shipping of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and has received more than 47,000 SNF assemblies since 1964. In order to consolidate receipt and storage analysis, L Area criticality safety has historically used several aluminum-clad “reference fuels” to establish bounding storage, handling, and cask loading limits and then applied a reactivity comparison approach to demonstrate that candidate fuels may be processed under the reference fuel limits. Currently, only aluminum-clad SNF from off-site research reactors are transferred on-site. The Accelerated Basin De-Inventory (ABD) program will begin the removal of bundled Non-Aluminum Spent Nuclear Fuel (NASNF) from the L Area disassembly basin for dissolution and disposition, which has driven the need for a non-aluminum reference fuel. This paper discusses the process and results of creating a new fictional homogenous NASNF highly enriched uranium reference fuel, “MITZ,” to be used in nuclear criticality safety evaluations for upcoming SNF disposition operations. Data demonstrating the relationship between neutron multiplication behavior and fuel spacing is generated for the new reference fuel MITZ as well as existing reference fuels representing several types of SNF assemblies.

Reference Fuel↗
DOE OSTI2022

Developing novel electrodes with ultralow catalyst loading for high-efficiency hydrogen production in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells

Hydrogen plays more crucial roles for decarbonizing the planets and meeting the climate challenges because of its high energy density and zero-emission. It can be produced with proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells (PEMECs) driven by sustainable and renewable energy resources. Although PEMECs have a number of advantages, including high purity production, quick response, and the ability to operate at high pressure facilitating the gas delivering, their performance and cost greatly hinder their commercial-scale applications. To achieve high-efficiency and cost-reduced hydrogen production in PEMECs, we proposed thin engineered liquid/gas diffusion layers (LGDLs) and associated electrodes, i.e., catalyst-coated LGDLs (CCLGDLs), over conventional porous transport layers (PTLs) and catalyst-coated membranes (CCMs). The research approaches in this project are based on material synthesis, in-situ and ex-situ characterizations, component design and treatment, numerical modeling, and cost analysis. The thin and tunable LGDLs (TT-LGDLs) and CCLGDLs were successfully developed with great performance improvement as demonstrated in lab-scale, bench-scale, and system-scale electrolyzer tests. The electrode thickness was reduced from 370 µm to less than 100 µm with simplified fabrication processes. With the catalytically enhanced Ir-based catalyst coating, the as-developed CCLGDLs with a catalyst loading of 0.34 mg Ir /cm 2 achieved a cell performance of 1.77 V at 2 A cm -2 , exhibiting the catalyst mass activity enhanced by >20 times with significant catalyst saving over conventional catalyst cell design. In-situ PEMEC characterizations, including the current distribution mapping and high-speed and multiscale visualizations, were conducted for a deeper understanding of mass transport and electrochemical reactions within an electrolyzer with LGDLs and CCLGDLs. A 2D cell model was developed and validated for the enhanced performance on TT-LGDL through reducing ohmic losses due to nonuniform hydration and water transport. Further, the cost analysis results have shown a path to move beyond equivalency and surpass costs associated with the project baseline. In this project, the design and fabrication of TT-LGDLs and CCLGDLs will contribute to the performance enhancement, manufacturing simplification, and cost reduction for PEMECs and other energy conversion devices, thus shortening their pathways towards commercialization. This project also provides a good foundation for furthering the in-situ reaction interface research.

08 HYDROGEN↗
NASA NTRS2026

Electromagnetic Melt Processing: A Pathway to New Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Functional High-Performance Thermoplastics

In this study, we apply the electromagnetic (EM) melt processing of thermoplastics on an innovative EM field-driven powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (AM) concept for high-performance functional parts: Selective Microwave Melting/Sintering (SMM/SMS). This technique leverages the EM susceptibility of carbon nanotube-coated polymer micro-pellets to achieve rapid, localized heating and powder fusion. Thus, selective microwave melting (SMM) was used to fabricate multilayer specimens made of recycled polyphenylene sulfide (rPPS) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The resulting SMM specimens exhibited very good interlayer integrity, localized fusion at pellet boundaries, and tolerable residual porosity, indicating effective fusion and acceptable consolidation. CNT-rich interphases were retained after irradiation, generating anisotropic electrically active network pathways and enabling conductivity enhancement at low filler content. At only 1.0 wt% CNT, the specimens exhibited electrical conductivity approximately three orders of magnitude higher than neat rPPS. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed improved viscoelastic response relative to neat rPPS, while tensile testing confirmed that the SMM-processed specimens retained practical mechanical integrity despite localized voids. These results demonstrate that SMM can effectively consolidate EM susceptible thermoplastic powder beds while preserving their segregated conductive networks. This may become a scalable route for producing multifunctional thermoplastic parts with low filler loadings, tunable anisotropy, and structured materials and parts. Overall, the findings suggest that EM field-based AM can help overcome key limitations of conventional thermoplastic processing by enabling scalable, energy-efficient fabrication of nanostructured composites and expanding AM to a broader range of resins, including high-performance thermoplastics with customized functional properties.

Powder bed fusion↗
DOE OSTI2020

Rapid recovery of At-211 by extraction chromatography

The near quantitative separation, purification, and recovery of 211 At has been demonstrated through an extraction chromatography process which utilizes porous beads impregnated with 3-octanone, resulting in an elution yield of 92–95%. Moreover, the rapid nature of this process, <20 min, was achieved after dissolution of a Bi metal target in HNO 3 following retrieval from the beamline after α-particle bombardment. The solution was directly loaded onto the column with no volume or acidity adjustment. The column was washed with HNO 3 and H 2 O, and 211 At was eluted with ethanol, collecting roughly 87–93% in 1 mL. This process of recovering high purity 211 At, in near quantitative yields, represents a significant advance in At separations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Phosphate and Fluoride Processing Options for Hanford Sludge

The Direct Feed High-Level Waste (DFHLW) strategy represents an alternative flowsheet to bypass the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) Pretreatment Facility. Key processing functions previously captured during baseline pretreatment operations include leaching and washing prior to solids concentration and should be considered in the new DFHLW flowsheet to maximize waste feed loading, minimize high-level waste (HLW) volume, and mitigate corrosion challenges associated with vitrification of high phosphate and fluoride concentrations. The effectiveness and efficiency of sludge washing can have a substantial impact on DST space and mission duration. Two target species that benefit significantly from washing are phosphate and fluoride. Commonly present in many high-level wastes at Hanford, phosphate and fluoride are found predominately in the form of salt precipitates and can have adverse and detrimental effects on glass waste loading. Additionally, fluoride produces melter off-gas that creates corrosion risks in the off-gas system piping. Determining the solubilities of fluoride and phosphate salts, as well as the dissolution kinetics under potential HLW processing conditions will help to mitigate future operational risks and mature flowsheet technical bases.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

A directional microcrack damage theory for brittle solids based on continuous hyperplasticity

We present a novel microcrack-damage theory for brittle solids under compression. Instead of using internal variables like zeroth, second or fourth rank damage tensors, the state of material damage is represented by an internal function that encapsulates the information of direction, density and size of microcracks. Just like other internal variables, the evolution of this state function must obey the second law of thermodynamics for arbitrary loading paths. This is done by casting the model in the framework of continuous hyperplasticity and enforcing a non-negative dissipation rate functional. The proposed framework offers predictions on the continuous evolution of microcrack density and the induced material anisotropy along with the macroscopic stress-strain curves. The use of continuous damage function grants the model significantly enhanced resolution in characterizing the direction-dependent response of cracked solids compared to classical models that are based on damage tensors. Two scenarios are considered in developing the theory, one assumes frictionless cracks and the other incorporates friction between crack surfaces. The results highlight that inelasticity, pressure dependence, and loading-unloading hysteresis exhibited by brittle solids are natural consequences of frictional microcracks. The proposed theory offers a generic and versatile framework to upscale micromechanical processes operating at individual crack scale to explain the macroscopic behavior of cracked solids.

Materials Science↗
DOE OSTI2021

Loads Response That is Due to Wake Steering on a Pair of Utility-Scale Wind Turbines

The goal of this report is to present the resulting turbine loads of a full-scale wind turbine wake steering field campaign. In this experiment, wake steering controls were applied to an upwind turbine (T2) and the downwind turbine (T3) was instrumented to measure mechanical loads. The test subjects (T2 & T3) were GE 1.5SLE CWE turbines located on a wind farm with a prevailing wind direction coming from the northwest. The data collection strategy involved toggling the wake steering controls of T2 between on and off. This resulted in two databases (baseline and wake steered) with similar turbulence intensities. Valid data was extracted and processed. The analysis involved scaling data to engineering units, applying coordinate transformations where applicable, calculating 10-minutes statistics, and calculating damage equivalent loads (DELs) to assess fatigue. Figures are shown as statistics and DELs binned by wind speed with supplemental scatter plots provided in the appendices. Results between the baseline and wake steered databases were compared. Overall, the binned statistics showed minimal differences in loading between the two cases. However, the DELs of the wake steered case were observed to be consistently smaller than the baseline for most of the turbine components. A potential for future work was recognized based on the findings of this report. Some areas of further study include an analysis for more granular loads sensitivity to different yaw offset angles and rotor wake overlap, an in-depth comparison of loads between the upwind and downwind turbines, and further fatigue analysis to quantify differences observed in this experiment.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS2016

Effect of AFT Rotor on the Inter-Rotor Flow of an Open Rotor Propulsion System

The effects of the aft rotor on the inter-rotor flow field of an open rotor propulsion rig were examined. A Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) dataset that was acquired phase locked to the front rotor position has been phase averaged based on the relative phase angle between the forward and aft rotors. The aft rotor phase was determined by feature tracking in raw PIV images through an image processing algorithm. The effect of the aft rotor potential field on the inter-rotor flow were analyzed and shown to be in good agreement with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. It was shown that the aft rotor had no substantial effect on the position of the forward rotor tip vortex but did have a small effect on the circulation strength of the vortex when the rotors were highly loaded.

Counter Rotating↗
DOE OSTI2024

Community Geothermal: Energy, Cost, and Carbon Modeling for District Design - Ann Arbor, MI

This data includes results on an analysis of existing and projected energy, cost, and carbon for the City of Ann Arbor - District Geothermal Design and Deployment to Equitably Decarbonize Low Income Neighborhoods in Ann Arbor project. The scope of the project includes designing and implementing a geothermal district heating and cooling system that reduces thermal heating and cooling load by 75% and greenhouse gas emissions by 40% in the project area (262 households, 6 commercial buildings). The existing neighborhood was modeled using Design Builder, an EnergyPlus software, to understand the current energy load. The energy model was then flipped to reflect the designed district geothermal heating and cooling system to project the effect on energy, carbon, and cost. This dataset includes the analysis files utilized and created for this study. There are 3 categories of data: 1) existing/benchmarking, 2) energy modeling, and 3) post processed calculations. This follows the methodology and process of the project team, which is fully explained in file 00_Technical Economic Environmental Assessment. All uses of data are referenced throughout this assessment to their respective files included below.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS2012

Theory of a Traveling Wave Feed for a Planar Slot Array Antenna

Planar arrays of waveguide-fed slots have been employed in many radar and remote sensing applications. Such arrays are designed in the standing wave configuration because of high efficiency. Traveling wave arrays can produce greater bandwidth at the expense of efficiency due to power loss in the load or loads. Traveling wave planar slot arrays may be designed with a long feed waveguide consisting of centered-inclined coupling slots. The feed waveguide is terminated in a matched load, and the element spacing in the feed waveguide is chosen to produce a beam squinted from the broadside. The traveling wave planar slot array consists of a long feed waveguide containing resonant-centered inclined coupling slots in the broad wall, coupling power into an array of stacked radiating waveguides orthogonal to it. The radiating waveguides consist of longitudinal offset radiating slots in a standing wave configuration. For the traveling wave feed of a planar slot array, one has to design the tilt angle and length of each coupling slot such that the amplitude and phase of excitation of each radiating waveguide are close to the desired values. The coupling slot spacing is chosen for an appropriate beam squint. Scattering matrix parameters of resonant coupling slots are used in the design process to produce appropriate excitations of radiating waveguides with constraints placed only on amplitudes. Since the radiating slots in each radiating waveguide are designed to produce a certain total admittance, the scattering (S) matrix of each coupling slot is reduced to a 2x2 matrix. Elements of each 2x2 S-matrix and the amount of coupling into the corresponding radiating waveguide are expressed in terms of the element S11. S matrices are converted into transmission (T) matrices, and the T matrices are multiplied to cascade the coupling slots and waveguide sections, starting from the load end and proceeding towards the source. While the use of non-resonant coupling slots may provide an additional degree of freedom in the design, resonant coupling slots simplify the design process. The amplitude of the wave going to the load is set at unity. The S11 parameter, r of the coupling slot closest to the load, is assigned an arbitrary value. A larger value of r will reduce the power dissipated in the load while increasing the reflection coefficient at the input port. It is now possible to obtain the excitation of the radiating waveguide closest to the load and the coefficients of the wave incident and reflected at the input port of this coupling slot. The next coupling slot parameter, r , is chosen to realize the excitation of that radiating waveguide. One continues this process moving towards the source, until all the coupling slot parameters r and hence the S11 parameter of the 4-port coupler, r, are known for each coupling slot. The goal is to produce the desired array aperture distribution in the feed direction. From an interpolation of the computed moment method data for the slot parameters, all the coupling slot tilt angles and lengths are obtained. From the excitations of the radiating waveguides computed from the coupling values, radiating slot parameters may be obtained so as to attain the desired total normalized slot admittances. This process yields the radiating slot parameters, offsets, and lengths. The design is repeated by choosing different values of r for the last coupling slot until the percentage of power dissipated in the load and the input reflection coefficient values are satisfactory. Numerical results computed for the radiation pattern, the tilt angles and lengths of coupling slots, and excitation phases of the radiating waveguides, are presented for an array with uniform amplitude excitation. The design process has been validated using computer simulations. This design procedure is valid for non-uniform amplitude excitations as well.

Rengarajan, Sembiam↗
DOE OSTI2020

Spent Crystalline Silicotitanate Storage Study

Washington River Protection Solutions is working to support initial production of immobilized low-activity waste (LAW) by feeding Hanford tank supernate from tank farms to the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) LAW Facility. This goal incorporates the design of a Tank-Side Cesium Removal (TSCR) system, which filters tank waste supernate to remove suspended solids and then removes Cs by processing it through crystalline silicotitanate (CST) ion exchange media manufactured by Honeywell UOP, LLC. The 137 Cs-depleted product is intended to be sent to the WTP for vitrification. The Cs-loaded CST columns will be stored indefinitely, with a goal of eventual CST removal and treatment. Thus, the spent CST needs to be recoverable. The testing described herein looks to potential upset process conditions where CST storage may be required before various rinse steps are completed. This study evaluated upset conditions at three sequential processing steps envisioned for TSCR (feed, 0.1 M NaOH rinse, water rinse), and in-column drying with compressed air (normal end step) to assess impacts on the nature of the CST bed. Testing was conducted at the small scale (12-mL bed volume); simulated AP-105 tank waste was used as the feed. Following process disruption, the CST bed was dried in place at 70 °C. Post-dried CST bed physical properties (angle of repose, penetration depth, particle morphological changes) were measured to evaluate how CST moved and flowed. The testing is intended to provide a preliminary assessment of issues that may arise from desiccation of CST with the indicated salt solutions in place. Since these were small-scale tests, the processing conditions will not match full scale conditions exactly; however, the tests do provide insight into the impact of stopping processing at an earlier step than normal. Except for the feed that was dried in-place, all other process stop-conditions showed the CST bed flowed well after drying. At this small scale, CST beds would not present an issue for retrievability. The feed that was dried in place had solidified into a rock-hard monolith with no movement possible. Samples had to be chipped from the surface.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS2011

Maturation of Structural Health Management Systems for Solid Rocket Motors

Concepts of an autonomous and automated space-compliant diagnostic system were developed for conditioned-based maintenance (CBM) of rocket motors for space exploration vehicles. The diagnostic system will provide real-time information on the integrity of critical structures on launch vehicles, improve their performance, and greatly increase crew safety while decreasing inspection costs. Using the SMART Layer technology as a basis, detailed procedures and calibration techniques for implementation of the diagnostic system were developed. The diagnostic system is a distributed system, which consists of a sensor network, local data loggers, and a host central processor. The system detects external impact to the structure. The major functions of the system include an estimate of impact location, estimate of impact force at impacted location, and estimate of the structure damage at impacted location. This system consists of a large-area sensor network, dedicated multiple local data loggers with signal processing and data analysis software to allow for real-time, in situ monitoring, and longterm tracking of structural integrity of solid rocket motors. Specifically, the system could provide easy installation of large sensor networks, onboard operation under harsh environments and loading, inspection of inaccessible areas without disassembly, detection of impact events and impact damage in real-time, and monitoring of a large area with local data processing to reduce wiring.

Quing, Xinlin↗
DOE OSTI2020

Identification and Quantification of Technetium Species in Hanford Waste Tank AN-102

Technetium-99 (Tc) generated from the fission of 235U and 239Pu in high yields is one of the most difficult contaminants to be addressed at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site. In strongly alkaline solutions typifying Hanford tank waste, Tc exists as pertechnetate (TcO4-) (oxidation state VII) as well as in reduced forms (oxidation state < VII) collectively known as non-pertechnetate species. Designing strategies for effective Tc management, including separation and immobilization, necessitates understanding the molecular structure of the non- pertechnetate species and their identification in the actual tank waste samples, which would facilitate development of new treatment technologies effective for dissimilar Tc species. Toward this objective, a spectroscopic library of the Tc(I) [fac-Tc(CO)3]+ and Tc(IV, VII) compounds was generated using a range of techniques and applied to the characterization of the actual tank waste supernatant collected from the tank 241-AN-102 at Hanford, WA. A sample of the 241-AN-102 tank waste supernatant was processed to adjust Na concentration to about 5.6 M and remove 137Cs by spherical resorcinol-formaldehyde (sRF) ion exchange resin. Cesium-loaded sRF column was eluted with 0.5 M HNO3. As received AN-102, Cs-depleted AN-102 effluent, and sRF eluate fractions were comprehensively characterized for chemical composition and speciation of Tc using 99Tc nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. It was demonstrated for the first time that non-pertechnetate Tc present in the 241-AN-102 tank waste is composed of several low-valent Tc species, including the Tc(I) [fac-Tc(CO)3]+ and Tc(IV) compounds. This is the second experimental observation of the [fac-Tc(CO)3]+ species in the Hanford tank waste and the first demonstration of multiple forms of non-pertechnetate species existing simultaneously in the waste, cumulatively highlighting their importance for the waste processing.

Low Activity Waste (LAW), High Level Waste, nuclea↗
NASA NTRS1973

Evaluation of load-life relation with ball bearings at 500 F

A survey of the literature suggests that a stress-life exponent of approximately 12 is typical of vacuum-processed steels for ball bearings rather than the exponent of 9 which has been generally accepted by the bearing industry and bearing users. Tests run with vacuum-degassed AISI 52100 balls in the five-ball fatigue tester at four maximum Hertz stress levels in the range from 650,000 to 875,000 psi showed good agreement with the literature. However, tests run with consumable-electrode vacuum melted AISI M-50 steel angular-contact ball bearings at 500 F at three thrust loads did not show significant deviation from the accepted ninth power stress-life relation.

Parker, R. J.↗
DOE OSTI2020

A nonparametric approach to modeling dependence among production parameters for energy cost estimation

Dependence existing among production parameters can significantly affect energy costs. For material removal processes, processing times and material amounts to be cut have positive dependence, and the dependence can affect energy costs by varying a peak electricity load. Existing methods to model the dependence of production parameters are based on parametric approaches that cannot accurately represent the dependence due to the rigid nature of parametric models. To address this issue, this study proposes a method to quantify dependence among manufacturing parameters through the application of the empirical copula to the dependence between the milling processing time and the amount of volume to be cut. The proposed method is illustrated by a case study of a manufacturing facility consisting of milling machines; a total of 27 scenarios are simulated for energy cost estimations. The case study clearly shows that the proposed method can capture the dependence between the milling parameters more accurately than a conventional dependence measure from parametric correlation models. Furthermore, the findings from this study would be useful to estimate energy costs in that the proposed method provides a better fit to real production data than conventional parametric approaches can.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advanced Analysis of X-ray Fluorescence Measurements of the Interfacial Density of Eu Ions at Liquid–Liquid Interfaces for Solvent Back-Extraction

X-ray fluorescence near total reflection (XFNTR) is the primary technique used to measure the element-specific interfacial density of ions at liquid−liquid interfaces. Fluorescence from ions in the bulk liquids can complicate the determination of the interfacial density; consequently, measurements have been previously limited to samples without ions in the upper phase and with concentrations on the order of 10 μM or less in the lower phase. We modify the analysis of XFNTR data to account for ions in both bulk phases, then demonstrate its use in the context of rare-earth separations processes. In a model of ion stripping (i.e., back-extraction), dodecane solutions of di(2-ethylhexyl)- phosphoric acid (HDEHP) loaded with Eu(III) at the 1 mM level are placed in contact with either pure water or aqueous solutions of nitric or citric acid at pH 3. XFNTR measurements of equilibrated, quiescent samples reveal that citric acid solutions produce a disproportionately large depletion of ions from the interface compared to that from the bulk organic solution, whereas stripping by pure water or nitric acid solutions is negligible. As a result, this advance in the methodology of XFNTR may have broad applicability to the investigation of metal ions in chemical and biological processes at liquid−liquid interfaces.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
NASA NTRS2012

MPST Software: MoonKommand

This software automatically processes Sally Ride Science (SRS) delivered MoonKAM camera control files (ccf) into uplink products for the GRAIL-A and GRAIL-B spacecraft as part of an education and public outreach (EPO) extension to the Grail Mission. Once properly validated and deemed safe for execution onboard the spacecraft, MoonKommand generates the command products via the Automated Sequence Processor (ASP) and generates uplink (.scmf) files for radiation to the Grail-A and/or Grail-B spacecraft. Any errors detected along the way are reported back to SRS via email. With Moon Kommand, SRS can control their EPO instrument as part of a fully automated process. Inputs are received from SRS as either image capture files (.ccficd) for new image requests, or downlink/delete files (.ccfdl) for requesting image downlink from the instrument and on-board memory management. The Moon - Kommand outputs are command and file-load (.scmf) files that will be uplinked by the Deep Space Network (DSN). Without MoonKommand software, uplink product generation for the MoonKAM instrument would be a manual process. The software is specific to the Moon - KAM instrument on the GRAIL mission. At the time of this writing, the GRAIL mission was making final preparations to begin the science phase, which was scheduled to continue until June 2012.

Kwok, John H.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Modeling of thermal pressurization in tight claystone using sequential THM coupling: Benchmarking and validation against in-situ heating experiments in COx claystone

We apply thermoporoelasticity and a sequentially coupling technique for modeling thermally-driven coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) processes in tight claystone. A THM benchmark case with a corresponding analytic solution for thermoporoelasticity under a constant heat loading verifies the model. Thereafter, two in situ heating experiments are simulated for model validation: a smaller-scale heating experiment (TED experiment) and a larger-scale experiment (ALC experiment) in Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone at the Meuse/Haute-Marne underground research laboratory in France. The model exhibits good performance to match the observed temperature and pore pressure evolution for the smaller-scale TED experiment. For the larger-scale ALC experiment, general trends of thermal-pressurization are captured in the modeling, but pressure is underestimated at some monitoring points during cool-down. This indicates that the THM response in the field may be affected by the variability of rock's properties or irreversible or time-dependent mechanical processes that are not included in the current thermoporoelastic model. The main contributions of this work are as follows: (1) we verify and validate the numerical simulator, TOUGH-FLAC, to be a valuable coupled THM modeling tool; (2) prove that the laboratory determined material parameters can be used as reference values for upscaling experiments. However, to better identify and quantify THM processes with modeling of in situ tests, more emphasize should be dedicated to obtaining high-quality mechanical deformation data.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗