A Bayesian method for selecting data points for thermodynamic modeling of off-stoichiometric metal oxides
A novel Bayesian approach significantly accelerates data collection for metal oxide reduction/re-oxidation thermodynamic fitting.
Chemistry↗
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Results for “THERMODYNAMICS”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Electronic structure and thermodynamic approaches to the prospect of super abundant vacancies in δ-Pu
In this manuscript, we use density functional theory to develop thermodynamic models for super abundant vacancy (SAV) formation in delta-Pu. We find that the formation of a hydride phase will occur before reaching the H pressures needed to form a SAV phase.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
A graph neural network-state predictive information bottleneck (GNN-SPIB) approach for learning molecular thermodynamics and kinetics
Molecular dynamics simulations offer detailed insights into atomic motions but face timescale limitations. Enhanced sampling methods have addressed these challenges but even with machine learning, they often rely on pre-selected expert-based features. Here, in this work, we present a Graph Neural Network-State Predictive Information Bottleneck (GNN-SPIB) framework, which combines graph neural networks and the state predictive information bottleneck to automatically learn low-dimensional representations directly from atomic coordinates. Tested on three benchmark systems, our approach predicts essential structural, thermodynamic and kinetic information for slow processes, demonstrating robustness across diverse systems. The method shows promise for complex systems, enabling effective enhanced sampling without requiring pre-defined reaction coordinates or input features.
Zou, Ziyue↗
Three-step thermodynamic vs. two-step kinetics-limited sulfur reactions in all-solid-state sodium batteries
This study unveils the intrinsic three-step thermodynamic and the two-step kinetics-limited pathways in all-solid-state sodium–sulfur batteries, providing crucial insights into sulfur reaction mechanisms for high-performance energy storage solutions.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Thermodynamic limits of the depolymerization of poly(olefin)s using mechanochemistry
Feasibility of mechanochemical depolymerization of commodity poly(olefin)s in a ball mill reactor is assessed using thermodynamic data.
Chang, Yuchen↗
Thermodynamics of hybrid manganese formate perovskites
Thermodynamic stability of hybrid perovskites was found to be strongly influenced by the interaction between the A-site cation and the framework. Calorimetric measurements were able to estimate the relative strength of this interaction.
Chemistry↗
Resolving local ordering and structure in Mn x Ge 1- x Te alloys through thermodynamic ensembles of pair distribution functions
Characterizing local bonding environments in complex materials is essential for understanding and optimizing their properties. Equally as important is the ability to predict local motifs as a function of synthesis conditions, enhancing chemists’ ability to design properties into materials. In this study, we present an approach to leverage statistical mechanics to generate temperature- and energy-informed ensemble averaged pair distribution functions (PDFs). This method, which we have named Thermodynamic Ensemble Averages of PDFs for Ordering and Transformations (TEAPOT), utilizes density functional theory (DFT) to relax supercells while incorporating energetic penalties for local order, enabling accurate and computationally efficient analysis of local structure. We apply this method to the neutron PDF measurements of the pseudobinary MnTe–GeTe (MGT) alloy, demonstrating its capability to resolve complex local distortions and chemical ordering. Our results reveal detailed insights into phase transformations and local distortions driven by Mn substitution. For compositions that globally present as rock salt, our analysis reveals that Ge coordination geometry is heavily impacted by synthesis temperature. We propose that high temperature synthesis conditions promote a lowered Ge polyhedra distortion, promoting high charge carrier mobility due to the alignment of local and global structure. Incorporating statistical mechanics and computation into experimental analysis thus guides synthesis of tailored local structure.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Thermodynamic insight into AnO 2 + bonding from ThH + /UH + reactions studied by inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry
The bonding mechanisms of actinides have been a focus of fundamental research over the past few decades. In the present study, reactions of the simplest actinide-containing species, ThH + and UH + , with O 2 and CO 2 are investigated by inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry. The reactions of ThH + and UH + with O 2 are efficient, and the reactions of ThH + and UH + with CO 2 display reduced reaction efficiencies. For both reactions involving CO 2 , ThO 2 + and UO 2 + are observed; however, there is a clear barrier to ThO 2 + formation whereas UO 2 + forms through an exothermic, barrierless process. The experimental observations and available thermodynamic information are used to predict the outcomes of reactions involving the later AnH + . The anticipated reaction enthalpies for Pa–Am display a clear correlation with the promotion energy of An + to a 6d 2 electronic configuration, E p (6d 2 ), although a shift in the slope of the correlation of reaction enthalpies and E p (6d 2 ) suggests that there is likely a change in bonding mechanism that starts with Np + . Similar shifts have also been noted in previous studies. Beginning with Np + , the 6d orbitals become less accessible than they are for the earlier An + as measured by E p (6d 2 ), and this accessibility of the 6d orbitals may drive actinide bonding.
5f orbitals↗
Thermodynamic properties, defect equilibria, and water splitting behavior of Ga- doped LSM perovskite
Thermodynamic properties of a Ga-doped La–Sr–Mn perovskite are experimentally extracted and used to compare its water splitting behavior to ceria.
McCord, Dylan C. [Department of Mechanical and Aer↗
Solvent-mediated contaminant removal from plastic waste using thermodynamic modeling
Plastics recycling is hindered by the compositional complexity of plastic waste, which can include numerous polymer components as well as low concentrations of additives and non-intentionally added substances. These latter small-molecule species, which we collectively refer to as contaminants, can harm human health and will build up in recycled plastic causing environmental and downstream processing challenges if not removed. In this work, we present molecular modeling approaches using the COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) to guide the selection of solvents that are capable of removing targeted contaminants from plastic waste. By considering the thermodynamic partitioning of contaminant species between a solvent phase and polymer phase, we identify guidelines for solvent selection to promote either the low-temperature extraction of contaminants from plastic waste or the removal of contaminants as part of a dissolution-based plastics recycling process. We present four case studies to illustrate the application of the computational approach to the removal of brominated flame retardants, phthalates, and selected perfluoroalkyl substances, and compare to both literature and newly collected experimental data to illustrate model prediction accuracy. Furthermore, the case studies highlight the capability of the modeling approach to help design recycling processes that explicitly account for contaminant removal, thereby increasing product purity during dissolution-based recycling or facilitating chemical recycling of contaminant-free plastics.
Zhou, Panzheng [University of, Wisconsin, Madison,↗
Data-driven multi-element substitution of TiFe alloys for tunable thermodynamics and enhanced activation behaviour for hydrogen storage
Due to their high volumetric hydrogen storage capacity under moderate storage conditions, TiFe alloys have been widely investigated as candidates for practical solid-state hydrogen storage. Partially substituting Ti or Fe sites can improve the key characteristics of TiFe alloys, such as the first hydrogen absorption step (activation) and the equilibrium hydrogen pressure (thermodynamic properties). However, the selection of substitution elements has heavily relied on intuition and trial-and-error. Also, conventional substitution strategies have mainly focused on single-element substitution within the TiFe alloy, limiting the design space and tunability for target applications. Here, to address this limitation, we report a multi-element substitution strategy motivated by an efficient, data-driven machine learning (ML) approach combined with corroborating density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our models successfully predict experimentally measured hydride stability in five selected alloys using only compositional descriptors. Most importantly, the multi-element substitution leads to enhanced activation properties compared to pure TiFe, achieving near room-temperature activation behaviour. This work provides a method for on-demand tuning of hydrogen storage and activation properties, which may have broad implications for data-driven discovery of energy storage materials.
Cho, YongJun [Korea Advanced Institute Science and↗
Synthesis challenges, thermodynamic stability, and growth kinetics of La–Si–P ternary compounds
Although many new compounds have been recently predicted with the help of machine learning, the successful experimental synthesis of these compounds remains challenging. Computational insights about the thermodynamic stability and phase formation kinetics among the ground state and competing metastable phases are highly desirable to rationalize and attempt to overcome synthesis challenges experimentally. In this work, we explore synthetic challenges within ternary La–Si–P compounds through feedback between experimental and computational studies. We discuss the experimental challenges in forming three computationally predicted ternary phases (La 2 SiP, La 5 SiP 3 , and La 2 SiP 3 ). To understand the synthetic challenges, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using an accurate and efficient artificial neural network machine learning (ANN-ML) interatomic potential. We study the phase stability and formation kinetics of these ternary phases in relation to the reported and synthesized La 2 SiP 4 phase. While the growth of the La 2 SiP 4 phase can be reproduced by our MD simulation, our results indicate that the rapid formation of a Si-substituted LaP crystalline phase is a major barrier to the synthesis of the predicted La 2 SiP, La 5 SiP 3 , and La 2 SiP 3 ternary compounds, agreeing well with experimental observations. Our simulations also suggest that there is a narrow temperature window in which the La 2 SiP 3 phase can be grown from the solid–liquid interface.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
An–imidophosphorane (An = U–Pu) bond covalency and proton-coupled electron transfer thermodynamics driven by orbital energy matching
A series of mid-actinide (An = U–Pu) tetrahomoleptic complexes supported by highly electron-donating imidophosphorane ligands, NPC ([NP t Bu(pyrr) 2 ] − , where t Bu = C(CH 3 ) 3 ; pyrr = pyrrolidinyl = N(C 4 H 8 )), are systematically investigated computationally and experimentally to elucidate the nature of actinide–ligand (An–L) covalency across the An 3+/4+/5+ oxidation states. Trends in An–L bonding and redox properties for these complexes, together with their protonated counterparts, are examined using orbital-, electron density-, and energy-decomposition-based methods. This integrated approach reveals progressively improved energy matching between α-spin An 5f and N im 2p orbitals with increasing atomic number and oxidation state, becoming particularly pronounced in the ligand-dominant π-bonding orbitals of An 4+ and An 5+ . In contrast to the An 3+ species, the enhanced An 5f π contributions in the higher-valent counterparts drive the increase in An–N im covalency for later An, thereby inverting the covalency trend to U < Np < Pu. Redistribution of electron density towards the An and N im atomic basins due to the growing energy-matching assisted covalency correlates with higher pKa values and increased N im –H bond dissociation free energies in protonated An 4+ complexes. Electron density at Nim in An 4+ shows a linear correlation with the p K a values calculated via the Bordwell equation. Calculations predict a cathodic shift of 0.84–1.00 V in the redox couples upon protonation, a trend validated when experimentally accessible. These findings demonstrate an increasing role of covalency driven by orbital energy matching from U to Pu in tuning the thermodynamic driving force for proton-coupled electron transfer in the An 5+ species.
38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
Thermodynamic integration from classical to quantum mechanics
We present a new method for calculating quantum mechanical corrections to classical free energies, based on thermodynamic integration from classical to quantum mechanics. In contrast to previous methods, our method is numerically stable even in the presence of strong quantum delocalization. We first illustrate the method and its relationship to a well-established method with an analysis of a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator. We then show that our method can be used to calculate the quantum mechanical contributions to the free energies of ice and water for a flexible water model, a problem for which the established method is unstable.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Incorporating a completely renormalized coupled cluster approach into a composite method for thermodynamic properties and reaction paths
The correlation consistent composite approach (ccCA), using the S4 complete basis set two-point extrapolation scheme (ccCA-S4), has been modified to incorporate the left-eigenstate completely renormalized coupled cluster method, including singles, doubles, and non-iterative triples (CR-CC(2,3)) as the highest level component. The new ccCA-CC(2,3) method predicts thermodynamic properties with an accuracy that is similar to that of the original ccCA-S4 method. At the same time, the inclusion of the single-reference CR-CC(2,3) approach provides a ccCA scheme that can correctly treat reaction pathways that contain certain classes of multi-reference species such as diradicals, which would normally need to be treated by more computationally demanding multi-reference methods. The new ccCA-CC(2,3) method produces a mean absolute deviation of 1.7 kcal/mol for predicted heats of formation at 298 K, based on calibration with the G2/97 set of 148 molecules, which is comparable to that of 1.0 kcal/mol obtained using the ccCA-S4 method, while significantly improving the performance of the ccCA-S4 approach in calculations involving more demanding radical and diradical species. Both the ccCA-CC(2,3) and ccCA-S4 composite methods are used to characterize the conrotatory and disrotatory isomerization pathways of bicyclo[1.1.0]butane to trans-1,3-butadiene, for which conventional coupled cluster methods, such as the CCSD(T) approach used in the ccCA-S4 model and, in consequence, the ccCA-S4 method itself might fail by incorrectly placing the disrotatory pathway below the conrotatory one. The ccCA-CC(2,3) scheme provides correct pathway ordering while providing an accurate description of the activation and reaction energies characterizing the lowest-energy conrotatory pathway. The ccCA-CC(2,3) method is thus a viable method for the analyses of reaction mechanisms that have significant multi-reference character, and presents a generally less computationally intensive alternative to true multi-reference methods, with computer costs and ease of use that are similar to those that characterize the more established, CCSD(T)-based, ccCA-S4 methodology.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Thermodynamics of Iodide Adsorption at the Instantaneous Air-Water Interface.
We perform simulations using both polarizable and non-polarizable force fields to study the adsorption of iodide to the air-water interface. A novel aspect of our analysis is that the progress of the adsorption is measured as the distance from the instantaneous interface, which is defined by a coarse-graining scheme proposed recently by Willard and Chandler.\cite{chandler1} Referring structural and thermodynamic quantities to the instantaneous interface unmasks molecular-scale details that are obscured by thermal fluctuations when the same quantities are referred to an average measure of the position of the interface, such as the Gibbs dividing surface. Our results suggest that an ion adsorbed at the interface resides primarily in the topmost layer water.
Ion adsorption to the water/air Interface↗
Ab initio calculation of the thermodynamic properties of InSb under intense laser irradiation
In this paper, phonon spectra of InSb at different electronic temperatures are presented. Based on the phonon dispersion relationship, we further perform a theoretical investigation of the thermodynamic properties of InSb under intense laser irradiation. The phonon entropy, phonon heat capacity, and phonon contribution to Helmholtz free energy and internal energy of InSb are calculated as functions of temperature at different electronic temperatures. The abrupt change in the phonon entropy- temperature curve from T{sub e} = 0.75 to 1.0 eV provides an indication of InSb undergoing a phase transition from solid to liquid. It can be considered as a collateral evidence of non-thermal melting for InSb under intense electronic excitation effect.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Thermal equation of state and thermodynamic Grüneisen parameter of beryllium metal
We conducted in-situ high-pressure synchrotron x-ray experiments on beryllium metal at pressures up to 7.9 GPa and temperatures up to 1373 K. A complete pressure (P)–volume (V)–temperature (T) equation of state (EOS) is determined based on the experiment, which includes temperature derivatives of elastic bulk modulus (at both constant pressure and constant volume) and pressure dependence of thermal expansivity. From this EOS, we calculate thermal pressure, heat capacity at constant volume, and thermodynamic Grüneisen parameter as a function of temperature. Above ∼600 K, our results show notable deviation from theoretical predictions using the quasiharmonic and local-density approximations, indicating that the free energy calculations need to be further improved within the current scheme of approximations.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗