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At least 1,711 records · Page 95

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NASA NTRS2010

Space Technology 5 (ST-5) Observations of Field-Aligned Currents: Temporal Variability

Space Technology 5 (ST-5) is a three micro-satellite constellation deployed into a 300 x 4500 km, dawn-dusk, sun-synchronous polar orbit from March 22 to June 21, 2006, for technology validations. In this paper, we present a study of the temporal variability of field-aligned currents using multi-point magnetic field measurements from STS. The data demonstrate that masoscale current structures are commonly embedded within large-scale field-aligned current sheets. The meso-scale current structures are very dynamic with highly variable current density and/or polarity in time scales of about 10 min. They exhibit large temporal variations during both quiet and disturbed times in such time scales. On the other hand, the data also shown that the time scales for the currents to be relatively stable are about I min for meso-scale currents and about 10 min for large scale current sheets. These temporal features are obviously associated with dynamic variations of their particle carriers (mainly electrons) as they respond to the variations of the parallel electric field in auroral acceleration region. The characteristic time scales for the temporal variability of meso-scale field-aligned currents are found to be consistent with those of auroral parallel electric field.

Le, Guan↗

DOE OSTI2019

Characteristics of Cryogenic Hydrogen Releases Under Unignited and Ignited Conditions

Hydrogen is increasingly being used in the public sector as a fuel for vehicles. Due to the high density of hydrogen in its liquid phase, fueling stations that receive deliveries of and store hydrogen as a liquid are more practical for high volume stations. There is a critical need for validated models to assess the risk at hydrogen fueling stations with cryogenic hydrogen on-site. In this work, a cryogenic hydrogen release experiment generated controlled releases of cryogenic hydrogen in the laboratory. We measured the maximum ignition distance, flame length and the radiative heat flux and developed correlations to calculate the ignition ditance and the radiative heat flux. We also measured the concentration and temperature fields of releases under unignited conditions and used these measurements to validate a model for these cryogenic conditions. This study provides critical information on the development of models to inform the safety codes and standards of hydrogen infrastructure.

08 HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2014

SU-F-BRE-07: Experimental Validation of a Lung SBRT Technique Using a Novel, True Volumetric Plenoptic-Plastic-Scintillator Detector

Purpose: Lung SBRT is being used by an increasing number of clinics, including our center which recently treated its first patient. In order to validate this technique, the 3D dose distribution of the SBRT plan was measured using a previously developed 3D detector based on plenoptic camera and plastic scintillator technology. The excellent agreement between the detector measurement and the expected dose from the treatment planning system Pinnacle{sup 3} shows great promise and amply justify the development of the technique. Methods: The SBRT treatment comprised 8 non-coplanar 6MV photon fields with a mean field size of 12 cm{sup 2} at isocentre and a total prescription dose of 12Gy per fraction for a total of 48Gy. The 3D detector was composed of a 10×10×10 cm{sup 2} EJ-260 water-equivalent plastic scintillator embedded inside a truncated cylindrical acrylic phantom of 10cm radius. The scintillation light was recorded using a static R5 light-field camera and the 3D dose was reconstructed at a 2mm resolution in all 3 dimensions using an iterative backprojection algorithm. Results: The whole 3D dose distribution was recorded at a rate of one acquisition per second. The mean absolute dose difference between the detector and Pinnacle{sup 3} was 1.3% over the region with more than 10% of the maximum dose. 3D gamma tests performed over the same region yield passing rates of 98.8% and 96.6% with criteria of 3%/1mm and 2%/1mm, respectively. Conclusion: Experimental results showed that our beam modeling and treatment planning system calculation was adequate for the safe administration of small field/high dose techniques such as SBRT. Moreover, because of the real-time capability of the detector, further validation of small field rotational, dynamic or gated technique can be monitored or verified by this system.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS2001

Aircraft Wake Vortex Spacing System (AVOSS) Performance Update and Validation Study

An analysis has been performed on data generated from the two most recent field deployments of the Aircraft Wake VOrtex Spacing System (AVOSS). The AVOSS provides reduced aircraft spacing criteria for wake vortex avoidance as compared to the FAA spacing applied under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). Several field deployments culminating in a system demonstration at Dallas Fort Worth (DFW) International Airport in the summer of 2000 were successful in showing a sound operational concept and the system's potential to provide a significant benefit to airport operations. For DFW, a predicted average throughput increase of 6% was observed. This increase implies 6 or 7 more aircraft on the ground in a one-hour period for DFW operations. Several studies of performance correlations to system configuration options, design options, and system inputs are also reported. The studies focus on the validation performance of the system.

Rutishauser, David K.↗

NASA NTRS2008

Select Methodology for Validating Advanced Satellite Measurement Systems

Advanced satellite sensors are tasked with improving global measurements of the Earth's atmosphere, clouds, and surface to enable enhancements in weather prediction, climate monitoring capability, and environmental change detection. Measurement system validation is crucial to achieving this goal and maximizing research and operational utility of resultant data. Field campaigns including satellite under-flights with well calibrated FTS sensors aboard high-altitude aircraft are an essential part of the validation task. This presentation focuses on an overview of validation methodology developed for assessment of high spectral resolution infrared systems, and includes results of preliminary studies performed to investigate the performance of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument aboard the MetOp-A satellite.

Larar, Allen M.↗

DOE OSTI2017

Novel uses of detonator diagnostics

A novel combination of diagnostics is being used to research the physics of detonator initiation. The explosive PETN (Pentaerythritol tetranitrate) commonly used in detonators, is also a piezo-electric material that, when sufficiently shocked, emits an electromagnetic field in the radio frequency (RF) range, along crystal fracture planes. In an effort to capture this RF signal, a new diagnostic was created. A copper foil, used as an RF antenna, was wrapped around a foam fixture encompassing a PETN pellet. Rogowski coils were used to obtain the change in current with respect to time (di/dt) the detonator circuit, in and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) stress sensors were used to capture shockwave arrival time. The goal of these experiments is to use these diagnostics to study the reaction response of a PETN pellet of known particle size to shock loading with various diagnostics including an antenna to capture RF emissions. Our hypothesis is that RF feedback may signify the rate of deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) or lack thereof. The new diagnostics and methods will be used to determine the timing of start of current, bridge burst, detonator breakout timing and RF generated from detonation. These data will be compared to those of currently used diagnostics in order to validate the accuracy of these new methods. Future experiments will incorporate other methods of validation including dynamic radiography, optical initiation and use of magnetic field sensors.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2016

TH-AB-201-11: Small-Field Beam Quality Corrections and Their Clinical Impact for Flattened and Unflattened Fields of the TrueBeam

Purpose: To determine small-field beam quality correction factors for several detectors used with flattened and unflattened beams of the Varian TrueBeam accelerator, and to quantify the clinical impact of these corrections through a treatment planning study. Methods: Small-field beam quality correction factors were measured and simulated in EGSnrc for several microchambers and diodes. The Exradin W1 plastic scintillation detector was used as a reference for the measured results, and its response was validated using alanine measurements traceable to a primary standard. Symmetric, jaw-defined field sizes ranging from 6 mm to 10 cm were used. Twelve hypofractionated clinical cases were then recalculated and/or reoptimized using beam models that were modified based on the resulting output factors. Three-dimensional dose distributions and cumulative dose-volume-histogram plots were compared between the models. The impact of these measurements on the flattening-filter-scatter-source (FFSS) model, and its subsequent effect on treatment plans, was also investigated. Results: The diodes exhibited over-response in small fields, whereas the microchambers tended to under-respond as field size decreased. Field-size-dependent effects were less significant for the flattening-filter-free beams (i.e., corrections were closer to unity) than for flattened fields of the same size. Recalculated and reoptimized plans displayed varying levels of deviation from the original dose distributions, with larger discrepancies at effective jaw settings of 3×3 cm{sup 2} or smaller. Dose distributions calculated using uncorrected microchamber output factors and/or modified FFSS showed large discrepancies in the low-dose regions, which manifested as DVH changes for the organs at risk (OAR). Conclusion: Field-size-dependent beam quality corrections were measured and simulated for ionization chambers and diodes typically used in small fields. Plans calculated with models based on these measured data showed dosimetric deviations mainly out of field, which affected OAR dose metrics. Accordingly, these beam quality corrections should be accounted for during commissioning to ensure greater treatment planning accuracy.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

The EGS Collab Project: Stimulation and Simulation

Development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) requires accurate predictions of flow rates and temperatures at production wells over time. The concept of EGS is simple; however, complications from heterogeneity and complexity of fracture pathways may lead to channeling, short-circuiting, and premature thermal breakthrough. In the EGS Collab project, we are establishing a suite of highly monitored and well characterized intermediate-scale (~10-20 m) field test beds along with fracture stimulation and interwell flow tests to better understand processes that control formation of effective subsurface heat exchangers. EGS Collab experiments will provide a means of testing tools and concepts that could later be employed under geothermal reservoir conditions at FORGE or elsewhere. Key to the project is using numerical simulations in the experiment design and interpretation of results. Our tests will be well-controlled, in situ experiments focused on rock fracture behavior and permeability enhancement. Our pre- and post-test modeling results of each field experiment compared with detailed measurements will allow for improved model prediction and validation. We will use comprehensive instrumentation to collect high-quality and high-resolution geophysical and other fracture characterization and fluid flow data. We will analyze these data and compare them with models and field observations to further elucidate the basic relationships between stress, induced seismicity, and permeability enhancement. We will also observe and quantify other key governing parameters that impact permeability, and will attempt to understand how these parameters might change throughout the development and operation of an EGS project with the ultimate goal of enabling commercial viability of EGS. Our first set of experiments will be performed at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in South Dakota. Our team is well underway with building the first field experiment test bed planned for this project, which is supported by the US Department of Energy’s Geothermal Technologies Office.

EGS Collab↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Effects of Mild Hypobaric Hypoxia on Visual Field Impairment

INTRODUCTION: The primary objective of the Exploration Atmosphere (EA) study is to validate a new prebreathe protocol necessary before exposure to a suited hypobaric environment during extravehicular activity (EVA) from a habitat ‘exploration atmosphere’ of 56.5kPa (8.2 psia), 34% O2, 66% N2. Prebreathe protocols must be time and resource efficient while also controlling Decompression Sickness (DCS) risk to within acceptable limits. The habitat hypobaric exploration atmosphere also results in a mildly hypoxic environment (piO2 = 128mmHg). As a secondary objective of the EA study, we characterized the effects of 11-day exposure to a mild hypobaric hypoxic environment on visual performance. METHODS: Two, 11-day hypobaric chamber tests were performed (EA-1and EA-2, n=8 each) in NASA’s 20-foot chamber at Johnson Space Center where subjects lived in the exploration atmosphere. Subjects also underwent simulated 6-hour EVAs at 85% O2 and 29.6 kPa during EVA on days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. Visual acuity (VA), a measure of spatial resolution, and contrast sensitivity (CS), a measure of ability to distinguish ever finer increments of brightness, were assessed on non-EVA days by using gapped Landolt C testing. The luminance was controlled by using a booth, a light monitor, and a lighting rheostat. EA-1 data had revealed problems in lighting control impacting consistency of the data. Procedures were subsequently updated for the EA-2 test. RESULTS: EA-1 data revealed large variance and data recording errors and was removed from the analysis. One participant left the study at Test Day 3 during EA-2. EA-2 ANOVA results showed CS (mean change=0.010 logCSWeber) and VA (mean change, -0.016 logMAR) between pre-test and 11-day test phases; however, neither VA nor CS changes were statistically significant. There were non-statistically significant declines in VA across test phases. DISCUSSION: Overall, visual field performance did not exhibit clinically significant changes (3 lines or greater change in LogMar chart) during exposure to the mild hypoxic exploration atmosphere environment compared to pre-test baseline. The consistency and stability of VA data during EA-2 suggests that the mild hypobaric hypoxic environment did not cause clinically significant negative impacts to participants’ visual field performance.

Visual Acuity↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Effects of Mild Hypobaric Hypoxia on Visual Field Impairment

Visual Acuity↗

DOE OSTI2014

Using coronal loops to reconstruct the magnetic field of an active region before and after a major flare

The shapes of solar coronal loops are sensitive to the presence of electrical currents that are the carriers of the non-potential energy available for impulsive activity. We use this information in a new method for modeling the coronal magnetic field of active region (AR) 11158 as a nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF). The observations used are coronal images around the time of major flare activity on 2011 February 15, together with the surface line-of-sight magnetic field measurements. The data are from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager and Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. The model fields are constrained to approximate the coronal loop configurations as closely as possible, while also being subject to the force-free constraints. The method does not use transverse photospheric magnetic field components as input and is thereby distinct from methods for modeling NLFFFs based on photospheric vector magnetograms. We validate the method using observations of AR 11158 at a time well before major flaring and subsequently review the field evolution just prior to and following an X2.2 flare and associated eruption. The models indicate that the energy released during the instability is about 1 × 10{sup 32} erg, consistent with what is needed to power such a large eruptive flare. Immediately prior to the eruption, the model field contains a compact sigmoid bundle of twisted flux that is not present in the post-eruption models, which is consistent with the observations. The core of that model structure is twisted by ≈0.9 full turns about its axis.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Going Forward with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Transient Survey: Validation of Precision Forward-modeling Photometry for Undersampled Imaging

The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman) is an observatory for both wide-field observations and coronagraphy that is scheduled for launch in the mid-2020s. Part of the planned survey is a deep, cadenced field or fields that enable cosmological measurements with type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). With a pixel scale of 0$_.^"$11, the Wide Field Instrument will be undersampled, presenting a difficulty for precisely subtracting the galaxy light underneath the SNe. We use simulated data to validate the ability of a forward-model code (such codes are frequently also called “scene-modeling” codes) to perform precision supernova photometry for the Roman SN survey. Our simulation includes over 760,000 image cutouts around SNe Ia or host galaxies (~10% of a full-scale survey). To have a realistic 2D distribution of underlying galaxy light, we use the VELA simulated high-resolution images of galaxies. We run each set of cutouts through our forward-modeling code which automatically measures time-dependent SN fluxes. Given our assumed inputs of a perfect model of the instrument point-spread functions and calibration, we find biases at the millimagnitude level from this method in four red filters (Y106, J129, H158, and F184), easily meeting the 0.5% Roman inter-filter calibration requirement for a cutting-edge measurement of cosmological parameters using SNe Ia. Simulated data in the bluer Z087 filter shows larger ~ 2–3 mmg biases, also meeting this requirement, but with more room for improvement. Our forward-model code has been released on Zenodo.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Fracture Tracer Injection Response to Pressure Perturbations at an Injection Well

The EGS Collab project constructed an approximately ten-meter scale field site where fracture stimulation and flow/transport models can be validated against controlled, in-situ experiments. The first multi-well experimental site was established at the 4850 level of the Stanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in the Homestake Mine located in South Dakota. Hydraulic fractures were created at an injection well drilled sub-horizontal from the drift. A flow system was established in one set of fractures by injection water at approximately 400 ml/min between a set of packers 164 feet from the drift wall in the injection well through a hydraulically stimulated fracture. Injected water was recovered from five locations in 4 nearby wells. From the end of October to the middle of November of 2018, a series of fracture characterization tests were conducted using a series of 10 tracer tests (7 which used C-dot and chloride as conservative solute tracers) to assess the flow pathway in the stimulated fracture. The injected tracers were detected in three of the five water production locations where the total water recovery ranged from approximately 50 to 80% of the injected water depending on the day the test was being conducted. Analysis of a series of tracers during this two-week period suggest a large change in the flow fracture field occurred during this testing period. A comparison of the tracer breakthrough curves at the production well showed a marked decrease in the initial and peak concentration over time, whereas the OB well exhibited an increase in the initial and peak concentration arrival during this fracture characterization testing period. These changes are believed to be in response to a number of higher-pressure short-term injections at the injection well in early November (2nd to the 6th). Results of this testing suggest that the fracture flow pathways can be altered as a result of the pressure perturbations in the injection well on the integrity of adjacent monitoring wells. Results from the EGS Collab project will support the DOE Geothermal Technology Office FORGE and other EGS development efforts.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS2002

Data from TRMM Field Experiments at the Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) DISC DAAC Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Field Experiments (TRMM FEs)

The basic objectives of TRMM Field Experiments (FEs) are to evaluate the physical assumptions made by TRMM. rainfall algorithms, initialize and validate the cloud resolving models, test latent heating retrievals from TRMM mea- surements, and evaluate methods to estimate rainfall and latent heating from ground-based radars. The field experiments were designed as a group, so that specific measure ments could be compared between experiments in order to gain insight into the regional dependence of any findings. The TExas FLorida UNderflight Experiments (TEFLUN) were designed to provide validation measurements for TRMM and for the enhancement of TRMM precipitation algorithms. TEFLUN-A focused on east Texas. TEFLUN-B was conducted in close coordination with the Third Convection And Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3) in Florida. The TRMM-LBA was conducted in coordination with the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA). The LBA objectives are to further our understanding of the climatological, ecological, bie geochemical, and hydrological processes in Amazonia and the impact of land use/land change on these processes. Specifically, TRMM-LBA addressed issues related to land precipitation algorithms. The Kwa jalein Experiment (KWAJEX), conducted on the Kwajalein Island in the Republic of Marshall Islands (RMI), was designed to address issues of TRMM products over the ocean. The purpose of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) was to study the water and energy cycle of the Asian monsoon in order to provide better understanding and improve prediction. and instruments of the TRMM FEs. The platforms and instruments of the TRMM FEs are given.

Source record↗

DOE OSTI2024

Analysis on Evaluations of Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute’s Wave Energy Converter’s Field Data Using WEC-Sim and Gazebo: A Simulation Tool Comparison

Although many studies have validated wave energy converter (WEC) numerical models against scaled prototype experimental data, there remains a notable lack of validation using data from full-scale deployed WECs. This paper compares two numerical models of Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute’s Wave Energy Converter (MBARI-WEC), a two-body point absorber with an electro-hydraulic power take-off system (PTO). The models are implemented in WEC-Sim/Simscape and Gazebo Simulator. A statistical analysis of the models was performed, and field results were obtained to compare the models’ accuracy in predicting the RMS piston velocity, RMS motor speed, and mean electric power compared to field data for 56 observations across varying sea states. The Gazebo model demonstrated a closer agreement across all three parameters for a majority of the observations. When compared to the field data, the Gazebo and WEC-Sim models exhibited average mean electric power overestimations of 13% and 22%, respectively.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2018

Conceptual design of extended magnetic probe set to improve 3D field detection in NSTX-U

Adding toroidal arrays of magnetic probes at the top and bottom of NSTX-U would improve both the detection of the multimodal plasma response to applied magnetic perturbations and the identification of the poloidal structure of unstable plasma modes, as well as contribute to the validation of MHD models, improve the understanding of the plasma response to external fields, and improve the error field correction. In this paper, the linear MHD code MARS-F/K has been used to identify poloidal locations that would improve the capability to measure stationary or near-stationary 3D fields that may result from the plasma response to external sources of non-axisymmetric fields. The study highlighted 6 poloidal positions where new arrays of both poloidal and radial magnetic field sensors would improve the poloidal resolution. Here, the proposed set of new arrays combined with the present ones is shown to be capable of measuring the poloidal structure of perturbations with n ≤ 6 and of detecting the multimodal plasma response. Assessment of the trade-off in the poloidal length of the probes leads to an ideal length between 10 cm and 30 cm. A method to configure the probes of a toroidal array based on the singular value decomposition condition number is proposed, and an ideal solution and a low-cost one are presented.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2016

Effect of magnetic field on beta processes in a relativistic moderately degenerate plasma

The effect of a magnetic field of arbitrary strength on the beta decay and crossing symmetric processes is analyzed. A covariant calculation technique is used to derive the expression for the squares of S-matrix elements of these reactions, which is also valid in reference frames in which the medium moves as a single whole along magnetic field lines. Simple analytic expressions obtained for the neutrino and antineutrino emissivities for a moderately degenerate plasma fully characterize the emissivity and absorbability of the studied medium. It is shown that the approximation used here is valid for core collapse supernovae and accretion disks around black holes; beta processes in these objects are predominantly neutrino reactions. The analytic expressions obtained for the emissivities can serve as a good approximation for describing the interaction of electron neutrinos and antineutrinos with the medium of the objects in question and hold for an arbitrary magnetic field strength. Due to their simplicity, these expressions can be included in the magnetohydrodynamic simulation of supernovae and accretion disks to calculate neutrino and antineutrino transport in them. The rates of beta processes and the energy and momentum emitted in them are calculated for an optically transparent matter. It is shown that the macroscopic momentum transferred in the medium increases linearly with the magnetic field strength and can substantially affect the dynamics of supernovae and accretion disks in the regions of a degenerate matter. It is also shown that the rates of beta processes and the energy emission for a magnetic field strength of B ≲ 10{sup 15} G typical of supernovae and accretion disks are lower than in the absence of field. This suppression is stronger for reactions with neutrinos.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-583: Optimizing the MLC Model Parameters for IMRT in the RayStation Treatment Planning System

Purpose: To optimize the MLC model parameters for IMRT in the RayStation v.4.0 planning system and for a Varian C-series Linac with a 120-leaf Millennium MLC. Methods: The RayStation treatment planning system models rounded leaf-end MLC with the following parameters: average transmission, leaf-tip width, tongue-and-groove, and position offset. The position offset was provided by Varian. The leaf-tip width was iteratively evaluated by comparing computed and measured transverse dose profiles of MLC-defined fields at dmax in water. The profile comparison was also used to verify the MLC position offset. The transmission factor and leaf tongue width were derived iteratively by optimizing five clinical patient IMRT QA Results: brain, lung, pancreas, head-and-neck (HN), and prostate. The HN and prostate cases involved splitting fields. Verifications were performed with Mapcheck2 measurements and Monte Carlo calculations. Finally, the MLC model was validated using five test IMRT cases from the AAPM TG119 report. Absolute gamma analyses (3mm/3% and 2mm/2%) were applied. In addition, computed output factors for MLC-defined small fields (2×2, 3×3, 4×4, 6×6cm) of both 6MV and 18MV were compared to those measured by the Radiological Physics Center (RPC). Results: Both 6MV and 18MV models were determined to have the same MLC parameters: 2.5% transmission, tongue-and-groove 0.05cm, and leaftip 0.3cm. IMRT QA analysis for five cases in TG119 resulted in a 100% passing rate with 3mm/3% gamma analysis for 6MV, and >97.5% for 18MV. With 2mm/2% gamma analysis, the passing rate was >94.6% for 6MV and >90.9% for 18MV. The difference between computed output factors in RayStation and RPC measurements was less than 2% for all MLCdefined fields, which meets the RPC's acceptance criterion. Conclusion: The rounded leaf-end MLC model in RayStation 4.0 planning system was verified and IMRT commissioning was clinically acceptable. The IMRT commissioning was well validated using guidance from the AAPMTG119 protocol.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗